Container and Containerization

Introduction
1. Containers
1.1 Definition and Function
1.2 Type of container
1.3 Container Handling Equipment
2. Containerization
2.1 Definition
2.2 Evolution of Containerization
2.3 Benefit of Containerization
3. Current Issue
4. Problem Solving
5. Recommendation
Conclusion
Table of
Content

INTRODUCTION
1.1 Definition and function of Shipping Container
- A shipping container (also container, freight
container) is a standardized reusable steel
box.
- Used for the safe, efficient, secure storage
and movement of products within a global
containerized intermodal freight transport
system.
- The container can be moved from one
mode of transport to another (from ship, to
rail, to truck) without unloading and reloading
the contents of the container.

Type of containers1. Dry storage container
● The most commonly used shipping
containers
● They come in various dimensions
standardized by ISO.
● They are used for shipping of dry
materials and come in size of 20ft,
40 ft and 10ft.
2. Flat rack container
● With collapsible sides, these are like
simple storage shipping containers
where the sides can be folded so as
to make a flat rack for shipping of
wide variety of goods.

3. Open top container
● With a convertible top that can be
completely removed to make an
open top so that materials of any
height can be shipped easily.
4. Tunnel container
● Container storage units provided with doors
on both ends of the container,
● They are extremely helpful in quick loading
and unloading of materials.

5. Open side storage
container
● These storage units are
provided with doors that
can change into
completely open sides
providing a much wider
room for loading of
materials.
6. Double doors container
● They are kind of storage units that are provided
with double doors, making a wider room for
loading and unloading of materials.
● Construction materials include steel, iron etc in
standardized sizes of 20ft and 40ft.

7. Refrigerated ISO containers
● These are temperature
regulated shipping containers
that always have a carefully
controlled low temperature.
● They are exclusively used for
shipment of perishable
substances like fruits and
vegetables over long distances.
8. Insulated or thermal containers
● These are the shipping storage
containers that come with a regulated
temperature control allowing them to
maintain a higher temperature.
● The choice of material is so done to
allow them long life without being
damaged by constant exposure to
high temperature.
● They are most suitable for long
distance transportation of products.

9. Tanks
● Container storage units used mostly
for transportation of liquid materials,
they are used by a huge proportion of
entire shipping industry.
● Mostly made of strong steel or other
anti corrosive materials providing
them with long life and protection to
the materials.
10. Cargo storage roll container
● A foldable container, this is one of the
specialized container units made for
purpose of transporting sets or stacks of
materials.
● They are made of thick and strong wire
mesh along with rollers that allows their
easy movement.
● Availability in a range of colored wire
meshes make these shipping container
units a little more cheerful.

11. Half height containers
● Made mostly of steel, these containers
are half the height of full sized
containers.
● Used especially for good like coal,
stones etc which need easy loading
and unloading.
12. Car carriers
● Car carriers are container storage units
made especially for shipment of cars
over long distances.
● They come with collapsible sides that
help a car fit snugly inside the
containers without the risk of being
damaged or moving from the spot.

13. Intermediate bulk shift containers
● These are specialized storage
shipping containers made solely for
the purpose of intermediate
shipping of goods.
● They are designed to handle large
amounts of materials and made for
purpose of shipping materials to a
destination where they can be
further packed and sent off to final
spot.
14. Drums
● As the name suggests, circular shipping
containers, made from a choice of
materials like steel, light weight metals,
fiber, hard plastic etc.
● They are most suitable for bulk transport
of liquid materials.
● They are smaller in size but due to their
shape, may need extra space.

15. Special purpose containers
● Not the ordinary containers, custom
made for specialized purposes.
● Mostly, they are used for high
profile services like shipment of
weapons and arson.
● Their construction and material
composition depends on the special
purpose they need to cater to.
● But in most cases, security remains
the top priority.
16. Swap bodies
● They are a special kind of containers used
mostly in Europe.
● Not made according to the ISO standards,
they are not standardized shipping
container units but extremely useful all the
same.
● They are provided with a strong bottom
and a convertible top making them
suitable for shipping of many types of
products.

1.3 Container Handling & Lifting
Equipment
1. Reach stacker
2. Straddle Carrier
3. Container Forklift
4. Container Chassis
5. Gantry Crane
5.1 Ship-to-shore gantry cranes
5.2 Automated Rail Mounted Gantry Crane (ARMG)
5.3 Automated Rubber Tyre Gantry Crane (ARTG)

Reach stackerReach stacker
● Vehicles used for handling intermodal cargo containers
in small terminals or medium-sized ports.
● Purpose are to move and stack container by carry the
load in front of the machine.
● Able to transport a container short distances very
quickly and pile them in various rows depending on its
access.
● Able to stack container until 4 row from the ground.
Straddle carrier
● It is a freight carrying vehicle that carries its load
underneath by "straddling" the container.
● Used in port terminals and intermodal yards that
are used for stacking and moving ISO standard
containers.
● Straddle carriers pick up and carry containers while
straddling their load and connecting to the top
lifting points via a container spreader.

