Corresponding parts of computer and their functions

-The learners demonstrate an understanding of
concepts and underlying principles in applying
qualitystandards in computersystem servicing.

-The learners should be able to apply quality standards
incomputer
system servicing.

“A computer is almost a human-
Except that it does not blame its
Mistake on another computer.”-
anonymous

- Computer generally means a programmable machine. The two
principal characteristics of a computer are: it responds to a specific
set of instructions in a well-defined manner and it can execute a
prerecorded list of instructions(a program).

Analog Computers: These are different from a digital computer
because an analog computer can perform severalmathematical
operations simultaneously. It uses continuous variables for
mathematical operations and utilizes mechanical or electrical
energy.

Digital Computers: They use digital circuits and are
designed to operate on two states, namely bits 0 and 1. They
are analogous to states ON and OFF. Data on these
computers is represented asa series of0s and1s.

Hybrid Computers: These computers are a combination of
both digital and analog computers. In this type of computers,
the digital segments perform process control by conversion of
analogsignalstodigitalones.

MAINFRAME COMPUTERS: Large
organizations use mainframes for
highly critical applications such as
bulk data processing and ERP. Most of
the mainframe computers have the
capacities to host multiple operating
systems and operate as a number of
virtual machines and can substitute
for severalsmall servers.

Servers: They are computers designed to
provide services to client machines in a
computer network. They have larger storage
capacities and powerful processors.
Running on them are programs that serve
client requests and allocate resources like
memory and time to client machines.
Usually they are very large in size, as they
have large processors and many hard drives.
They are designed to be fail-safe and
resistant to crash.

SUPERCOMPUTERS: The highly
calculation-intensive tasks can be
effectively performed by means of
supercomputers. Quantum physics,
mechanics, weather forecasting,
molecular theory are best studied by
means of supercomputers. Their ability of
parallel processing and their well-
designed memory hierarchy give the
supercomputers, large transaction
processing powers.

MICROCOMPUTERS: A
computer with a
microprocessor and its central
processing unit it is known as
a microcomputer. These
computers can fit on desks or
tables and prove to be the best
choice for single-user tasks.

DESKTOPS: A desktop is intended to be used on a
single location.

LAPTOPS: Similar in operation to desktops,
laptop computers are miniaturized and
optimized for mobile use. Laptops run on a single
battery or an external adapter that charges the
computer batteries.
NETBOOKS: They fall in the category of laptops,
but are inexpensive and relatively smaller in size.
They had a smaller feature set and lesser
capacities in comparison to regular laptops, at the
time they came into the market.

Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs): It is a
handheld computer and popularly known as a
palmtop. It has a touch screen and a memory card
for storage of data.
TABLET COMPUTERS: Tablets are mobile
computers that are very handy to use. They use
the touch screen technology. Tablets come with
an onscreen keyboard or use a stylus or a digital
pen.

WEARABLE COMPUTERS: These
computers can be worn on the body and
are often used in the study of behavior
modeling and human health. Military and
health professionals have incorporated
wearable computers into their daily
routine,as a part of such studies.

COMPUTER HARDWARE is the
physical parts or components of a
computer, such as the monitor,
mouse, keyboard, computer data
storage, hard disk drive (HDD),
graphic cards, sound cards, memory,
motherboard, and so on, all of
which are physical objects that are
tangible.

COMPUTER SOFTWARE (often
called just software) is made of one
or more computer programs.
Sometimes it means one specific
program, or it can mean all the
software on a computer, including
the applications and the operating
system.

KEYBOARD - The first inputdevice
developed for the PC. Data is
transferred to the PC over a short
cable with a circular 6-pin Mini-
din connector that plugs into the
back ofthe motherboard.

MOUSE - The most common
'pointing device' used in PCs. Every
mouse has two buttons and most
haveone or two scroll wheels.
TOUCHSCREEN- A display screen
that is sensitive to the touch of a
finger or stylus The touch screen
became wildly popular for smart
phones and tablets.

LIGHT PEN - A light-sensitive stylus
wired to a video terminal used to
draw pictures or select menu
options.
DIGITIZER TABLET - A graphics drawing
tablet used for sketching new images or
tracing old ones. Also called a "graphics
tablet," the user contacts the surface of
the device with a wired or wireless pen
or puck.

SCANNING DEVICES- A device that can read text or
illustrations printed on paper and translates the information
intoa form the computer canuse.

VOICE- INPUT DEVICES - Audio input devices also known as speech or
voice recognition systems that allow a user to send audio signals to a
computer for processing, recording, or carrying out commands.

