curriculum-development-crafting-through-dynamic-process

THE NATURE AND
SCOPE OF
CURRICULUM
DEVELOPMENT
(PHILIPPINE CONTEXT)

Definitions of Curriculum
• Some authors define curriculum as the total
effort of the school to bring about desired
outcomes in school and out-of-school
situations.
• It is also defined as a sequence of potential
experiences set up in school for the purpose of
disciplining children and youth in group ways
of thinking and acting.

Definition(s) of Curriculum
• Curriculum – is a structured set of
learning outcomes or task that
educators usually call goals and
objectives. ( Howell and Evans 1995)
• Curriculum – is the “what” of
teaching.
• Curriculum – listings of subjects to be
taught in school.

CURRICULUM
• A document which describes a structured
series of learning objectives and outcomes for
a given subject matter area
• Includes a specification of what should be
learned, how it should be taught, and the
plan for implementing/assessing the learning

Curriculum Planning
• A curriculum Plan is the advance
arrangement of learning opportunities for a
particular population of learners.
• A Curriculum guide is a written
curriculum.

Curriculum Planning
• A Curriculum Planning is the process
whereby the arrangement of curriculum
plans or learning opportunities are
created.

Curriculum Planning
• It is the process of preparing for the duties
of teaching, deciding upon goals and
emphases, determining curriculum content,
selecting learning resources and classroom
procedures, evaluating progress, and
looking toward next steps.

Curriculum Development
• It is defined as the process of selecting,
organizing, executing, and evaluating
learning experiences on the basis of the
needs, abilities and interests of the
learners and the nature of the society or
community.

Curriculum Laboratory
• Curriculum laboratory is a place or workshop
where curriculum materials are gathered or
used by teachers or learners of curriculum.
• Resource Unit is a collection or suggested
learning activities and materials organized
around a given topic or area which a teacher
might utilize in planning, developing, and
evaluating a learning unit.

TWO SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT ON
CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT

Two Schools of Thought Predominated
Throughout History of Curriculum
Development:
• The Essentialist School
• The Progressive School

The Essentialist School
• It considers the curriculum as something
rigid consisting of discipline subjects.
• It considers all learners as much as the same
and it aims to fit the learner into the existing
social order and thereby maintain the status
quo
• Its major motivation is discipline and
considers freedom as an outcome and not a
means of education.

• Its approach is authoritative and the
teacher’s role is to assign lessons and to
recite recitations.
• It is book-centered and the methods
recommended are memory work , mastery
of facts and skills, and development of
abstract intelligence.

• It has no interest in social action and life
activities.
• Its measurement of outcomes are standard
tests based on subject matter mastery.

Traditional Points of View of Curriculum
• Body of subjects or subject matter prepared
by the teachers for the students to learn.
• Synonymous to “course study”.
• “Permanent studies” where the rule of
grammar, reading, rhetoric, logic and
mathematics for basic education
emphasized.(Hutchins)
• Most of the traditional ideas view
curriculum as written documents or plan of
action in accomplishing goals.

The Progressive School
• It conceives of the curriculum as something
flexible based on areas of interest.
• It is learner-centered, having in mind that
no two persons are alike.
• Its factor of motivation is individual
achievement believing that persons are
naturally good.

• The Role of the teacher is to stimulate
direct learning process.
• It uses a life experience approach to fit the
student for future social life.

• Constant revision of aims and
experimental techniques of teaching and
learning are imperatives in curriculum
development in order to create
independent thinking, initiative, self-
reliance, individuality, self-expression and
activity in the elarner.

• Its measurement of outcomes are now
devices taking into consideration subject
matter and personality values.

Progressive Points of View of Curriculum
• Listing of subjects, syllabi, course of study and
list of courses or specific discipline can only be
called curriculum if these written materials
are actualized by the learner.
• Total learning experiences of the individual.
• All experiences children have under the
guidance of teachers. – Caswell & Campbell
• Experiences in the classroom which are
planned and enacted by the teacher, and also
learned by the students. – Marsh and Willis

Different Theories
• Conflicting philosophies of education have influenced
curriculum principles and practices.
• A NUMBER OF “self-evident educational truths” in
the past are now seen to be rather educational
myths; such as teachers know, children or learners
don’t; all learners should be treated alike.

Different Theories
• The fundamental concepts of some curricula have
changed.
• In many areas, new methodologies: programmed
instruction, Computer Assisted Instruction,
Tutorials, Large and Small Group Instruction, and
a variety of individualized instruction procedures
have been developed.

