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This document provides an introduction to a book about improving reading comprehension skills in 20 minutes per day over 20 days. It outlines how to use the book, which is divided into four sections covering different reading strategies. Each lesson builds on the previous ones and incorporates exercises to practice the skills. The introduction emphasizes the importance of active reading techniques like skimming, marking up the text, and making notes to fully understand and retain the information in the readings.
![PRETEST
Improving Streamside Wildlife Habitats
(excerpt from Habitat Extension Bulletin distributed by
the Wyoming Game and Fish Department)
Riparian vegetation [the green band of vegetation along a watercourse] can help stabilize stream banks;
filter sediment from surface runoff; and provide wildlife habitat, livestock forage, and scenic value. Well-
developed vegetation also allows bank soils to absorb extra water during spring runoff, releasing it later
during drier months, thus improving late-summer stream flows.
In many parts of the arid West, trees and shrubs are found only in riparian areas. Woody plants are very
important as winter cover for many wildlife species, including upland game birds such as pheasants and turkeys.
Often this winter cover is the greatest single factor limiting game bird populations. Woody vegetation also
provides hiding cover and browse for many other species of birds and mammals, both game and nongame.
Dead trees (“snags”) are an integral part of streamside habitats and should be left standing whenever
pos-sible. Woodpeckers, nuthatches, brown creepers, and other birds eat the insects that decompose the
wood. These insects usually pose no threat to nearby living trees. Occasionally a disease organism or
misuse of pesticides will weaken or kill a stand of trees. If several trees in a small area begin to die, contact
your local extension agent immediately.
34. What is the effect of the word choice “riparian”?
a. It gives the article an authoritative,
scientific tone.
b. It causes confusion, since both streams
and rivers could be viewed as riparian.
c. It seems condescending, as if the author
was stooping to teach readers.
d. It misleads readers into thinking they are get-
ting scientific information when they are not.
35. By listing the specific birds that live in
riparian areas, the author conveys a sense of
a. urgency on behalf of endangered species.
b. the rich and varied life in such areas.
36. Assume that the author has done some other
writing on this topic for a different audience.
The other piece begins: “Remember the last time
you walked along a stream? No doubt thick
vegeta-tion prevented easy progress.” What is
the likely effect on the reader of this opening?
a. an aroused interest, due to the reference to
the reader’s personal experience
b. resentment, due to being addressed so
personally
c. loss of interest, because the opening line
makes no attempt to draw the reader in
d. confusion, because not every reader
has walked along a stream
c. his or her own importance as a scientific expert.
d. poetic wonder over the variety found in nature. 37. The main subject of the second paragraph of this
passage is
a. the types of birds that live in riparian areas.
b. the effect of winter cover on water purity.
c. the role of trees and shrubs in riparian areas.
d. how winter cover affects game bird
populations.
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![PRETEST
42. The narrator attributes her inability to sleep
when staying at her father’s house to
a. thinking about a disagreement with
someone.
b. the uncomfortable quiet of an early
Sunday morning.
c. the sore throat she had from shouting
so much.
d. her accident with the car.
43. The first-person point of view in this story
a. obscures how the narrator’s mind works.
b. illustrates the thoughts and personality of the
narrator.
c. makes the narrator seem distant and rigid.
d. gives us direct access to the minds of all
the characters.
44. When the narrator says she sometimes “take[s]
the prize for a grade-A dork,” the word choice
is intended to indicate
a. that she doesn’t know proper English.
b. her age and culture.
c. that she is unable to judge her own actions.
d. that she thinks she’s better than most
others who might be termed “dorks”.
45. From the context in the last sentence of
the passage, it can be determined that the
word “perseverance” most nearly means
a. attractiveness.
b. thinking ability.
c. ability to persist.
d. love of danger.
46. Overall, this narrator’s tone is best described as
a. emotional and familiar.
b. stuck up and superior.
c. argumentative and tactless.
d. pleasant and reassuring.
47. In choosing to use the bike argument with
her mother, the narrator is trying to appeal to
her mother’s
a. compassion over her lost bike.
b. disregard for material objects.
c. laziness.
d. reason.
48. The main argument the narrator has been having
with her mother is over whether she should
a. be allowed to date.
b. live with her mother or father.
c. be allowed to drive a car.
d. pay for things she breaks.
49. It appears that the mother has alienated her
daughter by
a. being too busy to give her the attention
she needs.
b. having divorced her father.
c. insisting too much on reasonableness.
d. valuing things over people and feelings.
50. What most likely happened with the car?
a. The narrator mistook first gear for reverse
and ran into the garage wall.
b. The narrator stole it from her father and drove
it over to her mother’s.
c. The father left it in gear, and when the narra-
tor started it, it leapt forward into the wall.
d. The narrator attempted suicide through
carbon monoxide poisoning.
