Construction Materials and Engineering - Module II - Lecture Notes
Download as PPTX, PDF18 likes4,761 views
This document provides information on various construction materials including paints, plastics, rubber, and aluminum. It discusses the ingredients, properties, types, and applications of paints. It also outlines the classification, characteristics, uses, advantages, and limitations of plastics. Details are provided on types of rubber like natural and synthetic rubber. Applications of aluminum in construction are also mentioned.
Construction Materials and Engineering - Module II - Lecture Notes
- 3. Paints Applied on surfaces of timber, metals & plastered surfaces On drying paint forms a thin film on the painted surface A liquid Surface coating material
- 4. Functions of paints For pleasing appearance Check/stop penetration of water Check the formation of bacteria and fungus Check corrosion of structures Act as a protective coating against climatic changes Provides smooth surface for easy cleaning.
- 5. Properties of an Ideal Paint It should be possible to apply easily and freely. It should form hard and durable surface. It should not be harmful to the health of workers It should not be easily affected by atmosphere. It should possess attractive and pleasing appearance. It should dry in reasonable time. It should not crack and should be cheap It should possess good spreading power. Ordinary paint hardens by oxidation
- 6. Ingredients in paints Base Vehicle (Carrier) Drier Pigment Solvent
- 7. Base1 Solid fine substance which forms bulk of paint Eg: White lead Determines character and durability of paint Red Lead Zinc White (Oxide of Zinc) Oxide of Iron Titanium white Principal constituent forming the body of paint Lithophone
- 8. Vehicle (Carrier/binder)2 Liquid substances holding ingredients of paint Eg: Linseed oil Defines the spreading power of paint Tung oil Poppy oil Nut oil
- 9. Drier3 To accelerate process of drying and hardening Eg: Litharge While hardening driers absorb oxygen from atmosphere and transfers it to linseed oil. Red lead
- 10. Pigments4 Ingredient which provide colours to paint Eg: Black Add Graphite Pigments available in form of fine powders. Green Copper Sulphate Red Red lead Available in different colours and qualities.
- 11. Solvent (Thinner)5 Makes the paint thin and helps for easy application Eg: Turpentine Not used in finishing coats (damage to firmness) Naphtha Have high penetration power Benzene
- 12. Types of Paints 1. Aluminium Paint 2. Anti-corrosive Paint 3. Asbestos paint 4. Bituminous paint 5. Cellulose paint 6. Cement paint 7. Colloidal paint 8. Emulsion paint 9. Enamel paint 10. Graphite paint 11. Inodorous paint 12. Luminous paint 13. Oil paint 14. Plastic paint 15. Silicate paint 16. Synthetic rubber paint
- 13. Aluminium paint1 Contain finely ground aluminium in spirit/ oil varnish It is visible in darkness High corrosion resistance – commonly used for metals Oil/spirit evaporates and thin film layer forms on surface High spreading power – 200 m2/Litre Uses: for painting gas tanks, radiators, oil storage tanks
- 14. Anti-corrosive paint2 Consist of oil and strong drier It is Cheap and black in colour Durable – last for a long duration Resist corrosion well
- 15. Asbestos paint3 Applied to surfaces exposed to acidic gases and steams Bituminous paint4 Manufactured by dissolving asphalt or vegetable bitumen in oil or petroleum It is black in colour Used for painting under water iron works.
- 16. Cellulose paint5 Prepared from nitro cotton, celluloid sheets and photographic films Hardens by evaporation (not by oxidation) of thinner Hardens quickly Can withstand extreme cold and hot Can be washed & cleaned easily Widely used to aint motor vehicles
- 17. Cement paint6 White cement + pigment + accelerator + additives Available in dry powder form Mixed with water immediately before its application Water proof and durable Applied in two coats Requires less skill
- 18. Colloidal paint7 Requires more time to settle High penetration power No inert materials is mixed in this paint Used for interior and exterior walls
- 19. Emulsion paint8 It contains binding materials such as polyvinyl acetate, synthetic resins, etc Easy to apply Dries quickly (1.5 – 2 hours) High alkali resistance
- 20. Enamel paint9 White lead + Oil + Petroleum spirit + resins Available in different colours Dries slowly and form hard and durable surface Not affected by acids, alkalies, gases, hot and cold water, steam, etc For good appearance, titanium white is also added
- 21. Graphite paint10 Black colour Applied on iron surfaces Used in mines and underground railways Inodorous paint11 No turpentine is used in this paint White lead (or Zinc white) + Spirit Not durable, but dries quickly.
