![Introduction to Rural Refrigeration
Approximately over 1.4 billion people live without the benefits of electricity [1]
The basic element for the preservation and safe consumption of food
and storage of vaccines and other medicines is the use of refrigeration
Refrigeration can provide a means of income, when the increase yield of
food stuffs can be then sold to the market.
The project consisted of a technical solution for the production of ice through
a solar driven ice-making machine
3](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/developmentofaconceptforthemodulardesignandsizingofapvice-makingshippingcontainerforruralapplication-160131164139/85/Development-of-a-concept-for-the-modular-design-and-sizing-of-a-pv-ice-making-shipping-container-for-rural-applications-3-320.jpg)
![Income Generating Applications of Ice for Rural
Development
o The cold chain makes it possible to bring food products from far away and in
premium condition.
o The result of spoilage of food is financial loss and constrained economic and
social development.
o Increasing produce yield also leads to jobs for transport and distribution
o For the rural environment it has been recommended to have 2 kgice / kgfish and
0.5 kgice / kgmilk (per day)
4
Fish sale at market [8]
Transportation of chilled
Milk [7]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/developmentofaconceptforthemodulardesignandsizingofapvice-makingshippingcontainerforruralapplication-160131164139/85/Development-of-a-concept-for-the-modular-design-and-sizing-of-a-pv-ice-making-shipping-container-for-rural-applications-4-320.jpg)
![Existing Case Studies
System in
Chihuahua,
Mexico [2]
-Fishing village
-Ice-maker
-2.4 kWp PV
-24Vdc 2200Ah
-About 75kg ice per
day
-1999 Cost of
approx.: $38,000
ISAAC System
[3]
-20 Systems in 7
countries
-125ft ^2 collector
-Ammonia absorption
cycle
-About 50kg ice per
sunny day
-Cost of approx.:
$17,000
Contained
Energy
System[4]
-Cold storage for fish
-10kWh VRLA
-6.4 kWp PV
-20m^3 storage
room
-500kg at -2°C
-Phase change
material
5](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/developmentofaconceptforthemodulardesignandsizingofapvice-makingshippingcontainerforruralapplication-160131164139/85/Development-of-a-concept-for-the-modular-design-and-sizing-of-a-pv-ice-making-shipping-container-for-rural-applications-5-320.jpg)
![The ILK Ice-making Prototype
6
[5]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/developmentofaconceptforthemodulardesignandsizingofapvice-makingshippingcontainerforruralapplication-160131164139/85/Development-of-a-concept-for-the-modular-design-and-sizing-of-a-pv-ice-making-shipping-container-for-rural-applications-6-320.jpg)
![Commercial Ice-making Machines
o The Consortium for Energy Efficiency
(CEE) list of high efficient ice machines
was analyzed
o Findings:
o In general smaller machines are less
efficient
o The energy efficiency does not make
a correction for ice hardness
o Flake ice contains part of its mass as
water (30%), so does nugget ice
(20%)
o Water consumption is also an issue
to consider
9
[6]
[6]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/developmentofaconceptforthemodulardesignandsizingofapvice-makingshippingcontainerforruralapplication-160131164139/85/Development-of-a-concept-for-the-modular-design-and-sizing-of-a-pv-ice-making-shipping-container-for-rural-applications-9-320.jpg)
![Daily Model for Ice-making
Output Ice
Battery
bank
η = 63%
PV Modules
PR = 70%
ηpv_module = 13.7% @ STC
PV Area
Inverter
η = 94%
MPPT
Charger
η = 96%
Solar Radiation
Air Temperature
Water Temperature
Hourly
simulation
for one day
Loads
11
[6]
Water pump
Lights
Ice-making machine](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/developmentofaconceptforthemodulardesignandsizingofapvice-makingshippingcontainerforruralapplication-160131164139/85/Development-of-a-concept-for-the-modular-design-and-sizing-of-a-pv-ice-making-shipping-container-for-rural-applications-11-320.jpg)
![Results
• Seven Machines where modeled
• Simulation was run for meteorological data for 4 typical days in Durban, S.A.