SYSTEM UNIT- The main part of a
microcomputer, sometimes called
the chassis. It includes the
following parts: Motherboard,
Microprocessor, Memory Chips,
Buses, Ports, Expansion Slots and
Cards.

Motherboard / Mainboard /
System Board- The main circuit
board of a computer. It contains all
the circuits and components that
run thecomputer.

Motherboard / Mainboard/ System Board-
Typically, the motherboard contains the CPU,
BIOS, MEMORY, MASS STORAGE
INTERFACES, SERIAL AND PARALLEL PORTS,
EXPANSION SLOTS, and all the controllers
required to control standard peripheral
devices, such as the display screen, keyboard,
and diskdrive.
Collectively, all these chips that reside on the motherboard are known as the
MOTHERBOARD'S CHIPSET..

BUS
-are circuitry paths for transmitting data and signals among
the parts of the computer system.

Three kinds of busses linked between the CPU, primary storage and the
otherdevices in thecomputersystem:
DATA BUS
Pass informationin bi-directional.
ADDRESSBUS
Transmits signals for locating a given address in primary storage, indicating
wheredatashouldbeplaced.
CONTROLBUS
Transmits signal specifying whether to read or write data to or from
primary storageaddress,input deviceor output device.

Intel and AMD have created a set of socket and slot designs for
their processors. Each socket or slot is designed to support a
differentrange of originaland upgrade processors.

In a computer system,
a chipset is a set of electronic
components in an integrated
circuit that manages the data
flow between
theprocessor, memory and
peripherals.

NORTHBRIDGE
The northbridgechip, also calledMCH(MemoryController Hub),
is connect directly to the CPU and has basically the following
functions:
• Memory controller
• PCIExpress controller
• AGPbus controller
• Interfacefor datatransferwiththesouthbridge chip

SOUTHBRIDGE
-Typically implements the slower capabilities of the motherboard
in anorthbridge/southbridgechipsetcomputerarchitecture.

FRONT SIDE BUS
-Is a communication interface that serves as the main link
between the CPU and system memory and other parts of the
chipsetandmotherboard.
The FSB connects the following components with the CPU:
System chipset
System memory
Graphics card through the northbridge
Other input/output devices
PCI cards

PERIPHERALCOMPONENT INTERCONNECT (PCI)
-PCI is the most common expansion bus in a PC and other
hardware platforms. Buses carry signals such as data, memory
addresses, power, and control signals from component to
component.

PCI-EXPRESS
-is an implementation of the PCI computer bus that uses existing
PCI programming concepts, but bases it on a completely different
andmuch fasterserial physical-layer communicationsprotocol.

-is the part of the motherboard where you install the Random
AccessMemory

Motherboards also include a small separate block of memory made
from CMOS RAM chips which is kept alive by a battery (known as a
CMOS battery) even when the PC’s power is off. This prevents
reconfigurationwhen thePCis powered on.

-It’s a memory, which consists of low-level software that controls the
system hardware and acts as an interface between the operating system
and thehardware.

1 - PS/2 mouse
2 - Parallelport
3 - IEEE 1394 connector
4 - RJ-45 connector
5 - Line in jack
6 - Line outjack
7 - Microphone jack
8 - USB 2.0 connectors
9 - USB 2.0 connectors
10 - VGA connector
11 - Serial connector
12 - PS/2 Keyboard

CPU (Central Processing Unit) -
The processor is the main “brain”
or “heart” of a computer system. It
performs all of the instructions
and calculations that are needed
and manages the flow of
informationthrougha computer.

Primary storage- (internal storage, main memory or memory) is
the computer's working storage space that holds data,
instructions for processing and processed data (information)
waiting to be sent to secondary storage. Physically, primary
storage isa collectionof RAM chips.

A. ROM – (READONLY MEMORY)ROM isnon-volatile,
meaning it holds dataeven when the power isON or OFF.
B. RAM – (RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY)RAM is volatile,
meaning it holds dataonly when the power is on. When the
power is off,RAM's contentsare lost.

EXPANSION BUS - A bus is a data pathway between
several hardware components inside or outside a
computer. It does not only connect the parts of the CPU
to each other, butalso links the CPU with other important
hardware.

Storage device is any apparatus for recording computer
data in a permanent or semi-permanent form.

HARD DISK DRIVE (HDD) - Also
known as hard drive, is a magnetic
storage device that is installed inside
the computer. The hard drive is used
as permanent storage for data. In a
Windows computer, the hard drive is
usually configured as the C: drive and
contains the operating system and
applications.