Different Emphases
• There is the curricular emphasis on the subject
matter for the mind, with priority in value to
literature, intellectual history, ideas of religion,
philosophy, studies.
• There is the curricular emphasis on the observable
facts, the world of things.

Different Emphases
• Another curricular emphasis is the school’s
dependence on Scholasticism,
• Another curriculum stresses the importance of
experience – process.

Different Emphasis
• A recent curricular emphasis is that of existing
choice.
• The learner must learn skills, acquire knowledge,
and make decisions.

Ralph Tyler Model: Four Basic Principle
1. Purposes of the school
2. Educational experiences related to the
purpose
3. Organization of the experiences
4. Evaluation of the experiences

Hilda Taba : Grassroots Approach
1. Diagnosis of learners needs and
expectations of the larger society.
2. Formulation of learning objectives.
3. Selection of the learning content.
4. Organization of learning content.
5. Selection of the learning experiences.
6. Organization of learning activities.
7. Determination of what to evaluate and the
means of doing it.

Steps in Curriculum
Development
•Tyler’s Questions of Curriculum
Development will provide 4 steps:
•What educational purposes should the
school seek to attain?
•What educational experiences can be
provided that are likely to attain these
purposes?
•How can these educational
experiences be effectively organised?
•How can we determine whether these
purposes are being attained?

Steps...
• In answering Tyler’s questions, we arrive the following
basic steps of curriculum development:
• Selection of aims, goals and objectives;
• Selection of learning experiences and content;
• Organisation of learning experiences; and
• Evaluation of the extent to which the objectives have
been achieved.
• The 4 steps above are basic, because they can be more
than 4

• Some curriculum
experts like Tyler say
that the steps are
followed in a sequence
or a straight line.
• This model that
assumes that
curriculum decision
making follows a
straight line is called
linear model

• Other scholars argue that
curriculum decision
making is not a simple
linear process that
necessarily starts with
aims.
• One of them is Wheeler
(1978) who believes that
curriculum decision
making can start from any
point and can come back to
any of the points e.g. like a
cycle

• Kerr (1968) also
believes that
curriculum process is
a very comlex set of
activities and
decisions and they
interact a lot.
• Changes made in
content may
necessitate changes in
experiences, which
may again bring about
changes in evaluation
etc.

Selection of Aims and Objectives
• Every curriculum is aimed at developing in the learners
certain competencies or abilities. The curriculum process
must therefore clearly identify the aims that the
curriculum is intended to achieve.
• Curriculum aims range from the very broad to the more
specific. In fact, that is why we use the terms aims, goals
and objectives to refer to them. Aims are broad
statements which cover all of the experiences provided in
the curriculum; goals are tied to specific subjects or group
of contents within the curriculum; while objectives
describe the more specific outcomes that can be attained
as a result of lessons or instruction delivered at the
classroom.

Factors in Selecting Aims
• Analysis of our culture: we should take into account our cultural
values, norms and expectations when selecting aims,
• The present status of the learner: what has the learner already
known? What are his/her characteristics? What is he/she ready for?
• The state of our knowledge of the subject matter or content: We
should examine new developments in knowledge to see if they
contain things that are of real value to the learner and society.
• Relevance to school’s philosophy of education: each nation has its
own philosophy of education which its schools try to implement.
Nigeria’s philosophy of education is contained in its National Policy
on Education. We should ask whether the objectives we select are
relevant to this philosophy;
• Consistency with our theory of learning: at any time in any society,
there is a dominant conception of learning i.e. our understanding
what learning is and how it takes place. For instance, the National
Policy on Education anticipates that the Nigerian child is active,
exploratory and imaginative.

Selection of Content & Learning
Experiences
• Content is what we teach; learning experience is an activity
which the learner engages in which results in changes in his
behaviour;
• We should select those contents and learning experiences
that will in attaining the goals of the curriculum;
• There are some factors to consider in selecting both learning
experiences and content.
• We shall first examine those criteria for selecting learning
experiences

Factors in Selecting Learning
Experiences
• Validity: this refers to the relevance of the stated
learning experience to the stated goals of the
curriculum;
• Relevance to life: learning experience must be
related to the learner’s real life situations in and
out of school;
• Variety: learning experiences must cater to the
needs of different types of learners by providing
different types of experiences;
• Suitability: learning experiences must be suitable
to the learners present state of learning and
characteristics:

Selection of learning experiences…
• Cumulation: even though experiences provided
may be different, they should all lead to the
attainment of the same goal; subsequent
experiences should build on earlier ones;
• Multiple Learning: a single learning experience
may bring about multiple outcomes. Such
learning experiences are important because of
their multiple benefits.