- 22. Luminous paint12 Contains calcium sulphide and varnish Shines after the light is off Oil paint13 Ordinary paint Applied in 3 coats Cheap and easy to apply Primer undercoat finishing coat
- 23. Plastic paint14 Contains necessary variety of plastics Good appearance- showrooms, auditoriums, etc Silicate paint15 Silica + resinous materials High temperature resistance Not affected by alkalies
- 24. Synthetic rubber paint16 Prepared from resins Good resistance to water Easy to apply on surfaces Good chemical resistance
- 25. Preparation of paint Paste 1 = Base + Vehicle = Muller Muller is prepared by grinding base and vehicle to the consistency of a paste in a stone pestle 1 Paste 2 = Pigments + Linseed oil Mix the pigments and linseed oil separately using wooden puddle to form second paste 2 Paste 3 = Drier + Linseed oil Mix drier and linseed oil separately to form third paste 3
- 26. Preparation of paint Mix three pastes The mixture is stirred continuously till a consistency cream is obtained 4 Sieve the mixture This cream is passed through fine sieves and paint is now ready to use 5 Control workability To increase workability/consistency, oil or thinners are added 6
- 27. Stage - 1 Stage - 2 Stage - 3 Consistency cream Paint Base + Vehicle = Muller Linseed oil, pigments Mixing & Grinding Driers, chemicals, linseed oil Dilution Sieve Stir continuously
- 28. Application of paint - factors Make the surface ready for application of paint Surface to be painted should not be oily Cracks should be filled with putty & then with sand paper Apply one coat of primer Painting work should be carried out in dry weather The under coats and first coats must be allowed to dry before final coat is applied
- 29. Plastics Plastic is an organic substance It consist of natural or synthetic binders/resins Capable to flow when heated (Plasticity) Can be moulded into required size and shape
- 30. Classification of Plastics Behaviour w.r.t heating 1. Thermo-plastics 2. Thermo-setting plastics Structure 1. Homogeneous 2. Hetrogeneous Phy & mech properties 1. Rigid plastics 2. Semi-rigid plastics 3. Soft plastics 4. Elastomers
- 31. Behaviour w.r.t heating Softens on heating Hardens on cooling Reversible - reusable Formed by Addition polymerization Have long chain molecular structure Eg:- Nylon 6 Thermoplastics Thermo-setting plastics Cannot be reused Chemical reaction in this process cannot be reversed Formed by condensation polymerization Eg:- Electrical equipments, switches (Bakelite)
- 32. Characteristics and properties 1 Good appearance Available as transparent, opaque, attractive, stable and translucent colours 2 Good chemical resistance Offers great resistance to moisture, chemicals and solvents. 3 Sufficient dimensional stability 4 Sufficient ductility Members may fail without warning
- 33. Good durability and weathering resisitance Good electrical insulation Low weight and good finishing Good fire resistance Can be easily fixed in position Easy maintenance, cheap and can be recycled Characteristics and properties
- 34. Uses of plastics PVC Pipes - fixtures Utensils, bottles, etc Bath and sink units Corrugated and plain sheets Floor and wall tiles Overhead water tanks Safety glass Electrical conduits Wire insulations Pen coverings Lighting fixtures Concrete curing sheets
- 35. Advantages of plastics Offers great resistance to moisture, chemicals and solvents. Good durability Plastic possess good insulating properties Can be easily fixed in position Weight of material is low compared to others and cheap Have high tensile strength Require no maintenance. Occasional cleaning only required Can be mould into any shape without cracks over other building materials
- 36. Limitations of using plastics on environment Harmful to the nature - pollution Causes environmental degradation Burning of plastics causes health hazards – toxic fumes Have low melting point Fire hazard Plastics usually have short useful life compared to metals Non renewable - Cost of recycling is high. Threat to animal life suffocation
- 37. PVC – Polyvinyl Chloride Synthetic plastic polymer Formed by polymerization of vinyl chloride monomer Applications 1. Pipes and ropes 2. Electric cables 3. Construction works 4. Flat sheets 5. Clothing 6. Flooring