IDE (IDE/ATAPI) – Integrated Drive Electronics/Advanced Technology
Attachment w/ Packet Interface - A single IDE ATA channel can support
upto two drives, master & slave.

RED Wire (Pin 1)
IDE ATAPI Cable

SCSI Cable & SCSI Host Adapter

Serial ATA (S-ATA) - is a computer bus primarily designed for
transfer of data to and from a hard disk. It is the successor to the
legacy Advanced Technology Attachment standard (ATA, also
knownas IDE).
-a single cable with a minimum of four wires creates a point-to-
point connection between devices. Transfer rates for Serial ATA
begin at 150MBps. One of the main design advantages of Serial
ATA is that the thinner serial cables facilitate more efficient airflow
insidea form factor and alsoallowfor smallerchassis designs.

FLOPPY DISKETTE- Also
called a "3.5-inch diskette," it
can store up to 1.44
megabytes (MB)of data.

COMPACT DISC (CD) – also called optical disc is a nonmagnetic,
polished metal disk used to store digital information. The disc is read
by theCD- ROM.
DIGITAL VERSATILE DISC (DVD)- an optical disc technology with a 4.7
gigabyte storage capacity on a single-sided, one-layered disk, which is
enoughfor a 133-minutemovie.

USB FLASH DRIVE- is a plug-and-play portablestorage device
thatuses flashmemory and is lightweightenoughto attachto a
key chain.
HARD DRIVE-isthe main, and usuallylargest, datastorage
device in a computer.

ZIP DRIVE-is a small,portabledisk drive used primarilyfor
backing up and archiving personal computer files.

OPTICAL DRIVE- An optical drive is
a storage device that uses lasers to
read data on the optical media.
There are three types of optical
drives: Compact Disc (CD), Digital
Versatile Disc (DVD) and Blu-ray
Disc (BD).

Power Supply Unit (PSU) -
Installed in the back corner of the
PC case, next to the motherboard.
It converts 120vac (standard
house power) into DC voltages
that are used by other
componentsinthePC.

ADAPTERS- (ALSO CALLED INTERFACE CARDS) that enable
the computer to use a peripheral device for which it does not
have the necessary connections or circuit boards. They are often
used to permit upgradingto a new differenthardware.

CRT Monitors - Cathode Ray Tubes
(CRT) were the only type of
displays for use with desktop PCs.

LCD MONITORS – Liquid Crystal
Display (LCD) technology has been
used in laptops for some time. It
has recently been made
commercially available as monitors
for desktop PCs.

LED MONITORS (LIGHT EMITTING
DIODE) - A display and lighting
technology used in almost every
electrical and electronic product on
the market, from a tiny on/off light
to digital readouts, flashlights,
traffic lightsand perimeter lighting.

LCD PROJECTORS- utilize two sheets of
polarizing material with a liquid crystal
solution between them. An electric current
passed through the liquid causes the
crystals to align so that light cannot pass
through them.

SMART BOARD - A type of display screen that hasa touch sensitive transparent
panel covering the screen, which is similar to a touch screen.

INK-JET OR BUBBLE-JET
PRINTER - spays ink at a
sheet of paper. Ink-jet
printers produce high-
qualitytext and graphics.

LCD and LED Printer- Similar to a laser printer, but
uses liquid crystals or light-emitting diodes rather
than a laser to producean image onthe drum.

LASER PRINTER - Uses the same
technology as copy machines. Laser
printers produce very high quality
textandgraphics.

THERMAL PRINTER- An inexpensive printer that
works by pushing heated pins against heat-sensitive
paper. Thermal printers are widely used in
calculatorsandfax machines.

LINE PRINTER - Contains a chain of characters or pins that
print an entire line at one time. Line printers are very fast, but
producelow-qualityprint.

SPEAKERS - Used to play sound. They may
be built into the system unit or connected
with cables. Speakers allow you to listen to
music and hear sound effects from your
computer.

The PS/2 connector is a 6-pins Mini-DIN connector used for connecting some
keyboards and mice toa PCcompatible computer system

Pin Voltage Assignment
1 +2.0 to +5.5v Keyboard Data
2 +4.8 to +5.5v Reserved
3 Ground Ground
4 +2.0 to +5.5v +5.0V DC
5 +2.0 to +5.5v Keyboard Clock
6 +2.0 to +5.5v Reserved

A serial port is a serial communication physical interface with 9 pins through which
information transfer.