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Dịch thuật - Tài liệu đọc tiếng anh
- 3. READING COMPREHENSION SUCCESS IN 20 MINUTES A DAY 3rd Edition ® N E W Y O R K
- 4. Copyright © 2005 LearningExpress, LLC. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. Published in the United States by LearningExpress, LLC, New York. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Reading comprehension success in 20 minutes a day.—3rd ed. p. cm. ISBN 1-57685-494-9 (paper) 1. Reading comprehension—Problems, exercises,etc. I. Title. II. Title: Reading comprehension success in twenty minutes a day. LB1050.45.C45 2005 428.4—dc22 2005047184 Printed in the United States of America 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Third Edition For information on LearningExpress, other LearningExpress products, or bulk sales,please write to us at: LearningExpress 55 Broadway 8th Floor New York, NY 10006 Or visit us at: www.learnatest.com
- 5. Contents INTRODUCTION How to Use This Book ix PRETEST 1 BUILDING A STRONG FOUNDATION LESSON 1 Getting the Essential Information 19 How to be an active reader, picking up clues in what you read LESSON 2 Finding the Main Idea 27 Looking beyond the facts, considering the author’s motive LESSON 3 Defining Vocabulary in Context 33 Dealing with unfamiliar wordswithout a dictionary LESSON 4 The Difference between Fact and Opinion 39 Distinguishing between what an author knows and what an author believes to be true LESSON 5 Putting It All Together 45 Practice in combining the skills you’ve learned in Lessons1–4 v
- 6. CONTENTS STRUCTURE LESSON 6 Start from the Beginning: Chronological Order 53 Working through passagesthat start at the beginning and finish at the end of a sequence of events LESSON 7 Order of Importance 61 Using the order in the writing to determine what is most important to the author LESSON 8 Similarities and Differences:Compare and Contrast 67 Using comparisons to determine the author’s attitude LESSON 9 Why Do Things Happen? A Look at Cause and Effect 73 The relationship between action and reaction LESSON 10 Being Structurally Sound: Putting It All Together 81 Reviews Lessons6–9, including identifying the structure used; practice with combined structures LANGUAGE AND STYLE LESSON 11 A Matter of Perspective:Point of View 89 Purposes of first-, second-, and third-person writing LESSON 12 Diction: What’s in a Word? 95 Defining tone fromthe choice of words LESSON 13 Style: It’s Not What They Say but How They Say It 101 Sentence structure; degree of detail, description,and formality LESSON 14 How They Say It, Part Two: Tone 107 How tone influences meaning LESSON 15 Word Power:Putting It All Together 111 Reviews Lessons11–14 READING BETWEEN THE LINES LESSON 16 Finding the Implied Main Idea 119 Making inferences,determining an unstated purpose LESSON 17 Assuming Causes and Predicting Effects 125 Reading between the lines,implied action and reaction LESSON 18 Emotional Versus Logical Appeals 131 Being aware of strong and weak arguments vi
- 7. CONTENTS LESSON 19 Finding Meaning in Literature 137 Identifying themes, working with poetry LESSON 20 Drawing Conclusions: Putting It All Together 143 Reviews Lessons1–19 POSTTEST 149 APPENDIX A Preparing for a Standardized Test 169 APPENDIX B Additional Resources 175 vii
- 9. How to Use This Book This book is designed to help you improve your reading comprehension skills by studying 20 minutes a day for 20 days. You’ll start with the basics and move on to more complex reading comprehension and critical thinking strategies. Please note that although each chapter can be an effective skill builder on its own, it is important that you proceed through this book in order, from Lesson 1 through Lesson 20. Each lesson builds on skills and ideas discussed in the previous chapters. As you move through this book and your read-ing skills develop, the passages you read will increase both in length and in complexity. The book begins with a pretest, which will allow you to see how well you can answer various kinds of read-ing comprehension questions now, as you begin. When you finish the book, take the posttest to see how much you’ve improved. The text is divided into four sections, each focusing on a different group of related reading and thinking strate-gies. These strategies will be outlined at the beginning of each section and then reviewed in a special “putting it all together” final lesson. Each lesson provides several exercises that allow you to practice the skills you learn. To ensure you’re on the right track, each lesson also provides answers and explanations for all of the practice questions. Additionally, you will find practical suggestions in each chapter for how to continue practicing these skills in your daily life. The most important thing you can do to improve your reading skills is to become an active reader. The fol-lowing guidelines and suggestions outlined will familiarize you with active reading techniques. Use these techniques as much as possible as you work your way through the lessons in this book. ix
- 10. HOW TO USE THIS BOOK _ Becomingan Active Reader Critical reading and thinking skills require active read-ing. Being an active reader means you have to engage with the text, both mentally and physically. ■ Skim ahead and jump back. ■ Mark up the text. ■ Make specific observations about the text. Skimming Ahead and Jumping Back Skimming ahead enables you to see what’s coming up in your reading. Page through the text you’re about to read. Notice how the text is broken down, what the main topics are, and the order in which they are cov- ered. Notice key words and ideas that are boldfaced, bulleted, boxed, or otherwise highlighted. Skimming through the text beforehand will prepare you for what you are about to read. It’s a lot like checking out the hills and curves in the course before a cross-country race. If you know what’s ahead, you know how to pace your-self, so you’re prepared to handle what’s to come. When you finish your reading, jump back. Review the summaries, headings, and highlighted informa-tion in the text. Notice both what the author high-lighted and what you highlighted. By jumping back, you help solidify in your mind the ideas and informa-tion you just read. You’re reminded of how each idea fits into the whole, how ideas and information are con-nected. When you make connections between ideas, you’re much more likely to remember them. Marking Up the Text Marking up the text creates a direct physical link between you and the words you’re reading. It forces you to pay closer attention to the words you read and takes you to a higher level of comprehension. Use these three strategies to mark up text: 1. Highlight or underline key words and ideas. 2. Circle and define any unfamiliar words or phrases. 3. Record your reactions and questions in the margins. Highlighting or Underlining Key Ideas When you highlight or underline key words and ideas, you are identifying the most important parts of the text. There’s an important skill at work here: You can’t high-light or underline everything, so you have to distinguish between the facts and ideas that are most important (major ideas) and those facts and ideas that are help-ful but not so important (minor or supporting ideas). Highlight only the major ideas, so you don’t end up with a text that’s completely highlighted. An effectively highlighted text will make for an easy and fruitful review. When you jump back, you’ll be quickly reminded of the ideas that are most important to remember. Highlighting or underlining major points as you read also allows you to retain more information from the text. Circling Unfamiliar Words One of the most important habits to develop is that of circling and looking up unfamiliar words and phrases. If possible, don’t sit down to read without a dictionary by your side. It is not uncommon for the meaning of an entire sentence to hinge on the meaning of a single word or phrase, and if you don’t know what that word or phrase means, you won’t understand the sentence. Besides, this habit enables you to quickly and steadily expand your vocabulary, so you’ll be a more confident reader and speaker. If you don’t have a dictionary readily available, try to determine the meaning of the word as best you can from its context—that is, the words and ideas around it. (There’s more on this topic in Lesson 3.) Then, make sure you look up the word as soon as possible so you’re sure of its meaning. x