- 38. Characteristics and properties Rust proof, thermal proof and water proof Provide alternative to wood in many cases Resist dust penetration Unaffected by coastal saline air and dry heat Available in different colour and shade They don't fade, corrode, flake or warp Require no maintenance. Occasional cleaning only required Better thermal insulator
- 39. Rubber Polymers capable of undergoing large deformations under load and returning to their original shape Uses 1. Conveyor belts 2. Linings of tanks 3. Automobile tyres 4. Gasket of doors and windows 5. Ropes and wires 6. Cycle tyres and tubes 7. Footwears, etc
- 40. Types of rubber Natural rubber Synthetic rubber Obtained from latex Also called as artificial rubber Poly Butadiene Rubber (PBR) Poly Isoprene Rubber (PIR) Synthetic Butadiene Rubber (SBR)
- 41. Characteristics and properties It can adsorb shocks due to impact It can contain liquids and gases It extends in length as result of applied force It is bad conductor of heat Good flexibility Resists abrasion Great resistance to acid and petroleum products Can undergo great deformation without structural damage
- 42. Good conductor of heat and electricity Highly resistant to corrosion Have good scrap value Light weight and takes more load Specific gravity = 2.7 Possess great toughness and tensile strength Ore: Bauxite (Al2O3.2H2O) Aluminium It readily dissolves in Hydrochloric acid
- 43. Hand rails and balusters Paneling and false ceiling works Building facades Furnitures Aluminium fabrication works Doors and windows – airtight/ AC buildings Aluminium used for building construction Facades Body parts of equipments
- 44. Glass Super cooled solution of various metallic silicates having infinite viscosity. Melting point = 800 – 950oC
- 45. Available in beautiful colours Hard and extremely Brittle Properties of glass Amorphous – no definite crystalline structure Transparent or translucent Can absorb, refract, reflect and transmit light Has no sharp melting point - range
- 46. It is an excellent electrical insulator Not easily attacked by chemicals Properties of glass Possible to weld glass pieces by fusion It is affected by alkalies Not usually affected by water or air
- 47. Vehicle glasses and goggles Medicine bottles Furnitures, lampshades, bathroom fittings Photographic developments Prisms, lenses, mobile screens Laboratory equipments Furnitures, lampshades, bathroom fittings Uses of glass
- 48. Types of glass Soda Lime glass1 Potash Lime glass2 Potash Lead glass3 Common glass4
- 49. Sodium silicate + Calcium silicate Uses: Manufacture of glass tubes Window glass Plate glass Laboratory equipments Also known as soda glass 1. Soda Lime glass Fuses easily
- 50. Potassium silicate + Calcium silicate Uses: Combustion tubes Also known as Bohemian or hard glass 2. Potash Lime glass Difficult to fuse – high temperature needed Glassware for heating operations - bulbs
- 51. Potassium silicate + Lead silicate Uses: Manufacture of artificial gems Electric bulbs Lenses, prisms Also known as Flint glass 3. Potash Lead glass Fuses easily, lustre, and great refractive power
- 52. Sodium silicate + Calcium silicate + iron silicate Uses: Medicine bottles Also known as Bottle glass 4. Common glass Fuses with difficulty
- 53. Types of glass used for glazing Floating glass1 Laminated glass2 UV resistant glass3 Reinforced glass4 Reflective glass5
- 54. Monolithic and highly transparent Most widely used type of glass 1. Floating glass Produced by flowing molten glass over a bath of molten tin and slowly cooling Uses: Windows, doors, etc
- 55. Made by sandwiching two glass plates with a high resistance plastic skin in between. 2. Laminated glass Uses: Facades, balconies, guard rails, partitions, showcases, floorings
- 56. Resist UV rays entering rooms 3. UV Resistant glass Uses: Laboratory and research spaces Reinforced with steel mesh to make it stronger 4. Reinforced glass Uses: Partition walls, external walls, ocean walls
- 57. Ordinary float glass with a metallic coating 5. Reflective glass Uses: Façade glazings Reflects and creates a mirror effect For providing aesthetic appearance
- 58. Special varieties of glass Bullet proof glass1 Fiber glass2 Float glass3 Foam glass4 Glass blocks5 Heat excluding glass6 Obscured glass7 Perforated glass8 Safety glass9 Shielding glass Soluble glass Structural glass UV ray glass Wired glass 10 11 12 13 14 (Glass used for Structural applications)
