![This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 731015 and No 825182
Web Annotation Example
<http://example.org/name_example>
a oa:Annotation ;
oa:hasBody [
a oa:TextualBody ;
dc11:format "text/plain"^^xsd:string ;
rdf:value "PERSON"^^xsd:string ] ;
oa:hasTarget [
oa:hasSelector [
a oa:TextQuoteSelector ;
oa:exact "James Baker"^^xsd:string ] ;
oa:hasSource <https://catalog.ldc.upenn.edu/.../06/wsj_0655.name> ] .](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/corpus-annotation-with-llod-191016105023/85/Corpus-Annotation-with-Linked-Open-Data-9-320.jpg)
Corpus Annotation with Linked Open Data
- 1. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 731015. Corpus Annotation with Linked Open Data John P. McCrae and Thierry Declerck
- 2. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 731015 and No 825182 Summary • Inline and Stand-off annotation • Web Annotation/Open Annotation • NLP Interchange Format • CoNLL-RDF
- 3. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 731015 and No 825182 Why annotate? Ontologies capture facts about concepts, not the usage of words Lexicons capture facts about patterns and systems of usage Sometimes we wish to capture data about specific usage
- 4. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 731015 and No 825182 Inline annotation Typically with XML <div type="essay"> <head>An Essay on Summer</head> <p>Summer school in <date when="1990">MCMXC</date> was never easy; it went by too quickly and left us wanting more.</p> <p>But, as my friend <name type="person">Peter</name> said with his inimitable <foreign xml:lang="fr">je ne sais quoi</foreign>, <said>It never pays to think too hard</said>. Or, as I would rather put it, <quote xml:lang="es">Que sera, sera</quote>.</p> </div> Pros: Easy and quick to do Cons: Limited expressivity Complicates source document Annotations cannot be added later
- 5. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 731015 and No 825182 Stand-off Annotation Annotation 1 Annotation 2 Annotation 3 Annotation 4 Source Document Annotation File
- 6. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 731015 and No 825182 Web Annotation Annotation recommendation from W3C https://www.w3.org/TR/annotation-model/
- 7. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 731015 and No 825182 Web Annotation: Target and Body • body • element containing the annotation • object property: oa:hasBody (any RDF object) • datatype property: oa:bodyValue (strings) • target • element being annotated • any RDF object, including • oa:Selector (more in a second)
- 8. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 731015 and No 825182 Selector Types • oa:FragmentSelector • Uses the IRI fragment specification defined by the representation's media type. • oa:TextQuoteSelector • Describes a range of text by copying it, and including some of the text immediately before (a prefix) and after (a suffix) it to distinguish it. • oa:TextPositionSelector • Describes a range of text by recording the start and end positions • oa:DataPositionSelector • Describes a range of data by recording the start and end positions of the selection • oa:SvgSelector
- 9. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 731015 and No 825182 Web Annotation Example <http://example.org/name_example> a oa:Annotation ; oa:hasBody [ a oa:TextualBody ; dc11:format "text/plain"^^xsd:string ; rdf:value "PERSON"^^xsd:string ] ; oa:hasTarget [ oa:hasSelector [ a oa:TextQuoteSelector ; oa:exact "James Baker"^^xsd:string ] ; oa:hasSource <https://catalog.ldc.upenn.edu/.../06/wsj_0655.name> ] .
- 10. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 731015 and No 825182 Web Annotation Example name_example oa:Annotation oa:TextualBody text/plain PERSON James Baker https://catalog.ldc.upenn.edu/.../06/wsj_0655.name oa:TextQuoteSelector hasBody hasTarget hasSelector format value exact source
- 11. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 731015 and No 825182 Web Annotation Summary • relatively good uptake • reification • annotation as n:m relation between bodies & targets • with metadata • powerful • annotate all instances of a string at once using a • very verbose • previous example uses 10 triples
- 12. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 731015 and No 825182 NLP Interchange Format • String URIs • e.g., in a web document • can be directly used as object of oa:hasTarget • simple ontology of linguistic data structures • for selected, typical NLP annotations • not covering all you ever need for linguistic annotations ;)
- 13. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 731015 and No 825182 RFC 5147 Allows URIs to refer to fragments in text https://catalog.ldc.upenn.edu/docs/LDC95T7/raw/06/wsj_0655.txt#char=19,30 Character Offsets: https://catalog.ldc.upenn.edu/docs/LDC95T7/raw/06/wsj_0655.txt#line=0 Line Offsets: https://.../wsj_0655.txt#char=19,30;md5=67f60186fe687bb898ab7faed17dd96a Integrity Checks:
- 14. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 731015 and No 825182 NLP Interchange Format
- 15. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 731015 and No 825182 Web Annotation + NIF name_example oa:Annotation oa:TextualBody text/plain PERSON https://.../wsj_0655.name#char=2,22 nif:String hasBody hasTarget format value
- 16. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 731015 and No 825182 NLP Interchange Format • Slightly simpler method of reference • Saves some triples • but still very verbose • Less standardised and supported than just Web Annotation
- 17. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 731015 and No 825182 CoNLL-RDF CoNLL is a format family widely used in NLP • tab-separated values • one word per line • one column for annotation type • sentences separated by empty lines • conventions for most types of word-based linguistic • annotation
- 18. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 731015 and No 825182 CoNLL Example 1_1 Sie sie P PPER nom|pl|*|3 2 SB 1_2 dürfen dürfen V VMFIN pl|3|pres|ind 0 -- 1_3 eine ein A ART acc|sg|fem 4 NK 1_4 Kopie Kopie N NN acc|sg|fem 12 OA 1_5 der der A ART gen|sg|fem 6 NK 1_6 Software Software N NN gen|sg|fem 4 AG ID Word Lemma POS Inflection Dependency Structure
- 19. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 731015 and No 825182 CoNLL as RDF (simple) 1_1 Sie sie P PPER nom|pl|*|3 2 SB WORD LEMMA POS_COARSE POS FEATS HEAD EDGE 1_2 nif:nextWord
- 20. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 731015 and No 825182 CoNLL as RDF (better) 1_1 Sie sie P PPER nom|pl|*|3 WORD LEMMA POS_COARSE POS FEATS 1_2 nif:nextWord SB dürfen dürfen WORD LEMMA
- 21. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 731015 and No 825182 CoNLL as an RDF Tree 1_1 Sie 1_2 1_4 1_3 1_5 1_6 dürfen eine Kopie der Software 1_12 installieren Easy to query with SPARQL
- 22. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 731015 and No 825182 Conclusion RDF is a powerful method of representing corpus annotations But • Not well adopted by many major projects • Can be verbose and hard to read • Limited tool support This should change over the next few years.