Factors in Selecting Content
• Validity: means two things, is the content related to the
objectives, and is the content true or authentic;
• Significance: is the content significant or will lead it to
the more mastery or more understanding of the course
or subject;
• Utility: here the question is whether the content
selected is useful i.e. will lead to the acquisition of skills
and knowledge that are considered useful by society?
• Interest: is the content interesting to the learner? Or
can the content be made interesting to learners?
• Learnability: is the content selected such that learners
can learn and understand given their present level/

Curriculum Development in the
Philippines
• Touched on the religion, economic, political, and
social influences and events that took place in the
country.
• Colonial rules in the Philippines tailored the
curriculum to serve colonial goals and objectives.

The Need for Curriculum Framework
• What learning objectives should be included?
• What will be the bases for the choice of objectives?
• Will the choice be based on the learners’ needs and
interests, or rather on the needs of the society?
• Will the selection depend on tradition, the nature of
knowledge, or the learners’ characteristics?
• What philosophical and psychological theories
regarding the nature of learners as well as the
learning process will underpin the organization of the
content?
• Will the choice of methodology be in line with accepted
teaching-learning principles?
• Will the evaluation procedure be able to measure the
learning that is taking place?

The result of lack of Framework
• Sari-sari (hodgepodge)
• Pira-piraso (piemal)
• Tagpi-tagpi (patchwork)
• Sabog (lack of focus)
• Malabo (vague)
• Lakas ng kutob (gutfeel)
• Hula-hula (hunches)
• Gaya-gaya (patterned from an existing model)
• Bahala na (by chance)
• Patama-tama (non-deliberate)

The Areas of Concern
• Cultural Values
• Knowledge of Learner
• Knowledge Of Teaching-Learning Theories
and Principles
• Body of Knowledge

Cultural Values
Visible
• Rules
• Food
• Dress
• Language
• Music
• Dance
• Means of Livelihood
• Political Behavior
• Family
• Community Norms
Non-Visible
• Philosophy
• Beliefs
• Value System

Knowledge of the Learner
• Program for
Decentralized
Educational
Development
(PRODED) - Content
Based (not on the
learner and learning
process)
• The Basic Education
Curriculum (BEC) and
Secondary Education
Development Program
(SEDP) – addresses
the learner and
learning process

Determinants of Learning in
Philippines
• Educational
Development Project
Implementing Task
Force(EDPITAF) –
revealed that
community and home
variables have greater
impact on learning
than school factors.
Factors:
• Use of electricity
• Parental education
• Parents’ perception of
academic abilities and
interests of the
children
• Parents’ attitude
• Geography (Region)
• School Type
• Socio economic status
of the Family

Knowledge of Teaching-Learning
Principles
• Behaviorism
• Cognitive
Development
Psychology
• Cognitive Field
Psychology
The New Elementary School
Curriculum (NESC) and
New Secondary Education
Curriculum (NSEC) -
demonstrate ample
evidence of the inclusion of
behaviorist psychological
principles through the use
of behavioral objectives,
drills, practices, and
homeworks reinforces
learning.

HISTORICAL CONTEXT
• Before 1521 – Education before the coming of the
Spaniards
• 1521-1896 –Education during the Spanish Regime
• 1896 -1898 – Education during Philippine Revolution
• 1899 – 1935 – Education during the American
Occupation
• 1935 – 1941 – Education during the Philippine
Commonwealth
• 1941 – 1944 – Education during the Japanese
Occupation
• 1945 – 1946 – Education after WWII
• 1946 – present – Education under the Philippine
Republic

The Pre-Spanish Curriculum
• The Filipino possessed a culture of their own.
• They had contacts with other foreign peoples from
Arabia, India, China, Indo-China, and Borneo.
• The inhabitants were civilized people, possessing
their systems of writing, laws and moral
standards in a well organized government.

The Pre-Spanish Curriculum
• As shown in the rule of Barangays, their code of
laws –the code of Kalantiao and Maragtas, their
belief in Bathala, and the solidarity of the family
were obedience and respect had been practiced.

Pre-Spanish Devised-Cur
• The Spanish Missionaries aim to control of the
Filipinos, both body and soul.
• The curriculum then consisted of 3 R’s (reading,
writing and religion) to attain goals were the
acceptance of Catholicism and the acceptance of
Spanish rule.

