Descriptive research-survey
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This document discusses survey research methods. It defines a survey as collecting information from a sample of a population using questionnaires. There are different types of surveys such as censuses, polls, and sample surveys. The success of survey research depends on having a representative sample of the target population. Various factors must be considered in designing and implementing a survey including the sample design, data collection instruments, and reducing errors. Surveys can be cross-sectional, collecting data once, or longitudinal, collecting data from the same sample over time.
Descriptive research-survey
- 1. Descriptive Research-Survey What is a Survey ? A Survey collects information Is a Census from all the population Is a Poll if for political information Is a Sample Survey if from just a sample of a population INTRODUCTION • Survey Research Methods are research procedures for collecting large amounts of raw data using questionnaires. • It is an effective tool for conducting marketing research. A field of applied statistics, survey methodology studies the sampling of individual units from a population and the associated survey data collection techniques, such as questionnaire construction and methods for improving the number and accuracy of responses to surveys. Statistical surveys are undertaken with a view towards making statistical inferences about the population being studied, and this depends strongly on the survey questions used. Polls about public opinion, public health surveys, market research surveys, government surveys and censuses are all examples of quantitative research that use contemporary survey methodology to answer questions about a population. Although censuses do not include a "sample", they do include other aspects of survey methodology, like questionnaires, interviewers, and non response follow-up techniques. Surveys provide important information for all kinds of public information and research fields, e.g., marketing research, psychology, health professionals and sociology. A single survey is made of at least a sample (or full population in the case of a census), a method of data collection (e.g., a questionnaire) and individual questions or items that become data that can be analyzed statistically. A single survey may focus on different types of topics such as preferences (e.g., for a presidential candidate), opinions (e.g., should abortion be legal?), behavior (smoking and alcohol use), or factual information (e.g., income), depending on its purpose. Since survey research is almost always based on a sample of the population, the success of the research is dependent on the representativeness of the sample with respect to a target population of interest to the researcher. That target population can range from the general population of a given country to specific groups of people within that country, to a membership list of a professional organization, or list of students enrolled in a school system (see also sampling (statistics) and survey sampling). Survey methodology as a scientific field seeks to identify principles about the sample design, data collection instruments, statistical adjustment of data, and data processing, and final data analysis that can create systematic and random survey errors. Survey errors are sometimes analyzed in connection with survey cost. Cost constraints are sometimes framed as improving quality within cost constraints, or alternatively, reducing costs for a fixed level of quality. Survey methodology is both a scientific field and a profession, meaning that some professionals in the field focus on survey errors empirically and others design surveys to reduce them. For survey designers, the task involves making a large set of decisions about thousands of individual features of a survey in order to improve it. Cross-sectional and longitudinal surveys There is a distinction between one-time (cross-sectional) surveys, which involve a single questionnaire or interview administered to each sample member, and surveys which repeatedly collect information from the same people over time. The latter are known as longitudinal surveys. Longitudinal surveys have considerable analytical advantages but they are also challenging to implement successfully. Consequently, specialist methods have been developed to select longitudinal samples, to collect data repeatedly, to keep track of sample members over time, to keep respondents motivated to participate, and to process and analyse longitudinal survey data Conditions for a Survey • Answer the Objectives • Be Unbiased, Accurate • Be Generalizable • Be Ethical • Be Economical Before a Survey • Define the Questions to be answer. • Define the Sampling strategy. • Design and Test the Questionnaire. • Train the field workers. • Define the technique for cross validation. S X C E , P a t n a E-Content : Module 7- Research Methods and Statistics.
- 2. • Define the final Analysis. During the Survey - Verify and cross validate the Questionnaire - Check Time table and Budget After the Survey - Crosscheck again all the data - Perform the main analysis - Perform any exploratory data analysis. The Question The first task is to clearly and concisely define the Main Question of interest as well as the Target Population of the study. Define the Precision or Tolerated error of the estimates: 1% , 5%. Are there any Nuisance factor to be accounted for, which ones are important? Stratification • Sample size proportional to strata size • Equal sample sizes from all strata • Sample size inversely proportional to strata variability. Multiple Steps Sampling Big Units 2nd Units Sampling Units Questionnaire • Short and Concise • Open Questions • Multiple choice • Yes/No Internal Validity How to check if the subject answers truthfully? - Ask the same question twice? Marital status Spouse age - Check frequency versus known data External validity Are the appropriate questions asked? Are the questions understandable by all the subjects in the sample. TYPES OF SURVEY METHODS • 1.PERSON ADMINISTERD SURVEYS • 2.TELEPHONE ADMINISTERED SURVEYS • 3.SELF-ADMINISTERED SURVEYS • 4.ONLINE SURVEYS S X C E , P a t n a E-Content : Module 7- Research Methods and Statistics.
- 3. 1. PERSON ADMINISTERED SURVEYS PERSON ADMINISTERED INTERVIEW IN HOME INTERVIEW EXCECUTIVE INTERVIEW MALL INTERCEPT INTERVIEW PURCHASE INTERCEPT INTERVIEW 2.TELEPHONE ADMINISTERED INTERVIEW TELEPHONE ADMINISTERED INTERVIEW TELEPHONE INTERVIEW COMPUTER ASSISTED INTERVIEW COMPLETELY AUTOMATED TELEPHONE SURVEYS WIRELESS PHONE SURVEY 3.SELF-ADMINISTERD SURVEYS MAIL PANEL SURVEY DROP OFF SURVEY MAIL SURVEY 4.ONLINE SURVEY FAX SURVEY INTERNET SURVEY E-MAIL SURVEY Study of Trends Cohort Panel same same same same new new During the Survey • Collect questionnaires daily. • Check yesterday questionnaires for missing or invalid answers. • Re-interview invalid questionnaires The Report • List of Objectives. • Objectives achieved. • Sample size estimated. • Response rate in the sample. • Main Statistical Analysis. • Results with significance or Confidence Interval of estimators. • Statistical Power of the tests performed. • Results of the Exploratory Data Analysis Conclusion There are various survey methods used for the purpose of conducting research. These should be convenient for both the interviewer as well as the respondents, to get the best result. The factors should be properly evaluated while selecting an appropriate survey method. There are various kinds of errors such as sampling, non-sampling, respondent errors etc & these should be properly dealt with for effective results. S X C E , P a t n a E-Content : Module 7- Research Methods and Statistics.