Conventional & non conventional energy sources.

Presented by…
Thakor Maitri M.
M.Sc. (Botany)
Department of life sciences,
H.N.G.U., Patan.
1

CONTENT
 Introduction
 Conventional energy sources
● Commercial energy sources
● Non-commercial energy sources
 Non-conventional energy sources
2

INTRODUCTION
 Energy is an important input for development.
 It aims to the natural resources, energy
resources are also renewable as well as non
renewable.
 Renewable energy resources : Energy sources
that are easily replaced after being consumed.
 Non-renewable energy resources : Energy
sources that are not replaced or replenished
after being used. (May take several years to
replace). 3

Sources of energy
Conventional sources Non-conventional sources
● Solar energy
● Wind energy
Commercial Non-commercial ● Tidal energy
● Coal ●Firewood ● Geothermal
●Oil & natural (Fuel wood) energy
gas ●Hydro power ● Biomass -
●Thermal power ●Nuclear power based energy
4

CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES
 Energy that has been used from ancient times
(natural resources) is known as conventional
energy.
 A conventional resources are the ones that are
commonly used. ( like pen or a pencil ).
 These are available in limited amount and
develop over a longer period. As a result of
unlimited use, they are likely to be exhausted
one day.
5

6
 Thase are also known as a non-renewable (
or exhaustible ) energy sources.

 Conventional energy sources have two type of
source like…
1) Commercial energy sources
2) Non-commercial energy sources
♣ Commercial energy sources: The sources of
energy that are usually available in costly to the
users are reffered to as Commercial energy
sources.
♣ Non-commercial energy sources : The sources of
energy that are usually availably free of cost to
the users are reffered to as non-commercial
energy sources. 7

1) COMMERCIAL ENERGY SOURCES
i) Coal :
 Coal releages large amounts of energy it is
borned because of the density of hydrocarbon
in the material.
 Coalification : Coal is formed by dead plants
being put under significant pressure and
temparature for million of years.
 There are four grades of coal :
lignite, subbituminous,
bituminous and anthracite. 8

9
 Lignite : A brownish-black coal of
low quality with inherent moisture
and volatile matter. Energy content
is lower 4000 Btu/lb.
 Subbituminous : Black lignite is
dull black and generally content is
8,300 Btu/lb.
 Bituminous : Most common coal is
dense & black. It’s moisture content
usually is less than 20 %. Energy
content about 10,500 Btu/lb.
 Anthracite : A hard, black, lustrous
coal, often reffered to as hard coal.
Energy content of about 14,000
Btu/lb.

ii) Oil & Natural gas :
 Sedimentary rocks containing plants, animals
remains about 10 to 20 crore year old are the
source of mineral oil.
 Mineral oil is very unevenly distributed over
space like any other mineral.
 There are six regions in the world which are rich
in mineral oil. USA, Mexico, former USSR and
West Asian region are the major oil reproducing
countries.
10

 Natural gas is really a mixture of gases that
formed from the fossils remains of ancient plants
and animals buried deep in the earth.
● In india – gas is a natural gift.
 The main ingredient in natural gas is methane.
 Natural gas can be used both as energy source
and also an industrial raw material in
petrochemical industry. The gas is also used for
fertiliser plants.
11

 Through pipe line, the gas from Bombay and
Gujarat gas fields is now taken to M.P.,
Rajasthan and U.P.
 Hazira-Bijaipur-Jagdishpur (HBJ) gas pipe line is
1,730 km long carries 18 million cubic meters of
gas everyday.
 It feeds six fertiliser and three power plants.
There are already 12 refineries in India.
 The liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), also called
the cooking gas is now a very common
domestic fuel.
12

iii) Thermal power :
 A thermal power station is a power station in
which heat energy converted to electric power.
 Thermal power plants use coal, petroleum and
natural gas to produce thermal electricity.
 These sources are of mineral origin and also
called fossil fuels.
 They are exhaustible and polluting.
 This is in great demand in industry, agriculture,
transport and domestic sectors. 13