The Spanish Devised Cur.
• The schools were parochial or convent schools.
• The main readings were the catecismo.
• The method of instruction was mainly individual
memorization.

AMERICAN Devised Cur.
• The motive of the Americans was to conquer the
Filipinos not only physically but also mentally.
• The curriculum was based on the ideals and
traditions of America and her hierarchy of values.
• English was the medium of instruction.

American Devised Cur.
• The primary curriculum prescribed for the
Filipinos consisted of three grades which provides
training in two aspects:
1. Body Training – physical education
2. Mental Training – English, Nature Study, and
Arithmetic.

Commonwealth Curriculum
• (1935-1946) considered as the period of expansion
and reform in the Philippine curriculum.
• The educational leaders expanded the curriculum
by introducing course in farming, domestic
science, etc.

Commonwealth Curriculum
• Commonwealth Act 586, also known as
educational Act of 1940, recognized the
elementary school system.

Japanese Devised Curriculum
• They devised a curriculum for the Filipinos to suit
their vested interest.
• They introduced many changes in the curriculum
by including Nippongo, and abolishing English as
the medium of instruction and as a subject.

Japanese Devised Curriculum
• All textbooks were censored and revised.
• It caused a “black out” in Philippine education and
impeded the educational progress of the Filipinos.

Liberation Period Curriculum
• (1945) Steps were taken to improve the
curriculum existing before the war, some steps
taken were to restore grade VII, to abolish the
double-single session, and most especially to
adopt the modern trends in education taken from
the U.S.

Liberation Period Curriculum
• The curriculum remained basically the same as
before and was still subject-centered.

Philippine Republic Cur.
• Great experiments in the community school and
the use of vernacular in the first two grades of the
primary schools as the medium of instruction
were some of them.

• An experiment worth mentioning that led to a
change in the Philippine Educational Philosophy
was that of school and community collaboration
pioneered by Jose V. Aguilar.
• Schools are increasingly using instructional
materials that are Philippine-oriented.

• Memorandum No. 30, 1966 sets the order of priority
in the purchase of books for use in the schools were
as follows:
• Books which are contributions to Phil. Literature
• Books on character education and other library
materials
• Library equipment and permanent features

Curriculum Approaches
• 1. Technical – Scientific Approaches
• 2. Behavioral-rational Approach
• 3. System-managerial Approach
• 4. Intellectual –Academic Approach
• 5. Non-Technician / Non-Scientific Approach
• 6. Humanistic – aesthetic Approach
• 7. Re-conceptualist Approach
• 8. Reconstructionism
• 9. Eclectic Models

Technical – Scientific Approach
• The curriculum developers which may
include specialists, superintendents,
principals and coordinators are likened to
engineers and architects who use
instruments and empirical methods in
preparing a blueprint with well defined
elements orderly-sequenced procedures,
and quality control measures to increase
the probability of success in its
implementation

Bases of Technical Scientific Approach
• 1. The curriculum will improve as the professional
competence of teachers improves.
• 2. The competence of teachers will improve when they
participate in curriculum development
• 3. When teachers share in shaping the goals and
selecting the content and method of instruction as well
as evaluating results, their involvement is assured.
• 4. When people interact during face-to-face sessions,
they will better understand one another.

Behavioral-Rational Approach
• It is a means-end approach. Curricula
developed through this approach become
the actual blueprints which prescribe
the roles of key figures in the educative
process.
• Viewing the curriculum as the means
and instruction as the end is a
behavioral orientation.

Systems-Managerial Approach
• 1. Motivate interest of all stakeholders
• 2. Encourage participation and
involvement of all stakeholders
• 3. Synthesize divergent viewpoints
• 4. Monitor curriculum implementation
• 5. Create a climate of innovation and
change

Intellectual- Academic Approach
• Emphasizes the importance of theories and
principles in curriculum planning.
• This model is influenced by the philosophy of John
Dewey

Non-Technical / Non-Scientific
Approaches
• Flexible and less structured without
predetermined objectives to guide the learning-
teaching process
• Contends that not all ends of education can be
known nor indeed to be known in all cases.

Humanistic-Aesthetic Approach
• Argues that those who favor the rational approach
miss the artistic and personal aspects of curriculum
and instruction.
• It is rooted in progressive philosophy which promotes
the liberation of learners from authoritarian
teachers.