Procedure
1. First, the ideal situation where all energy provided by the battery was restored by
the PV modules was analyzed
2. This leads to different hours of operation for each of the 4 different days
3. The minimum hours of operation was taken
4. These minimum number of hours were then fixed for all 4 days simulated
* Corrected for ice hardness
12
Ice Production ( corrected for ice hardness) [kg]
Machine
Model
Type of
ice
Hours of
operation
4.6
kWh/m^2
/day
@ 15.3°C
Avg *
5.6
kWh/m^2
/day
@ 22.9°C
Avg *
4.9
kWh/m^2
/day
@ 14.2°C
Avg *
5.0
kWh/m^2
/day
@ 26.4°C
Avg *
Average
*
KM-515-MAH Crescent 8.6 81.6 74.2 82.5 71.0 77.4
KM-650-MAH Crescent 7.7 85.7 78.0 86.6 74.8 81.3
KM-901-MAH Crescent 5.3 88.1 77.8 89.3 75.5 82.7
KM-1340-MAH Crescent 3.3 85.5 77.5 85.9 75.3 80.6
KM-1601-SAH Crescent 2.8 80.8 76.0 80.7 73.2 77.7
F-801-MAH Flake 8.41 95.2 77.0 98.1 72.1 85.6
F-801-MAH-C Cubelet 8.15 97.4 78.3 100.3 72.9 87.2
Daily Ice Production Prediction](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/developmentofaconceptforthemodulardesignandsizingofapvice-makingshippingcontainerforruralapplication-160131164139/85/Development-of-a-concept-for-the-modular-design-and-sizing-of-a-pv-ice-making-shipping-container-for-rural-applications-12-320.jpg)
![Bibliography
1. The World Bank. Worldbank.org. Energy - The Facts. [Online] 2011. [Cited: 02 01 2013.]
http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTENERGY2/0,,contentMDK:22855502~pagePK:210
058~piPK:210062~theSitePK:4114200,00.html.
2. Rudischer, R.; Waschull, J.; Leupolt, H.; Prastka, F. Abschlussbericht Produktenwicklung PV-Eirerzeuger.
Dresden : ILK-AB-32/05-247, 2005. Internal document.
3. Estrada, L.; Foster, R.; Cota, A.D. .First Year Performance of the Chorreras PV-Hybrid Ice making System in
Chihuahua, Mexico. Mexico : ISES Forum, 2000. DSA 09-03.
4. Ericson, C. Rural Milk Collection Centers ISAAC Solar Icemaker. Nairobi, Kenya : s.n., 24 May 2005. East and
Southern African Dairy Association Conference.
http://www.dairyafrica.com/html/conferences/pdf/conf01_presentations/Session%208/Carl%20Erickson%20-
%20Rural%20Milk%20Collection%20Centers.pdf.
5. Contained Energy. Containedenergy.com. Contained Energy Solar Powered Cold Storage Systems. [Online]
2012. http://www.containedenergy.com/CE_Solar_Powered_Cold_Storage_System_1.01.pdf.
6. Hoshizaki America. Hoshizakiamerica.com. F-801M_H-C Modular Cubelet Ice Machine. [Online] [Cited:
02.01.2013] http://www.hoshizakiamerica.com/color-specs/F801MHC.pdf.
7. ISAAC Solar ICE Maker. http://solaricemaker.com/. Phtograph of website from: Solar Ice Company, Annapolis,
Maryland. [Online] [Cited: 31.01.2016] http://solaricemaker.com/
8. Fish Consulting Group. http://fishconsult.org/ Photograph from article: Marketing and consumer preference in
Lao PDR [Online] [Cited: 31.01.2016] http://fishconsult.org/?p=12635
19](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/developmentofaconceptforthemodulardesignandsizingofapvice-makingshippingcontainerforruralapplication-160131164139/85/Development-of-a-concept-for-the-modular-design-and-sizing-of-a-pv-ice-making-shipping-container-for-rural-applications-19-320.jpg)
Development of a concept for the modular design and sizing of a pv ice making shipping container for rural applications
- 1. Development of a concept for the modular design and sizing of a PV ice- making shipping container for rural applications by: Ricardo Faerron Guzmán In collaboration with:
- 2. Outline 1. Introduction to refrigeration in rural environment 2. Commercial Ice-making Machine 3. Model for Prediction of Ice-making with a PV power supply 4. Design of an Ice-making Container 5. Results and Economic Analysis 6. Comparison of Systems 7. Limitations and Conclusions 2
- 3. Introduction to Rural Refrigeration Approximately over 1.4 billion people live without the benefits of electricity [1] The basic element for the preservation and safe consumption of food and storage of vaccines and other medicines is the use of refrigeration Refrigeration can provide a means of income, when the increase yield of food stuffs can be then sold to the market. The project consisted of a technical solution for the production of ice through a solar driven ice-making machine 3