2) NON-COMMERCIAL ENERGY SOURCES
i) Fire wood (Fuel wood ) :
 One must combine supply of fire wood and
other biomass energy sources.
 Besides, we need technologies for total
utilisation of biomass and or conversion to
solid (densification), liquid (liquification) and
gaseous (gasification) fuel.
14

ii) Hydro power :
 Water energy is most conventional renewable
energy sources and obtained from water flow,
water falling from a height.
 Hydro power is a clean, non polluting sources
of energy. It can be transmitted to long distance
through wires and cables.
 In South America about 75% of the total
electricity consuption comes from water. Japan,
USA and former USSR are the leading countries
in production of hydro power.
15

16
 In India the generation
of hydro elctric power
was emphasised from
the first five year.
 We have referred to
the dams earlier in
chapter on “natural
Resources and their
Conservations” under
Land use Resources.

iii) Nuclear power :
 A small quantity of radioactive material can
produce abnormal amount of energy. For
instance, one ton of Uranium²³⁵ would provide
as much energy by three million ton of coal or 12
million barrels of oil.
 Atomic power is also used as fuel for marine
vessels, heat generation for chemical and food
processing plants and for spacicrafts.
 For atomic energy, we need a nuclear reactor.
17

 There are different types of nuclear :
(a)Light water reactor (LWR) : Here we use
ordinary water for cooling & moderation.
●These are of two basic types :
(i) Boiling Water Reactor (BWR)
(ii) Pressurised Water Reactor (PWR).
(b)Heavy Water Reactor (HWR) : Here we use
heavy water.
(c)Liquid metal fast breeder reactor (LMFBR) :
Here, we use liquid sodium as the coolant.
18

NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES
 Energy that has been used from natural resources
which made by artificial is known as Non-
conventional energy resources.
 A non-conventional resources are one that work
but are not commonly used. ( like an ionic laser ).
 These are available in unlimited amount in nature
since these can be renewed over relatively short
period of time. It can reproduce themselves in
nature.
 These are also known as renewable ( or
inexhaustible ) energy resources.
19

20
1) Solar energy :
 Energy obtained from
the sun in the form of
heat and light.
 Energy derived in the
form of solar radiation.
 The solar energy
received by the near
earth space is
approximately 1.4
kilojoules/second known
as solar constant.

 The heat energy is used in solar heating
devices like solar cooker, solar water heater,
solar furnaces etc. The light energy is used
in solar cells.
 Using photosynthetic and biological process
for energy trapping. In the process of
photosynthesis, green plants absorb solar
energy and convert it into chemical energy,
stored in the form of carbohydrate.
21

2) Wind energy :
 Air flows can be used to run wind turbines.
 Wind energy is used in wind mills which
convert the kinetic energy of the wind into
mechanical or electrical energy.
 A single wind mill produces only a small
amount of electricity.
 Large number of wind mills in a large area
coupled together to produse more electricity in
wind energy farms. 22

 The minimum wind speed required is 15 km/hr.
 At present wind power potential of India is 1020
MW.
 Largest wind farm is near kanyakumari in
Tamilnadu generate 380 MW electricity.
23

3) Tidal energy :
 The energy associated with the tides of the
ocean can be converted into electrical
energy.First tidal power plant is in France (1996).
 India could take up ocean thermal energy
conversion (OTEC) and by the process it will be
capable of generating 50,000 Mwot electricity, to
meet the power requirements of remote
oceanicislands & costal towns.
24

4) Geothermal energy :
 The geothermal energy may be defined as the
heat energy obtainable from hot rocks present
inside the earth crust.
 At the core temperatures may reach over 9,000°
F.
 This heat comes from the fission of radioactive
material naturally present in the rocks.
 The deeper regions of the earth’s crust is very
hot. This heat melts the rocks & forms magma. 25

 The magma moves up and collects below at
some places called Hot spots.
 The under ground water in contact with hot spot
gets heated into steam at high pressure.
 By drilling holes into hot spots the steam coming
out can be used to rotate turbines of generators
to produce electricity.
26

5) Biomass - based energy :
 The organic matters originated from living
organisms like wood , cattle dung, sewage,
agricultural wastes etc. are called as biomass.
 These substances can be burnt to produce
heat energy which can be used in the
generation of electricity.
 Thus, the energy produced from the biomass
is known as biomass energy.
27

1) Fundamental of Environmental Biology.
Author : Agarwal K. C.
Edition : 2001 ( First ).
2) WWW.Slideshare.net.
29

Conventional & non conventional energy sources.

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