- 11. HOW TO USE THIS BOOK Making Marginal Notes Recording your questions and reactions in the margins turns you from a passive receiver of information into an active participant in a dialogue. (If you’re reading a library book, write your reactions in a notebook.) You will get much more out of the ideas and information you read about if you create a “conversation” with the writer. Here are some examples of the kinds of reac-tions you might write down in the margin or in your notebook: ■ Questions often come up when you read. They may be answered later in the text, but by that time, you may have forgotten the question! And if your question isn’t answered,you may want to discuss it with someone: “Why does the writer describe the new welfare policy as ‘unfair’?” or “Why does the character react in this way?” ■ Agreements and disagreements with the author are bound to arise if you’re actively reading. Write them down: “That’s not necessarily true!” or “This policy makes a lot of sense to me.” ■ Connections you note can be either between the text and something that you read earlier or between the text and your own experience. For example, “I remember feeling the same way when I . . .” or “This is similar to what happened in China.” ■ Evaluations are your way of keeping the author honest. If you think the author isn’t providing suf-ficient support for what he or she is saying or that there’s something wrong with that support, say so: “He says the dropping of the bomb was inevitable, but he doesn’t explain why” or “This is a very selfish reason.” Making Observations Good readers know that writers use many different strategies to express their ideas. Even if you know very little about those strategies, you can make useful obser-vations about what you read to better understand and remember the author’s ideas. You can notice, for exam-ple, the author’s choice of words; the structure of the sentences and paragraphs; any repetition of words or ideas; important details about people, places, and things; and so on. This step—making observations—is essential because your observations (what you notice) lead you to logical inferences about what you read. Inferences are conclusions based on reason, fact, or evidence. You are constantly making inferences based on your observa- tions, even when you’re not reading. For example, if you notice that the sky is full of dark, heavy clouds, you might infer that it is going to rain; if you notice that your coworker has a stack of gardening books on her desk, you might infer that she likes gardening. If you misunderstand what you read, it is often because you haven’t looked closely enough at the text. As a result, you base your inferences on your own ideas and experiences, not on what’s actually written in the text. You end up forcing your own ideas on the author (rather than listening to what the author has to say) and then forming your own ideas about it. It’s critical, then, that you begin to really pay attention to what writers say and how they say it. If any of this sounds confusing now, don’t worry. Each of these ideas will be thoroughly explained in the lessons that follow. In the meantime, start practicing active reading as best you can. Begin by taking the pretest. xi
- 15. Pretest Before you start your study of reading skills, you may want to get an idea of how much you already know and how much you need to learn. If that’s the case, take the pretest that follows. The pretest consists of 50 multiple-choice questions covering all the lessons in this book. Naturally, 50 ques- tions can’t cover every single concept or strategy you will learn by working through this book. So even if you get all the questions on the pretest right, it’s almost guaranteed that you will find a few ideas or reading tactics in this book that you didn’t already know. On the other hand, if you get many questions wrong on this pretest, don’t despair. This book will show you how to read more effectively, step by step. You should use this pretest to get a general idea of how much you already know. If you get a high score, you may be able to spend less time with this book than you originally planned. If you get a low score, you may find that you will need more than 20 minutes a day to get through each chapter and improve your reading skills. There’s an answer sheet you can use for filling in the correct answers on page 3. Or, if you prefer, simply cir-cle the answer numbers in this book. If the book doesn’t belong to you, write the numbers 1–50 on a piece of paper and record your answers there. Take as much time as you need to do this short test. When you finish, check your answers against the answer key at the end of this lesson. Each answer offers the lesson(s) in this book that teaches you about the reading strategy in that question. 1
- 17. LEARNINGEXPRESS ANSWER SHEET 1. a b c d 18. a b c d 35. a b c d 2. a b c d 19. a b c d 36. a b c d 3. a b c d 20. a b c d 37. a b c d 4. a b c d 21. a b c d 38. a b c d 5. a b c d 22. a b c d 39. a b c d 6. a b c d 23. a b c d 40. a b c d 7. a b c d 24. a b c d 41. a b c d 8. a b c d 25. a b c d 42. a b c d 9. a b c d 26. a b c d 43. a b c d 10. a b c d 27. a b c d 44. a b c d 11. a b c d 28. a b c d 45. a b c d 12. a b c d 29. a b c d 46. a b c d 13. a b c d 30. a b c d 47. a b c d 14. a b c d 31. a b c d 48. a b c d 15. a b c d 32. a b c d 49. a b c d 16. a b c d 33. a b c d 50. a b c d 17. a b c d 34. a b c d 3
- 19. PRETEST _ Pretest The pretest consists of a series of reading passages with questions that follow to test your comprehension. Cultural Center Adds Classesfor Young Adults The Allendale Cultural Center has expanded its arts program to include classes for young adults. Director Leah Martin announced Monday that beginning in September, three new classes will be offered to the Allendale com-munity. The course titles will be Yoga for Teenagers; Hip Hop Dance: Learning the Latest Moves; and Creative Journaling for Teens: Discovering the Writer Within. The latter course will not be held at the Allendale Cul-tural Center but instead will meet at the Allendale Public Library. Staff member Tricia Cousins will teach the yoga and hip hop classes. Ms. Cousins is an accomplished cho-reographer as well as an experienced dance educator. She has an MA in dance education from Teachers Col-lege, Columbia University, where she wrote a thesis on the pedagogical effectiveness of dance education. The journaling class will be taught by Betsy Milford. Ms. Milford is the head librarian at the Allendale Public Library as well as a columnist for the professional journal Library Focus. The courses are part of the Allendale Cultural Center’s Project Teen, which was initiated by Leah Martin, Director of the Cultural Center. According to Martin, this project is a direct result of her efforts to make the center a more integral part of the Allendale community. Over the last several years, the number of people who have visited the cultural center for classes or events has steadily declined. Project Teen is