- 59. Miscellaneous materials Abrasives1 Adhesives Asbestos Asphalt Bitumen Cork Plaster of Paris2 3 4 5 6 7 Acoustic materials8 Fiber glass Thermocole 9 10
- 60. Hard materials used to cut/shape/polish other materials 1. Abrasives Natural abrasives and synthetic abrasives • Diamond • Garnet • Emery • Sandstone • corundum • Carbide of Aluminium • boric acid • silicon Forms – Sand paper, stones, grinding paste with oil
- 61. To join or create bond b/w two or more materials so as to form a single unit. 2. Adhesives (Glues) Examples of adhesives 1.Albumin glue 2.Animal protein glues 3.Glues from natural resins 4.Glues from synthetic resins 5.Starch glues 6.Vegetable glues
- 62. Naturally occurring fibrous mineral substance 3. Asbestos Excellent insulator of heat and electricity Composed of hydrous silicates of calcium and magnesium with small amount of iron oxide and alumina. Can be cut into pieces, holes can drilled Good adsorption capacity – asbestos cement Uses: Roofing, pipes, brake linings, gaskets
- 63. Mechanical mixture of alumina, lime, silica and asphaltic bitumen 4. Asphalt Remains in solid state at low temperature Black or brownish-black in colour Uses: Water proofing floors and roofs, DPC, Swimming pools, roads and pavements Types: Natural and Residual (Artificial) Becomes liquid at 50oC to 100oC Water/fire/sound/acid proof
- 64. Binding material present in asphalt 5. Bitumen (Mineral tar) Insoluble in water, but completely soluble in carbon bisulphide, chloroform, naphta, etc. It is chemically a hydrocarbon Uses: Water proofing floors and roofs, DPC, Swimming pools, roads and pavements Obtained by fractional distillation of crude petroleum Black or brown in colour
- 65. Obtained from bark of oak trees 6. Cork Uses: • For preparing cork sheets & boards • Bottle stoppers • Packing gaskets • Cork carpets as floor coverings (Churches, theaters, etc – noiseless covering)
- 66. Produced by heating gypsum to 150oC 7. Plaster of Paris White colour and in powder form CaSO4.2H2O → CaSO4. 𝟏 𝟐 H2O + 1.5H2O Can be easily shaped when wet Uses: • For aesthetic appearene • Wall panels, casting works • Ceiling works, acoustics
- 67. Sound absorbent materials used to proof sound 8. Acoustic materials Absorbs sound and prevents echo in the room Acoustics of rooms, studios, theatre halls Eg:- Acoustic plaster, perforated plywood, mats Uses: • Acoustics of rooms • Sound systems in studios • Theatre halls • Commercial centers
- 68. Composed of minute glass rods 9. Fibre glass Soft and flexible in nature Water/sound/fire/vermin/acids proof Uses: • Thermal insulations • Sheets • Fibre Glass Reinforced Plastics (FGRP)
- 69. A type of plastic - Polystyrene 10. Thermocole Light weight and white colour Cushioning property Uses: • Sound insulation in auditorium and theaters • Cushion for various equipments • Craftworks and model preparations Can be moulded to desired shape easily Used for acoustics in ceiling works
- 70. Wood products Major wood products are 1. Veneer 2. Plywood 3. Particleboard 4. Fibreboard 5. Hardboard
- 71. 1. Veneer Thin sheets of wood of superior quality Thickness = 0.4 mm to 6 mm Obtained by rotating a log of wood against a shark knife of rotary cutter Dried in kilns to remove moisture
- 72. Process of preparing a sheet of veneer is known as veneering. Veneers are used to produce plywood's, batten boards, and laminboards. Glued on the surface of inferior wood to create an impression that whole piece is made of expensive timber
- 73. 2. Plywoods Ply means thin layer Veneers placed in both longitudinal and transverse directions more strength Suitable adhesives are used to held in position Available in different commercial sizes
- 74. Used for: 1. Ceilings 2. Doors 3. Furniture 4. Partitions 5. Paneling walls 6. Formworks of concrete
- 75. 3. Particle board Formed by breaking down real wood residuals into wood fibers and glued back together with special resin by applying high temperature and pressure Light in weight Used for making readymade furniture
- 76. 4. Fiberboard (Pressed/reconstructed wood) Rigid boards Thickness = 3 mm to 12 mm Not able to take loads
- 77. Used for: 1. Interior decorations 2. Doors 3. Partitions 4. Panel works
- 78. 5. Hardboard Wood pulp is pressed under high temperature and water is removed. Sheets are smooth on one side and textured on other side Thickness = 3 – 9 mm
Editor's Notes
- #2: Engineering structures are composed of materials.