Reconceptualist Approach
• Criticizes the technocratic – scientific models as
not sensitive to the inner feelings and experience
of individuals.
• Reflects on existentialist orientation.
• The aim of education is not to control instruction
in order to preserve existing order.

Reconstructionism
• The school is an institution of social reform.
• Criticizes the progressivists for putting too much
emphasis on the individual learner to the neglect
of the needs of society.

Eclectic Models
• Oftentimes, Filipino educators, in
particular, prefer eclectic models (halo-
halo) which are a combination of several
approaches, rather than commit
themselves to one particular approach only.
• Eclectic models are not mere patchwork
(pagtagpi-tagpi) but a synthesis. (pagbuo o
paghahabi) where desired features from
several models are selected and integrated
into a new whole.

Curriculum Design
• The Subject-Area Design
• The Integrated Design
• The Core-Curriculum Design
• The Child-Centered Design
• The Social Reconstruction Design
• The De-schooling Design

Subject – Centered Design
• FOCUS - A group of subjects or subject matter
that represent the essential knowledge and values
of society that have survived the test of time.
• PHILOSOPHICAL ORIENTATION –
Essentialism
• PROPOENT / S – Adler, Hutchins

Integrated Design
• FOCUS - the integration of two or more subjects,
both within and across disciplines, into an
integrated course.
Experimentalism
• PROPONENT / S – Broudy, Silberman

Core Curriculum Design
• FOCUS – a common body of curriculum content
and learning experience that should be
encountered by all students – The great books
Perennialism
• PROPONENT /S – Goodlad / Boyer

Child-Centered Design
• FOCUS – Learning activities centered around the
interests and needs of the child, designed to
motivate and interest the child in the learning
process.
Progressivism
• PROPONENT / S – Dewey , Eisner

Social Reconstructionist
• FOCUS – critical analysis of the political, social, and
economic problems facing society; future trends;
social action projects designed to bring about social
change.
• PHILOSOPHICAL ORIENTATION – Social
Reconstruction
• PROPONENT / S – Shane , Bramald

Deschooling
• FOCUS – in-school experiences,
primarily in the social sciences,
designed to develop the child’s sense of
freedom from the domination of the
political, social, and economic systems;
out of school experiences of equal value.
Social Reconstructionism
• PROPONENT /S - Freire , Goodman

IMPLEMENTATION MODELS
1. Overcoming Resistance to Change (ORC)
2. Leadership Obstacle Course (LOC)
3. Linkage Model
4. Organizational Development (OD)
5. Rand Change Agent Model

ORC
* Focuses on overcoming staff resistance to
change that is present immediately before,
or at the time of the introduction of the
innovation.

LOC
• Extends the ORC model and puts emphasis on the
gathering of data to determine the extent and
nature of the resistance in order to deal with it
appropriately.

The Linkage Model
• The linkage process involves a cycle of diagnosis,
search, retrieval, formulation of solution,
dissemination and evaluation.

OD
• This model is an information-processing change
strategy that enables the system to improve its
operations and the quality of interactions among
its members to facilitate the introduction of
change.

Rand Model
• The Rand Model is based on the assumption that
the success of the implementation of new program
depends on:
• A. The characteristics of the proposed change
• B. Competencies of the teaching and
administrative staff
• C. The support of the local community
• D. The School organizational structure

Factors Affecting the Choice of
Implementation Model
1. Level of Resistance
2. Type of desired change
3. Available expertise
4. Available resources
5. Urgency of the situation

DEFINITION OF EVALUATION
Curriculum evaluation is a systematic process of
determining whether the curriculum as designed
and implemented has produced or is producing the
intended and desired results.
It is the means of determining whether the
program is meeting its goals, that is whether the
measures / outcomes for a given set of
instructional inputs match the intended or pre-
specified outcomes. (Tuckman, 1979)

Types of Evaluation
1.Humanistic approach –
goal free
2.Scientific approach –
purpose driven

Objectives of Evaluation
1. Scope – (teaching –program-cost
effectiveness)
2. Timing – (formative, summative,
impact)
3. Method – ( quantitative, qualitative)
4. Level – (classroom, school, national)
5. Personnel involved – (individual
teachers, committees, consultants)

Role of Evaluation in Cur. Dev

Evaluation Studies in the Philippines
1. 1925 Monroe Survey
2. 1959 Swanson Survey
3. 1969 Presidential Commission to Survey
Philippine Education (PCSPE)
4. 1976 Survey of Outcomes of Elementary
Education (SOUTELE)
5. 1982 Household and School Matching Survey
6. 1991 Congressional Commission on Education
(EDCOM)
7. 1991 National Evaluation and Impact Study of
PRODED