primarily funded by a munificent grant from The McGee Arts Foundation, an organization devoted to bringing arts programs to young adults. Martin oversees the Project Teen board, which consists of five board members. Two board mem-bers are students at Allendale’s Brookdale High School; the other three are adults with backgrounds in educa-tion and the arts. The creative journaling class will be cosponsored by Brookdale High School, and students who complete the class will be given the opportunity to publish one of their journal entries in Pulse, Brookdale’s student lit- erary magazine. Students who complete the hip hop class will be eligible to participate in the Allendale Review, an annual concert sponsored by the cultural center that features local actors, musicians, and dancers. All classes are scheduled to begin immediately following school dismissal, and transportation will be available from Brookdale High School to the Allendale Cultural Center and the Allendale Public Library. For more information about Project Teen, contact the cultural center’s programming office at 988-0099 or drop by the office after June 1 to pick up a fall course catalog. The office is located on the third floor of the Allendale Town Hall. 1. The Creative Journaling for Teens class will be cosponsored by a. The Allendale Public Library. b. The McGee Arts Foundation. c. Brookdale High School. d. Betsy Milford. 2. Which of the following statements is correct? a. Tricia Cousins will teach two of the new classes. b. The new classes will begin on June 1. c. People who want a complete fall catalogue should stop by the Allendale Public Library. d. The cultural center’s annual concert is called Pulse. 5
- 20. PRETEST 3. According to Leah Martin, what was the direct cause of Project Teen? a. Tricia Cousins, the talented choreographer and dance educator, was available to teach courses in the fall. b. Community organizations were ignoring local teenagers. c. The McGee Arts Foundation wanted to be more involved in Allendale’s arts programming. d. She wanted to make the cultural center a more important part of the Allendale community. 4. Which of the following factors is implied as another reason for Project Teen? a. The number of people who have visited the cultural center has declined over the last severalyears. b. The cultural center wanted a grant from The McGee Arts Foundation. c. The young people of Allendale have com- plained about the cultural center’s offerings. d. Leah Martin thinks classes for teenagers are more important than classes for adults. 5. From the context of the passage,it can be determined that the word “munificent” most nearly means a. complicated. b. generous. c. curious. d. unusual. 6. The title of the course “Creative Journaling for Teens: Discovering the Writer Within” implies that a. all young people should write in a journal daily. b. teenagers do not have enough hobbies. c. writing in a journal can help teenagers become better and more creative writers. d. teenagers are in need of guidance and direction. 7. Which of the following correctly states the primary subject of this article? a. Leah Martin’s personal ideas about young adults b. The McGee Foundation’s grant to the Allendale Cultural Center c. three new classes for young adults added to the cultural center’s arts program d. the needs of young adults in Allendale 8. This article is organized in which of the following ways? a. in chronological order, from the past to the future b. most important information first, followed by background and details. c. background first, followed by the most impor-tant information and details. d. as sensational news, with the most controver-sial topic first 6
- 21. PRETEST (excerpt from the opening ofan untitled essay) John Steinbeck’s Grapes of Wrath, published in 1939, was followed ten years later by A.B. Guthrie’s The Way West. Both books chronicle a migration, though that of Guthrie’s pioneers is considerably less bleak in origin. What strikes one at first glance, however, are the commonalities. Both Steinbeck’s and Guthrie’s characters are pri-marily farmers. They look to their destinations with nearly religious enthusiasm, imagining their “promised” land the way the Biblical Israelites envisioned Canaan. Both undergo great hardship to make the trek. But the two sagas differ distinctly in origin. Steinbeck’s Oklahomans are forced off their land by the banks who own their mortgages, and they follow a false promise—that jobs await them as seasonal laborers in California. Guthrie’s farmers willingly remove themselves, selling their land and trading their old dreams for their new hope in Oregon. The pioneers’ decision to leave their farms in Missouri and the East is frivolous and ill-founded in comparison with the Oklahomans’ unwilling response to displacement. Yet, it is they, the pioneers, whom our history books declare the heroes. 9. From the context of the passage,it can be determined that the word “frivolous” most nearly means a. silly. b. high-minded. c. difficult. d. calculated. 10. Suppose that the author is considering following this sentence with supportive detail: “Both undergo great hardship to make the trek.” Which of the following sentences would be in keeping with the comparison and contrast structure of the paragraph? a. The migrants in The Way West cross the Missouri, then the Kaw,and make their way overland to the Platte. b. The Oklahomans’ jalopies break down repeatedly, while the pioneers’ wagons need frequent repairs. c. Today’s travelers would consider it a hardship to spend severaldays, let alone severalmonths, getting anywhere. d. The Joad family, in The Grapes of Wrath, loses both grandmother and grandfather before the journey is complete. 11. Which of the following excerpts from the essay is an opinion, rather than a fact? a. “Both Steinbeck’s and Guthrie’s characters are primarily farmers.” b. “Steinbeck’s Oklahomans are forced off their land by the banks who own their mortgages…” c. “John Steinbeck’s Grapes of Wrath, published in 1939, was followed ten years later by A.B. Guthrie’s The Way West.” d. “The pioneers’ decision to leave their farms in Missouri and the East is frivolous and ill-founded in comparison with the Oklahomans’…” 12. The language in the paragraph implies that which of the following will happen to the Oklahomans when they arrive in California? a. They will find a means to practice their religion freely. b. They will be declared national heroes. c. They will not find the jobs they were promised. d. They will make their livings as mechanics rather than as farm laborers. 7