Container Forklift
● Powered industrial truck used to lift and
move material in over a short distance.
● Have rear-wheel steering to increased
maneuverability in tight cornering
situations
● Rated for loads at a specified maximum
weight and a specified forward center of
gravity.
Container Chassis
● Refer to the chassis and entire vehicle with
tyre.
● Suited for payloads up to 65 tonnes and for
container length up to 60 feet.
● Equipped with brakes, lightning, lashing and
safety beam.
● Secured from below with locking pins

● Refer to the large dockside gantry crane
purposely to load and unload container from
container ship.
● Consist of a supporting framework that can move
transversely the or yard on a rail track
● The spreader can be lowered on top of a
container and locks onto the container's four
locking points ("corner castings") using a twist
lock mechanism.
● Normally transport a single container at once, but
some newer cranes have capability to pick up
two to four 20-foot containers at once.
Ship-to-shore gantry crane

Automated Rail Mounted Gantry Crane (ARMG)
- Purpose is to move and stack
container automatically.
- The gantry crane mounted with the
rail track.
- The control system chooses the
container moves instead of a
human operator.
- This makes for a more predictable
operation, and also ensures
information exchange, keeping
the terminal operating system
up-to-date.

Automated Rubber Tyre Gantry Crane (ARTG)
- Refer to mobile gantry crane used in
intermodal operations to ground or stack
containers.
- Its has unique ability to tolerate rough yard
surfaces
- Often powered by Diesel generator systems
(gensets) of 100 to 600 kW.
- Due to the lack of an electrical grid to dump
energy when lowering the containers, they
often have large resistor packs to rapidly
dissipate the energy of a lowering or
decelerating container.

2. Containerization
2.1 Definition
● System of intermodal freight transport
using intermodal containers (also called
shipping containers and ISO containers).
2.2 Evolution
● Originated several centuries ago but was
not well developed or widely applied until
after World War II.
● When it dramatically reduced the costs of
transport and was a major element in
globalization.

2.3 Benefit of containerization
Standardization ISO standards - can be use for various modes of transport and same
handling equipment
Flexibility Can carry various type of material in packaged - raw material (grain, coal,
and computer product), liquid (oil and wine) cars, and reefers (refrigerated
cargo),
Management Less documentation
Cost Less insurance cost due to low risk of loss
Reduce overall transportation cost
Time - Lessen transit time due to efficient loading and unloading process
- Fast transhipment operation
Security Secure goods from damages such as breakage and pilferage during
transportation

3.0 Current Issue
JOHANNESBURG (Reuters) - South Africa's largest
container port remains closed on Wednesday after
vessel movements were suspended when a severe
storm lashed the coastal region resulting in at least
eight deaths in the province, a port official said.
The Durban Port is the largest sub-Saharan Africa's,
which is a key transit point for commodities such as
maize.
Three vessels were grounded, containers had
blown into the bay and mooring lines were broken
in the channel in the Port of Durban on Monday.
Cargo spill from a container vessel that was
transporting vast volumes of nurdles- a raw industrial
raw material used to make plastic products.
[Date : 11. Oct. 2017]

4.0 Problem Solving
- Transnet National Port Authority released its
first public statement about the cargo spill,
- An "urgent meeting" had been held on
Tuesday with various other government
entities, including the Department of
Environmental Affairs (DEA), South African
Local Government Association (SALGA),
provincial environmental affairs and KZN
Ezemvelo Wildlife to discuss mitigating
measures.
- According to Allafrica website, the
responsible government fail to overcome the
cargo spill.
[Source: All Africa Website]

Close Collaboration Minimises Shipping Disruptions in Port of Durban
- Fast action by Transnet National Ports
Authority, in collaboration with the South
African Maritime Safety Authority (SAMSA)
and African Marine Solutions, saw the
successful delivery of a multi-vessel
emergency operation in the Port of Durban
during yesterday’s during inclement
weather.
- On 15th October 2017, three vessels that
were grounded had been successfully
refloated and remoored.
- The port remain closed due to bad weather

5.0 Recommendation
- Responsible authorities should come out with fast
solution towards the cargo spills by the MSC
Susanna.
- Mediterranean Shipping Company (MSC) should
extract the vast quantities of polyethylene
(plastic pellets)p floating in the Durban harbour.
- Responsible government authorities should
appoint the specialised cleaning company to
clean around 200km oil spill and raw plastics
material from the beach area.
- MSC should cooperate with Transnet National
Ports Authority and all the parties involved in the
clean-up in a daily contact

Conclusion
- There are more than 15 types of intermodal
containers used to transport various type
of cargo.
- Reach Stackers and straddle carrier is type
of equipment use in port and terminals to
handle containers.
- Containerization advantage is
standardization, flexible, less
documentation used, less cost, time
efficient and more secure.
- Containerization is an important system to
achieve globalization.

Container and Containerization

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Container and Containerization