Culture,Cognitive Styles and Problem Solving
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This document discusses cognitive styles and problem solving across cultures. It introduces Herman Witkin, who developed the concepts of field dependence and field independence, referring to relying on external versus internal frames of reference. Cultures that stress conformity tend toward field dependence, while nomadic societies trend toward field independence. Richard Nisbett's research found East Asian cultures take a holistic, big picture view while Western cultures focus more on details. In summary, the document examines how culture influences cognitive processing and problem solving approaches.
Culture,Cognitive Styles and Problem Solving
- 1. 10/9/2016 1Nithin Lalachan BSc. Psychology
- 4. Table of Contents Do the varied experiences of people from different cultures lead to cross- cultural variations in problem solving ?
- 5. Table of Contents HERMAN WITKIN Herman A. Witkin was an American psychologist who specialized in the spheres of cognitive psychology and learning psychology. He was a pioneer of the theory of cognitive styles and learning styles (developed in cooperation with Solomon Asch, Donald Good enough etc.). He preferred to diagnose not by questionnaires but by more objective means, such as projective tests, task-solving tests etc. He was the author of the concept of field- dependency vs. field-independency.
- 6. 10/9/2016 6Nithin Lalachan BSc. Psychology
- 7. Culture, Cognitive Style, and Problem Solving • Field dependence – relying on external frames of reference • Field independence – relying on internal frames of reference 10/9/2016 7Nithin Lalachan BSc. Psychology
- 8. Table of Contents 1. Rely on external frames of reference 2. Tend to accept the physical environment as it is given 3. Focus on total context of a problem 4. Found more in sedentary agricultural societies and in societies that stress conformity
- 9. Table of Contents 1. Rely on internal frames of reference 2. Tend to analyze and restructure the physical environment 3. Focus on specific features of a problem 4. Reorganize the component part 5. Predominant in nomadic societies
- 10. Table of Contents Create your own story... Sun KCMT BMW Dulquer SalmanKurisummoodu Award India
- 11. Table of Contents Cognitive Styles Cognitive styles – Refer to the preferred way an individual process of information
- 13. Richard E. Nisbett is Theodore M. Newcomb Distinguished Professor of social psychology and co-director of the Culture and Cognition program at the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor. Nisbett's research interests are in social cognition, culture, social class, and aging. He received his Ph.D. From Columbia University, where his advisor was Stanley Schachter, whose other students at that time included Lee Ross and Judith Rodin 10/9/2016 13Nithin Lalachan BSc. Psychology
- 14. 10/9/2016 14Nithin Lalachan BSc. Psychology
- 15. Table of Contents East-Asian culture Focuses on context and relationships among the elements. Looking at the ‘BIG PICTURE’ the ‘OVERALL IDEA’ and less attentive to the details; more INTUIATIVE
- 16. Table of Contents Western Culture Focuses on object and their properties. Paying more attention to ‘THE INNER DETAILS OF A SITUATION’
- 18. Quick review : • Definitions of : – Culture – Cognitive Style – Problem Solving • Herman Witkin – Field Dependence – Field Independence • Richard Nisbett – Holistic cognitive style – Analytic cognitive style
- 19. Table of Contents References Witkin,1950;Witkin et al.,1962 Witkin & Goodenough, 1981 Berry,1990;Mishra,2001 Suny Cortland:Cognitive Learning Styles Themes And Variations www.apa.com
- 20. Table of Contents 10/9/2016 Nithin Lalachan BSc. Psychology 2 Thank You
Editor's Notes
- #9: The whole part is concerned ......l and
- #12: 11 Cognitive styles refer to the preferred way an individual processes information. Unlike individual differences in abilities (e.g., Gardner, Guilford, Sternberg) which describe peak performance, styles describe a person's typical mode of thinking, remembering or problem solving. Furthermore, styles are usually considered to be bipolar dimensions whereas abilities are unipolar (ranging from zero to a maximum value). Having more of an ability is usually considered beneficial while having a particular cognitive style simply denotes a tendency to behave in a certain manner. Cognitive style is a usually described as a personality dimension which influences attitudes, values, and social interaction.
- #13: Proposed by Richard Nisbett orange – Holistic thinking Pieces – Analytical thinking
- #16: The holistic person does not tear things apart mentally to understand them. The holistic person tends to approach a subject by trying to understand its gist or general meaning.
- #17: Eg :a motor mechanic needs to know how the components of a car function in order to ‘analyse’ the difficulties of a car brought in for repair