- 4. Income Generating Applications of Ice for Rural Development o The cold chain makes it possible to bring food products from far away and in premium condition. o The result of spoilage of food is financial loss and constrained economic and social development. o Increasing produce yield also leads to jobs for transport and distribution o For the rural environment it has been recommended to have 2 kgice / kgfish and 0.5 kgice / kgmilk (per day) 4 Fish sale at market [8] Transportation of chilled Milk [7]
- 5. Existing Case Studies System in Chihuahua, Mexico [2] -Fishing village -Ice-maker -2.4 kWp PV -24Vdc 2200Ah -About 75kg ice per day -1999 Cost of approx.: $38,000 ISAAC System [3] -20 Systems in 7 countries -125ft ^2 collector -Ammonia absorption cycle -About 50kg ice per sunny day -Cost of approx.: $17,000 Contained Energy System[4] -Cold storage for fish -10kWh VRLA -6.4 kWp PV -20m^3 storage room -500kg at -2°C -Phase change material 5
- 6. The ILK Ice-making Prototype 6 [5]
- 7. The ILK Ice-making Prototype o 5.1 kWp PV with estimated 300 kg of ice produced under 6.5 kWh/m2/day o Variable frequency drive of the refrigeration compressor allows it to work during the day o Ice-making machine, electronic and control system are made in-house by ILK o Containers are intended to be custom made to costumer specifications o Cost estimates are in the range of €100,000 7
- 8. Why search for a new approach? o Design process can be a lengthy one for a customized solution o The cost of such a customized system presents a great barrier for their sales o There is no available comparison of the ILK system with market available ice-makers o A standard product can provide the potential user with a system with known performance and characteristics o Cost reduction through modular design possibilities: o Use market available electronics (inverter, charger, batteries) o Use commercially available ice-making machine o Minimize machining needed to modify container 8
- 9. Commercial Ice-making Machines o The Consortium for Energy Efficiency (CEE) list of high efficient ice machines was analyzed o Findings: o In general smaller machines are less efficient o The energy efficiency does not make a correction for ice hardness o Flake ice contains part of its mass as water (30%), so does nugget ice (20%) o Water consumption is also an issue to consider 9 [6] [6]
- 10. Coefficient Of Performance (COP) of Ice-machines Machine Model Compressor Type of ice Temps of COP calculation Ice Production* Energy Use* Average power Cooling Energy to -5°C ** Calculated overall COP ** Hoshizaki Tair / Twater (°F/°F) (lbs/ 24 hrs) (kWh/ 100lb) (kW) (kW) F-801MAH Joint Flake ice 70/50 823 3.20 1.097 1.207 1.100 90/70 599 4.50 1.123 1.037 0.923 F-801MAH- C Joint Cubelet 70/50 752 3.50 1.097 1.239 1.130 90/70 552 5.10 1.173 1.055 0.900 KM- 515MAH Joint Crescent 70/50 501 4.70 0.981 1.007 1.027 90/70 435 6.00 1.088 0.989 0.910 KM- 650MAH Joint Crescent 70/50 589 4.50 1.104 1.184 1.072 90/70 512 5.80 1.237 1.165 0.941 KM- 901MAH Joint Crescent 70/50 874 4.40 1.602 1.757 1.097 90/70 732 5.60 1.708 1.665 0.975 KM- 1340MAH Joint Crescent 70/50 1325 3.80 2.098 2.664 1.270 90/70 1167 4.70 2.285 2.654 1.161 KM- 1601SAH Joint Crescent 70/50 1462 4.03 2.455 2.939 1.197 90/70 1343 4.70 2.630 3.055 1.161 * Not corrected for ice hardness * * Corrected for ice hardness 10
- 11. Daily Model for Ice-making Output Ice Battery bank η = 63% PV Modules PR = 70% ηpv_module = 13.7% @ STC PV Area Inverter η = 94% MPPT Charger η = 96% Solar Radiation Air Temperature Water Temperature Hourly simulation for one day Loads 11 [6] Water pump Lights Ice-making machine