MONROE SURVEY
1. Administrative organization and supervision
2. Elementary education
3. Secondary Education
4. Higher Education
5. Teacher education and training
6. Language of instruction
7. Private education
8. Finance
9. Education of the non-Christians

SWANSON SURVEY
1. Elementary education
2. Secondary education
3. Vocational education
4. Teacher training
5. Organization and administration
6. Financing the public schools
7. The report included a deterioration of
performance in reading, language and arithmetic
due to poor instructional methods, large class
sizes, and inadequate supervision

Presidential Commission to Survey
Philippine Education (PCSPE)
1. Analyze performance of the educational system and
its relevance to national developmental goals
2. Ascertain the efficiency of the system
3. Identify areas which need more detailed investigation.
4. The report included findings on :
a. Mismatch between educational services and
manpower requirements
b. Mismatch between education priorities and the
national development priorities
c. Inequitable distribution of educational facilities and
resources across the regions
d. Lack of systematic planning and evaluation

SURVEY OF OUTCOMES OF ELEM
EDUCATION (SOUTELE)
1. Battery of achievement tests designed to measure the
outcomes of elementary education
2. General mental ability test of non-verbal type
designed to measure association
3. Student’s attitude inventory aimed to measure
affective objectives
4. Questionnaires in order to establish the profiles of
pupils, teachers, school heads, etc.
5. The study revealed deficiencies of elementary
education in terms of inputs (resources), processes
(curriculum and instruction), and outputs (students’
achievement). These are affected by socio economic,
school types, quality of teaching.

The Household and School Matching
Survey (HSMS)
1. The survey hypothesized that learning is
predicated on the antecedent academic, social,
physiological variables.
2. The findings of the investigation showed that
home-related and community related variables
have greater influences on learning than school
related factors such as cost per pupil and
numbers of textbooks per students.

The Congressional Commission on
Education Study (EDCOM)
1. Enhancing the internal capability of the system
to satisfactorily implement the constitutional
provisions on education
2. Providing the system with necessary financial
and other infrastructure support
3. Strengthening the system’s linkages with all
sectors concerned in human resource
development
4. Assisting the system to achieve its sectoral goals
and targets through strategies that are consistent
with the nation’s development goals.

The National Evaluation and Impact
Study of PRODED
1. Teacher factor is crucial in the success of the
teaching-learning process
2. There is a need to improve the pre-service and in-
service training of teachers that should include
the development of skills in classroom
management, teacher-pupil interaction, and the
use of instructional aids, etc.

Monitoring and Evaluation of RBEC
1. Defines what levels of learning students of
schools and divisions meet at various stages of
the basic education cycle based on the national
curriculum.
2. Setting of minimum national standards for
capabilities, structures, processes and output
based on a template for school improvement
processes from planning to implementation to
monitoring and evaluation
3. Nationally standardized student assessment,
outcomes measurement and reporting of basic
school statistics

Presidential Commission on
Educational Reform (PCER)
1. Created through E.O. in 1988 to define a budget
feasible program of reform, and identify executive
priority policy recommendations and items for a
legislative agenda on education.
2. Comprised of multi sectoral group
3. Proposed the establishment of National
Education Evaluation and Testing System
(NEETS) that assumes responsibility for
educational assessment of all levels, including
technical and skills development

BILINGUAL EDUCATION
1. Article 14, sect 7 of 1987 constitution – “for the
purposes of communication and instruction, the
official languages of the Philippines are Filipino
and until otherwise provided by law, English.”
2. DECS Order 52, s. 1987 – the policy of bilingual
education aims to make every Filipino competent
in both Filipino and English at the national level
3. DECS defines bilingual as “separate use of
Filipino and English as media of instruction in
specific subjects.”

Early Childhood Care and Development
(ECCD)
1. Art 15, Sec 2, 1987 Phil. Cons. – recognizes the
“right of children to assistance, including proper
care and nutrition, and special protection from all
forms of neglect, abuse, cruelty, exploitation and
other conditions prejudicial to their
development.”
2. UN Convention on the Rights of Child
3. Education for All (EFA) agenda of DECS, 1990
envisioned 90% in 2000 of early childhood care
and development either home-based services or
kindergarten / nursery classes

Other issues
1. Access to pre-school education
2. Private Pre-school education
3. Global education
4. Environmental education

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