- 22. PRETEST Bill Clinton’s Inaugural Address (excerpt from the opening) When George Washington first took the oath I have just sworn to uphold, news traveled slowly across the land by horseback and across the ocean by boat. Now the sights and sounds of this ceremony are broadcast instan-taneously to billions around the world. Communications and commerce are global. Investment is mobile. Tech-nology is almost magical, and ambition for a better life is now universal. We earn our livelihood in America today in peaceful competition with people all across the Earth. Profound and powerful forces are shaking and remaking our world, and the urgent question of our time is whether we can make change our friend and not our enemy. This new world has already enriched the lives of millions of Americans who are able to compete and win in it. But when most people are working harder for less; when oth-ers cannot work at all; when the cost of healthcare devastates families and threatens to bankrupt our enterprises, great and small; when the fear of crime robs law-abiding citizens of their freedom; and when millions of poor children cannot even imagine the lives we are calling them to lead, we have not made change our friend. 13. What is the central topic of the speech so far? a. how Americans can keep up with global competition b. ways in which technology has undermined our economy c. ways in which technology has improved our lives d. how change has affected America and our need to adapt 14. By comparing our times with those of George Washington, Bill Clinton demonstrates a. how apparently different, but actually similar, the two eras are. b. how technology has drastically speeded up communications. c. that presidential inaugurations receive huge media attention. d. that television is a much more convincing communications tool than print. 15. When President Clinton says that “most people are working harder for less,” he is a. reaching a reasonable conclusion based on evidence he has provided. b. reaching an unreasonable conclusion based on evidence he has provided. c. making a generalization that would require evidence before it could be confirmed. d. making a generalization that is so obvious that evidence is not needed. 16. Assuming that Clinton wants to add something about crime being a more serious threat in our time than in George Washington’s, which of the following sentences would be most consistent with the tone of the presidential speech? a. If I’d been alive in George’s day, I would have enjoyed knowing that my wife and child could walk city streets without being mugged. b. In George Washington’s time, Americans may not have enjoyed as many luxuries, but they could rest in the awareness that their neigh-borhoods were safe. c. George could at least count on one thing. He knew that his family was safe from crime. d. A statistical analysis of the overall growth in crime rates since 1789 would revealthat a sig-nificant increase has occurred. 8
- 23. PRETEST The Crossing Chapter I: The Blue Wall (excerpt from the opening of a novel by Winston Churchill) I was born under the Blue Ridge, and under that side which is blue in the evening light, in a wild land of game and forest and rushing waters. There, on the borders of a creek that runs into the Yadkin River, in a cabin that was chinked with red mud, I came into the world a subject of King George the Third, in that part of his realm known as the province of North Carolina. The cabin reeked of corn-pone and bacon, and the odor of pelts. It had two shakedowns, on one of which I slept under a bearskin. A rough stone chimney was reared outside, and the fireplace was as long as my father was tall. There was a crane in it, and a bake kettle; and over it great buckhorns held my father’s rifle when it was not in use. On other horns hung jerked bear’s meat and venison hams, and gourds for drinking cups, and bags of seed, and my father’s best hunting shirt; also, in a neglected corner, severalarticles of woman’s attire from pegs. These once belonged to my mother. Among them was a gown of silk, of a fine, faded pattern, over which I was wont to speculate. The women at the Cross-Roads, twelve miles away, were dressed in coarse butternut wool and huge sunbonnets. But when I questioned my father on these matters he would give me no answers. My father was—how shall I say what he was? To this day I can only surmise many things of him. He was a Scotchman born, and I know now that he had a slight Scotch accent. At the time of which I write, my early childhood, he was a frontiersman and hunter. I can see him now, with his hunting shirt and leggins and moc-casins; his powder horn, engraved with wondrous scenes; his bullet pouch and tomahawk and hunting knife. He was a tall, lean man with a strange, sad face. And he talked little save when he drank too many “horns,” as they were called in that country. These lapses of my father’s were a perpetual source of wonder to me—and, I must say, of delight. They occurred only when a passing traveler who hit his fancy chanced that way, or, what was almost as rare, a neighbor. Many a winter night I have lain awake under the skins, listening to a flow of lan-guage that held me spellbound, though I understood scarce a word of it. “Virtuous and vicious every man must be, Few in the extreme, but all in a degree.” The chance neighbor or traveler was no less struck with wonder. And many the time have I heard the query, at the Cross-Roads and elsewhere,“Whar Alec Trimble got his larnin’?” 17. Why did the narrator enjoy it when his father drank too many “horns,” or drafts of liquor? a. The father spoke brilliantly at those times. b. The boy was then allowed to do as he pleased. c. These were the only times when the father was not abusive. d. The boy was allowed to sample the drink himself. 18. Judging by the sentences surrounding it, the word “surmise” in the third paragraph most nearly means a. to form a negative opinion. b. to praise. c. to desire. d. to guess. 9
- 24. PRETEST 19. The mention of the dress in the second paragraph is most likely meant to a. show the similarity between its owner and other members of the community. b. show how warm the climate was. c. show the dissimilarity between its owner and other members of the community. d. give us insight into the way most of the women of the region dressed. 20. It can be inferred from the passage that Alec Trimble is a. a traveler. b. a neighbor. c. the narrator’s father. d. a poet. 21. What is the meaning of the lines of verse quoted in the passage? a. Men who pretend to be virtuous are actually vicious. b. Moderate amounts of virtuousness and viciousness are present in all men. c. Virtuous men cannot also be vicious. d. Whether men are virtuous or vicious depends on the difficulty of their circumstances. 22. Which of the following adjectives best describes the region in which the cabin is located? a. remote b. urban c. agricultural d. flat 23. The author most likely uses dialect when quoting the question, “Whar Alec Trimble got his larnin’?” in order to a. show disapproval of the father’s drinking. b. show how people talked down to the narrator. c. show the speakers’ lack of education. d. mimic the way the father talked. 10
- 25. PRETEST (excerpt from a letter to a pet-sitter) Dear Lee, As I told you, I’ll be gone until Wednesday morning. Thank you so much for taking on my “children”while I’m away. Like real children, they can be kind of irritating sometimes, but I’m going to enjoy myself so much more knowing they’re getting some kind human attention. Remember that Regina (the “queen” in Latin, and she acts like one) is teething. If you don’t watch her, she’ll chew anything, including her sister, the cat. There are plenty of chew toys around the house. Whenever she starts gnawing on anything illegal, just divert her with one of those. She generally settles right down to a good hour-long chew. Then you’ll see her wandering around whimpering with the remains of the toy in her mouth. She gets really frustrated because what she wants is to bury the thing. She’ll try to dig a hole between the cushions of the couch. Finding that unsatisfactory, she’ll wan-der some more, discontent, until you solve her problem for her. I usually show her the laundry basket, mov-ing a few clothes so she can bury her toy beneath them. I do sound like a parent, don’t I? You have to understand, my own son is practically grown up. Regina’s food is the Puppy Chow in the utility room, where the other pet food is stored. Give her a bowl once in the morning and once in the evening. No more than that, no matter how much she begs. Beagles are notorious overeaters, according to her breeder, and I don’t want her to lose her girlish figure. She can share Rex (the King’s) water, but be sure it’s changed daily. She needs to go out several times a day, especially last thing at night and first thing in the morning. Let her stay out for about ten minutes each time, so she can do all her business. She also needs a walk in the afternoon, after which it’s important to romp with her for awhile in the yard. The game she loves most is fetch, but be sure to make her drop the ball. She’d rather play tug of war with it. Tell her, “Sit!” Then, when she does, say, “Drop it!” Be sure to tell her “good girl,” and then throw the ball for her. I hope you’ll enjoy these sessions as much as I do. Now, for the other two, Rex and Paws… (letter continues) 24. The tone of this letter is best described as a. chatty and humorous. b. logical and precise. c. confident and trusting. d. condescending and preachy. 