- 12. Results • Seven Machines where modeled • Simulation was run for meteorological data for 4 typical days in Durban, S.A. Procedure 1. First, the ideal situation where all energy provided by the battery was restored by the PV modules was analyzed 2. This leads to different hours of operation for each of the 4 different days 3. The minimum hours of operation was taken 4. These minimum number of hours were then fixed for all 4 days simulated * Corrected for ice hardness 12 Ice Production ( corrected for ice hardness) [kg] Machine Model Type of ice Hours of operation 4.6 kWh/m^2 /day @ 15.3°C Avg * 5.6 kWh/m^2 /day @ 22.9°C Avg * 4.9 kWh/m^2 /day @ 14.2°C Avg * 5.0 kWh/m^2 /day @ 26.4°C Avg * Average * KM-515-MAH Crescent 8.6 81.6 74.2 82.5 71.0 77.4 KM-650-MAH Crescent 7.7 85.7 78.0 86.6 74.8 81.3 KM-901-MAH Crescent 5.3 88.1 77.8 89.3 75.5 82.7 KM-1340-MAH Crescent 3.3 85.5 77.5 85.9 75.3 80.6 KM-1601-SAH Crescent 2.8 80.8 76.0 80.7 73.2 77.7 F-801-MAH Flake 8.41 95.2 77.0 98.1 72.1 85.6 F-801-MAH-C Cubelet 8.15 97.4 78.3 100.3 72.9 87.2 Daily Ice Production Prediction
- 13. Container Design o Once the selection of a machine has been made, then the rest of the system can be designed, and costs estimations made 13 Electronic Component Design Sub-systems in the container design
- 14. Economic Analysis Day Solar irradiation Average temperature Predicted possible ice production Days Totals (kWh/ m^2/day) (°C) (kg) (kg) 37 5.6 22.9 78.3 Jan-March 90 7,047 168 4.6 15.3 97.4 April-June 91 8,863 185 4.9 14.2 100.3 July-September 92 9,228 350 5.0 26.4 72.9 October-December 92 6,707 Year Total 31,845 Availability 85% 20 year total 541,362 14 Yearly Ice Production Prediction
- 15. Comparison of Systems o An fair comparison is difficult. No standard testing conditions (different irradiations, air and water temperatures, ice hardness) o Under the different test conditions ILK seems to still present the system with highest ice production and lowest lifetime cost of ice 15 Preliminary Comparison
- 16. Limitations of study Control System: fixed amount of hours through a day Other costs: water supply and shipping Daily model vs. Yearly simulation Non-technical and financial aspects Funding Training Technical Support Maintenance 16
- 17. Conclusions COP of analyzed ice-machines are in the range of 1 Largest cost for Investment and NPV is that of the ex- works (62% and 40.3% respectively) ILK system is more efficient and produces ice at a lower cost but, by assembling onsite, the proposed system can close this gap System would also benefit from an organization dedicated to providing funding, training, supervision and maintenance for systems for rural applications 17
- 18. Thank you for your attention Question? 18
- 19. Bibliography 1. The World Bank. Worldbank.org. Energy - The Facts. [Online] 2011. [Cited: 02 01 2013.] http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTENERGY2/0,,contentMDK:22855502~pagePK:210 058~piPK:210062~theSitePK:4114200,00.html. 2. Rudischer, R.; Waschull, J.; Leupolt, H.; Prastka, F. Abschlussbericht Produktenwicklung PV-Eirerzeuger. Dresden : ILK-AB-32/05-247, 2005. Internal document. 3. Estrada, L.; Foster, R.; Cota, A.D. .First Year Performance of the Chorreras PV-Hybrid Ice making System in Chihuahua, Mexico. Mexico : ISES Forum, 2000. DSA 09-03. 4. Ericson, C. Rural Milk Collection Centers ISAAC Solar Icemaker. Nairobi, Kenya : s.n., 24 May 2005. East and Southern African Dairy Association Conference. http://www.dairyafrica.com/html/conferences/pdf/conf01_presentations/Session%208/Carl%20Erickson%20- %20Rural%20Milk%20Collection%20Centers.pdf. 5. Contained Energy. Containedenergy.com. Contained Energy Solar Powered Cold Storage Systems. [Online] 2012. http://www.containedenergy.com/CE_Solar_Powered_Cold_Storage_System_1.01.pdf. 6. Hoshizaki America. Hoshizakiamerica.com. F-801M_H-C Modular Cubelet Ice Machine. [Online] [Cited: 02.01.2013] http://www.hoshizakiamerica.com/color-specs/F801MHC.pdf. 7. ISAAC Solar ICE Maker. http://solaricemaker.com/. Phtograph of website from: Solar Ice Company, Annapolis, Maryland. [Online] [Cited: 31.01.2016] http://solaricemaker.com/ 8. Fish Consulting Group. http://fishconsult.org/ Photograph from article: Marketing and consumer preference in Lao PDR [Online] [Cited: 31.01.2016] http://fishconsult.org/?p=12635 19
- 20. Special Thanks Russom Semere Dirk Gutzeit Tobias Zwirner Hans Holtorf Daniela Vega Dr. Jörg Waschull Wolfgang Hernschier 20