PIN PURPOSE SIGNAL NAME
1 Data Carrier Detect DCD
2 Received Data RxData
3 Transmitted Data TxData
4 Data Terminal Ready DTR
5 Signal Ground Gnd
6 Data Set Ready DSR
7 Request To Send RTS
8 Clear To Send CTS
9 Ring Indicator RI

A parallel port is a type of interface found on computers with 25 pins (personal and
otherwise) for connecting various peripherals. In computing, a parallel port is a
parallel communication physical interface. It is also known as a Printer port or
Centronicsport

A Video Graphics Array (VGA) connector is a three-row 15-pin DE-15 connector.
The 15-pin VGA connector is found on many video cards, computer monitors, and
some high definition television sets.

The Digital Visual Interface (DVI) is a video interface standard covering the
transmission of video between a source device (such as a personal computer) and a
display device. The DVI standard has achieved widespread acceptance in the PC
industry, bothin desktop PCs and monitors . It has 24 pins but some has only 18
pins.

HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface) is a compact audio/video interface
for transmitting uncompressed digital data. It is a digital alternative to consumer
analog standards, such as radio frequency (RF) coaxial cable, composite video, S-
Video, SCART,component video, D-Terminal, orVGA

Radio Corporation/Communication of America can be use to connect the system
unitdisplay to theordinary TV

Super Video Port can be use to connect the system unit display to the ordinary TV.
7pins for the PCand 4 pins for theTV

Universal Serial Bus (USB) is a specification to establish communication between
devices and a host controller (usually a personal computer), USB has effectively
replaced a variety ofinterfaces suchas serial and parallel ports.

USB 3.0 is the third major version of the Universal Serial Bus (USB) standard for computer
connectivity. First introduced in 2008, USB 3.0 adds a new transfer mode called "SuperSpeed,"
(distinguishable from USB 2.0 by either the blue colour of the port or the initials SS) capable of
transferring data at up to 5 Gbit/s – more than ten times as fast as the 480 Mbit/s top speed of USB
2.0.

Ethernet is the most common type of connection computers use in a local area network (LAN). An
Ethernet port looks much like a regular phone jack, but it is slightly wider. This port can be used to
connectyourcomputerto
anothercomputer,alocalnetwork, oranexternal DSLorcablemodem.

High Performance Serial Bus, for connecting devices to your personal computer.
FireWire provides a single plug-and-socket connection on which up to 63 devices
canbe attached with data transferspeeds upto 400 Mbps (megabits per second)

MATERIAL,TOOLS,EQUIPTMENTANDTESTINGDEVICES

LAN Card – is a network interface card. This
is a computer circuit board or card that is
installed in a computer so that it can be
connectedto a network.

Server – is a part of a network. It is a special computer
that users on the network can access to carry out a
particular job.

Port hub /Port – is a connector on the back of a computer
or other device. A port is either a serial port or a parallel
port.

Modem - (Modulator-Demodulator) The modem is a
device that allows a given computer to share data or
otherwise a device which let computers exchange
information.

Scanner- it is an input device that read text orillustration
printed on paper, translates the information into a form
that a computer can use

Flat Screw Driver – is used to drive or fasten negative
slotted screws

USB – Universal Serial Bus, a hardware interface for low-
speed peripherals such as the keyboard, mouse, joystick,
scanner, printer andtelephonydevices.

Printer - is a piece of hardware that produces a paper
copy (also known as ‘hardcopy’) of the information
generated bythe computer.

RAM – Random Access Memory, is a primary memory.
This memory is used inside the computer to hold
programs and data whileit isrunning.

BIOS – Basic Input / Output System, chip that controls
the most basic functions of the computer and performs a
self-test every time youturniton.

Flash drive– RAM that can retain data without electrical
power. It is widely used for BIOS chips and for digital
camera and digitalmusic storage

Long nose Pliers – is used for holding, bending and
stretching the lead of electronics component or
connectingwire.

Soldering Iron – is used to join two or more metal
conductors with the support of soldering lead melted
around it.

Desoldering Tool – is used to unsolder unwanted parts or
component in the circuit with the support of soldering
pencil

Philips Screw Driver- is used to drive or fasten positive
slotted screws

LAN Tester- for RJ11,12,45 & BNC w/ Remote Unit This
ergonomic tester is designed to test most network cable
wiring.Youcan either conductan auto ormanual test.

UTP – Unshielded Twisted Pair, is a popular type of cable
used in computer networking that consists of two
shieldedwires twisted aroundeach

Corresponding parts of computer and their functions

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Corresponding parts of computer and their functions