25. If the pet-sitter is a business-like professional who watches people’s pets for a living, she or he would likely prefer a. more first-person revelations about the owner. b. fewer first-person revelations about the owner. c. more praise for agreeing to watch the animals. d. greater detail on the animals’ cute behavior. 26. According to the author, his or her attachment to the pets derives at least partially from a. their regal pedigrees and royal bearing. b. having few friends to pass the time with. c. these particular animals’ exceptional needs. d. a desire to continue parenting. 27. The information in the note is sufficient to deter-mine that there are three animals. They are a. two cats and a dog. b. three dogs. c. a dog, a cat, and an unspecified animal. d. a cat, a dog, and a parrot. 11
- 26. PRETEST 28. Given that there are three animals to feed, which of the following arrangements of the feeding instructions would be most efficient and easiest to follow? a. all given in one list, chronologically from morning to night b. provided separately as they are for Regina, within separate passages on each animal c. given in the order of quantities needed, the most to the least d. placed in the middle of the letter, where they would be least likely to be overlooked 29. From the context of the note, it is most likely that the name “Rex”is a. Spanish. b. English. c. French. d. Latin. 30. If the sitter is to follow the owner’s directions in playing fetch with Regina, at what point will he or she will tell Regina “good girl”? a. every time Regina goes after the ball b. after Regina finds the ball c. when Regina brings the ball back d. after Regina drops the ball (excerpt from a pro-voting essay) Voting is the privilege for which wars have been fought, protests have been organized, and editorials have been written. “No taxation without representation” was a battle cry of the American Revolution. Women struggled for suffrage as did all minorities. Eighteen-year-olds clamored for the right to vote, saying that if they were old enough to go to war, they should be allowed to vote. Yet Americans have a deplorable voting history. Interviewing people about their voting habits is revealing. There are individuals who state that they have never voted. Often, they claim that their individual vote doesn’t matter. Some people blame their absence from the voting booth on the fact that they do not know enough about the issues. In a democracy, we can express our opinions to our elected leaders, but more than half of us sometimes avoid choosing the people who make the policies that affect our lives. 31. This argument relies primarily on which of the following techniques to make its points? a. emotional assertions b. researched facts in support of an assertion c. emotional appeals to voters d. emotional appeals to nonvoters 32. Which of the following sentences best summa-rizes the main idea of the passage? a. Americans are too lazy to vote. b. Women and minorities fought for their right to vote. c. Americans do not take voting seriously enough. d. Americans do not think that elected officials take their opinions seriously. 33. By choosing the word “clamored,” the author implies that a. eighteen-year-olds are generally enthusiastic. b. voting was not a serious concern to eighteen-year-olds. c. eighteen-year-olds felt strongly that they should be allowed to vote. d. eighteen-year-olds do not handle themselves in an adult-like manner. 12
- 27. PRETEST Improving Streamside Wildlife Habitats (excerpt from Habitat Extension Bulletin distributed by the Wyoming Game and Fish Department) Riparian vegetation [the green band of vegetation along a watercourse] can help stabilize stream banks; filter sediment from surface runoff; and provide wildlife habitat, livestock forage, and scenic value. Well- developed vegetation also allows bank soils to absorb extra water during spring runoff, releasing it later during drier months, thus improving late-summer stream flows. In many parts of the arid West, trees and shrubs are found only in riparian areas. Woody plants are very important as winter cover for many wildlife species, including upland game birds such as pheasants and turkeys. Often this winter cover is the greatest single factor limiting game bird populations. Woody vegetation also provides hiding cover and browse for many other species of birds and mammals, both game and nongame. Dead trees (“snags”) are an integral part of streamside habitats and should be left standing whenever pos-sible. Woodpeckers, nuthatches, brown creepers, and other birds eat the insects that decompose the wood. These insects usually pose no threat to nearby living trees. Occasionally a disease organism or misuse of pesticides will weaken or kill a stand of trees. If several trees in a small area begin to die, contact your local extension agent immediately. 34. What is the effect of the word choice “riparian”? a. It gives the article an authoritative, scientific tone. b. It causes confusion, since both streams and rivers could be viewed as riparian. c. It seems condescending, as if the author was stooping to teach readers. d. It misleads readers into thinking they are get- ting scientific information when they are not. 35. By listing the specific birds that live in riparian areas, the author conveys a sense of a. urgency on behalf of endangered species. b. the rich and varied life in such areas. 36. Assume that the author has done some other writing on this topic for a different audience. The other piece begins: “Remember the last time you walked along a stream? No doubt thick vegeta-tion prevented easy progress.” What is the likely effect on the reader of this opening? a. an aroused interest, due to the reference to the reader’s personal experience b. resentment, due to being addressed so personally c. loss of interest, because the opening line makes no attempt to draw the reader in d. confusion, because not every reader has walked along a stream c. his or her own importance as a scientific expert. d. poetic wonder over the variety found in nature. 37. The main subject of the second paragraph of this passage is a. the types of birds that live in riparian areas. b. the effect of winter cover on water purity. c. the role of trees and shrubs in riparian areas. d. how winter cover affects game bird populations. 13
- 28. PRETEST 38. Overall, the assertions of this passage seem to be based on a. rash opinion with little observation behind it. b. deeply held emotional convictions. c. fact derived from scientific literature. d. inconclusive evidence gathered in field studies. 39. What does the word “arid” accomplish in the first sentence of the second paragraph? a. It provides a sense of the generally high alti-tude of the West. b. It signifies a change in subject from the Eastern United States to the West. c. It clarifies the author’s purpose to discuss nonurban areas. d. It clarifies the reason that trees and shrubs are found only in riparian areas. (excerpt from “First,” a short story) First, you ought to know that I’m “only” fourteen. My mother points this out frequently. I can make decisions for myself when I’m old enough to vote, she says. Second, I should tell you that she’s right—I’m not always responsible. I sometimes take the prize for a grade-A dork. Last weekend, for instance, when I was staying at Dad’s, I decided it was time I learned to drive. It was Sunday morning, 7 A.M. to be exact, and I hadn’t slept well thinking about this argument I’ll be telling you about in a minute. Nobody was up yet in the neighbor-hood, and I thought there would be no harm in backing the car out of the garage and cruising around the block. But Dad has a clutch car, and the “R” on the shift handle was up on the left side, awful close to first gear, and I guess you can guess the rest. Dad’s always been understanding. He didn’t say, like Mom would, “Okay, little Miss Know-It-All, you can just spend the rest of the year paying this off.” He worried about what might have happened to me—to me, you see, and that made me feel more guilty than anything. Overall, I just think he’d be a better number-one care-giver, if you get my drift. Of course I can’t say things like that to Mom. To her, I have to say, “But Mom, Dad’s place is closer to school. I could ride my bike.” She replies, “Jennifer Lynn, you don’t own a bike, because you left it in the yard and it was stolen, and you haven’t got the perseverance it takes to do a little work and earn the money to replace it.” 40. Which description best explains the structure of the story so far? a. chronological, according to what happens first, second, and so on b. reverse chronological order, with the most recent events recorded first c. intentionally confused order, incorporating flashbacks to previous events d. according to importance, with the most significant details related first 41. What device does the author use to illustrate the narrator’s feelings about her mother and father? a. vivid and specific visual detail b. rhetorical questions, which make a point but don’t invite a direct answer c. metaphors and other figurative language d. contrast between the parents’ typical reactions 14
- 29. PRETEST 42. The narrator attributes her inability to sleep when staying at her father’s house to a. thinking about a disagreement with someone. b. the uncomfortable quiet of an early Sunday morning. c. the sore throat she had from shouting so much. d. her accident with the car. 43. The first-person point of view in this story a. obscures how the narrator’s mind works. b. illustrates the thoughts and personality of the narrator. c. makes the narrator seem distant and rigid. d. gives us direct access to the minds of all the characters. 44. When the narrator says she sometimes “take[s] the prize for a grade-A dork,” the word choice is intended to indicate a. that she doesn’t know proper English. b. her age and culture. c. that she is unable to judge her own actions. d. that she thinks she’s better than most others who might be termed “dorks”. 45. From the context in the last sentence of the passage, it can be determined that the word “perseverance” most nearly means a. attractiveness. b. thinking ability. c. ability to persist. d. love of danger. 46. Overall, this narrator’s tone is best described as a. emotional and familiar. b. stuck up and superior. c. argumentative and tactless. d. pleasant and reassuring. 47. In choosing to use the bike argument with her mother, the narrator is trying to appeal to her mother’s a. compassion over her lost bike. b. disregard for material objects. c. laziness. d. reason. 48. The main argument the narrator has been having with her mother is over whether she should a. be allowed to date. b. live with her mother or father. c. be allowed to drive a car. d. pay for things she breaks. 49. It appears that the mother has alienated her daughter by a. being too busy to give her the attention she needs. b. having divorced her father. c. insisting too much on reasonableness. d. valuing things over people and feelings. 50. What most likely happened with the car? a. The narrator mistook first gear for reverse and ran into the garage wall. b. The narrator stole it from her father and drove it over to her mother’s. c. The father left it in gear, and when the narra- tor started it, it leapt forward into the wall. d. The narrator attempted suicide through carbon monoxide poisoning. 15
- 30. PRETEST _ Answer Key If you miss any of the answers,you can find help for that kind of question in the lesson(s) shown to the right of the answer. 1. c. Lesson 1 26. d. Lesson 9 2. a. Lesson 1 27. c. Lesson 1 3. d. Lesson 9 28. a. Lessons 6 and 10 4. a. Lesson 16 29. d. Lesson 3 5. b. Lesson 3 30. d. Lesson 6 6. c. Lesson 12 31. b. Lesson 18 7. c. Lesson 2 32. c. Lesson 2 8. b. Lessons 6 and 7 33. c. Lesson 12 9. a. Lesson 3 34. a. Lesson 12 10. b. Lesson 8 35. b. Lesson 13 11. d. Lesson 4 36. a. Lesson 11 12. c. Lesson 17 37. c. Lesson 2 13. d. Lesson 2 38. c. Lesson 4 14. b. Lesson 8 39. d. Lesson 3 15. c. Lesson 4 40. c. Lessons 6, 7, and 10 16. b. Lesson 13 41. d. Lesson 8 17. a. Lesson 19 42. a. Lesson 9 18. d. Lesson 3 43. b. Lesson 11 19. c. Lesson 8 44. b. Lesson 12 20. c. Lesson 19 45. c. Lesson 3 21. b. Lesson 19 46. a. Lesson 14 22. a. Lesson 16 47. d. Lesson 18 23. c. Lesson 13 48. b. Lesson 16 24. a. Lesson 14 49. d. Lesson 17 25. b. Lesson 11 50. a. Lesson 17 16
- 31. Building a Strong Foundation You may not have thought of it this way before, but critical readers are a lot like crime scene investigators. In their search for the truth, they do not let opin- ions sway them; they want to know what actually happened. They collect tan- gible evidence and facts and use this information to draw an informed conclusion. Separating fact from opinion is essential during a crime scene investigation. It is also a cru-cial skill for effective reading. When you read, look for clues to understand the author’s meaning. What is this pas- sage about? What is this writer saying? What is his or her message? At times, it may seem like authors are trying to hide their meaning from you. But no matter how complex a piece of writing may be, the author always leaves plenty of clues for the careful reader to find. It is your job to find those clues. Be a good detective when you read. Open your eyes and ask the right questions. In other words, read carefully and actively. The five lessons that follow cover the basics of reading comprehension. By the end of this section, you should be able to: ■ Find the basic facts in a passage ■ Determine the main idea of a passage ■ Determine the meaning of unfamiliar words from context ■ Distinguish between fact and opinion 17
- 33. L E S S O N Getting the 1 Essential Information LESSON SUMMARY The first step in increasing your reading comprehension is to learn how to get the basic information. Like a good detective, start with the basic facts. To get the facts, be an active reader and look for clues as you read. Imagine, for a moment, that you are a detective. You have just been called to the scene of a crime; a house has been robbed. What’s the first thing you should do when you arrive? a. See what’s on the TV. b. Check what’s in the fridge. c. Get the basic facts of the case. The answer, of course, is c, get the basic facts of the case: the who, what, when, where, how, and why. What happened? To whom? When? Where? How did it happen? And why? As a reader faced with a text, you go through a similar process. The first thing you should do is establish the facts. What does this piece of writing tell you? What happens? To whom? When, where, how, and why? If you can answer these basic questions, you’re on your way to really comprehending what you read. (You’ll work on answering the more difficult question—“Why did it happen?”—in Lesson 2.)
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- 35. GETTING THE ESSENTIAL INFORMATION _ What Are the Facts? Let’s start with a definition. A fact is: ■ Something that we know for certain to have happened ■ Something that we know for certain to be true ■ Something that we know for certain to exist Much of what you read, especially today in this “Information Age,” is designed to provide you with facts. You may read, for example, about a new office procedure that you must follow; about how the new computer system works; about what happened at the staff meeting. If you’re taking a standardized test, you’ll probably have to answer reading comprehension ques- tions that ask about the facts in a reading passage. These facts are not always easy to determine, especially if the writing is dense or complicated. To make it sim-pler, ask yourself these questions as you read: What facts am I expected to know? What am I to learn or be aware of? What happened? What is true? What exists? Practice Passage 1 Jump right into the task of finding facts. The following brief passage is similar to something you might see in a newspaper. Read the passage carefully, and then answer the questions that follow. Remember, careful reading is active reading (see the Introduction), so mark up the text as you go. Underline key words and ideas; circle and define any unfamiliar words or phrases; and record your reactions and questions in the margins. On Friday, October 21, at approximately 8:30 A.M., Judith Reynolds, owner of The Cupcake Factory, arrived at her establishment to find that it had been robbed and vandalized overnight. The front window of the shop at 128 Broad Street was broken, and chairs and tables were overturned throughout the café area. Additionally, the cash register had been pried open and emptied of money. The thieves attempted to open the safe as well, but were unsuccessful. Ms. Reynolds used her cell phone to report the crime to the police. She also phoned the proprietor of Primo Pizza, located at 130 Broad Street, as she noticed that the door of that restaurant showed signs of forced entry. The police department is asking anyone with information to call 555-2323. 1. What happened to The Cupcake Factory? 4. What was stolen? 2. When was the crime discovered? 5. Who called the police? 3. Where did it happen? 6. What other businesses were affected? 20
- 36. GETTING THE ESSENTIAL INFORMATION Remember, good reading is active reading. Did you mark up the passage? If so, it may have looked something like this: when who what happened— robbery and vandalization interesting detail another business was affected On Friday, October 21, at approximately 8:30 A.M., Judith Reynolds, owner of The Cupcake Factory, arrived at her establishment to find that it had been robbed and vandalized overnight. The front window of the shop at 128 Broad Street was broken, and chairs and tables were overturned throughout the café area. Additionally, the cash register had been pried open and emptied of money. The thieves attempted to open the safe as well, but were unsuccessful. Ms. Reynolds used her cell phone to report the crime to the police. She also phoned the proprietor of Primo Pizza, located at 130 Broad Street, as she noticed that the door of that restaurant showed signs of forced entry. The police department is asking anyone with information to call 555-2323. where what a mess! money was stolen You’ll notice that the answers to the questions have all been underlined, because these are the key words and ideas in this passage. But here are the answers in a more conventional form. 1. What happened to The Cupcake Factory? It was robbed and vandalized. 2. When was the crime discovered? At 8:30 A.M. on Friday, October 21. 3. Where did it happen? 128 Broad Street. 4. What was stolen? Money fromthe cash register. 5. Who called the police? Judith Reynolds,owner of The Cupcake Factory. 6. What other businesses were affected? Possibly Primo Pizza. Notice that these questions went beyond the basic who, what, when, and where to include some of the details, like why the proprietor of the restaurant next door was called. This is because details in reading com-prehension, as well as in detective work, can be very important clues that may help answer the remaining questions: Who did it, how, and why? 21 unclear if anything was taken from Primo Pizza from this report
- 37. GETTING THE ESSENTIAL INFORMATION Practice Passage 2 This passage includes instructions for renewing a driver’s license. Read it carefully and answer the questions that follow. Instructions for License Renewal A driver’s license must be renewed every four years. A renewal application is sent approximately five to seven weeks before the expiration date listed on the license. Individuals who fail to renew within three years of the license expiration date are not eligible for a renewal and must repeat the initial licensing process. To renew a license, you must visit a Motor Vehicles Agency. You must present a completed renewal application; your current driver’s license; acceptable proof of age, iden-tification, and address; and proof of social security in the form of a social secu-rity card, a state or federal income tax return, a current pay stub, or a W-2 form. You must also pay the required fee. If all the documents and payment are in order, your photo will be taken and a new license will be issued. 7. What documents does one need to renew a driver’s license? 8. What documents represent proof of social security? 9. How often must one renew a driver’s license? 10. How does one obtain the renewal form? 11. True or False: You can renew your driver’s license by mail. Before you look at the answers, look at the next page to see how you might have marked up the passage to highlight the important information. 22
- 38. GETTING THE ESSENTIAL INFORMATION Instructions for License Renewal how often I need to renew A driver’s license must be renewed every four years. A renewal application is sent approximately five to seven weeks before the expiration date listed on the license. Individuals who fail to renew within three years of the license expiration date are must go in not eligible for a renewal and must repeat the initial licensing process. To renew a license, you must visit a Motor Vehicles Agency. You must present a completed. find person out nearest renewal application; your current driver’s license; acceptable proof of age, iden- location tification, and address; and proof of social security in the form of a social secu- rity card, a state or federal income tax return, a current pay stub, or a W-2 form. You must also pay the required fee. If all the documents and payment are in order, your photo will be taken and a new license will be issued. bring checkbook! applicationwill be mailed documents needed for renewal With a marked-up text like this, it’s very easy to find the answers. 7. What documents does one need to renew a driver’s license? Completed renewal application Current driver’s license Acceptable proof of age, identification, and address Proof of social security Money to pay required fee 8. What documents represent proof of social security? Social security card State or federal income tax return Current pay stub W-2 form 9. How often must one renew a driver’s license? Every four years. 10. How does one obtain the renewal form? It is sent five to seven weeks before current license expires. 11. True or False: You can renew your driver’s license by mail. False: You can only renewby visiting a Motor Vehicles Agency.
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