Development of Administrative Theory
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1. Open systems theory views schools as constantly interacting with their external environment through inputs, transformation processes, and outputs that provide feedback. 2. Peter Senge identified five disciplines of a learning organization: systems thinking, personal mastery, shared vision, team learning, and challenging mental models. 3. Watkins and Marsick developed seven action imperatives for a learning organization including creating continuous learning opportunities, promoting inquiry and dialogue, and providing strategic leadership for learning.
Development of Administrative Theory
- 1. Chapter 1: Development of Administrative Theory Pages 20-26 Educational Administration Concepts and Practices 6 th Edition by Fred C. Lunenburg & Allan C. Ornstein ANTWUAN STINSON ILP 510: Foundations of Instructional Leadership ALABAMA STATE UNIVERSITY
- 2. Schools as open systems All schools are open systems, although the degree of interaction with the external environment may vary. According to this theory schools constantly interact with their external environment. In contrast, closed systems theory views schools as sufficiently independent to solve most of their problems through internal forces, without taking into account forces in the external environment.
- 3. What is a system? A system can be defined as an interrelated set of elements functioning as an operating unit. NCLB (NO CHILD LEFT BEHIND) is a good example of an open system. States began to focus their policy on standards, accountability, and the improvement of student achievement Statewide assessment systems were implemented The waiver rewards schools that serve majority white students while is more punitive toward school districts serving low- income students of color. Links: Side Effects of NCLB, Waivers
- 4. Open Systems Model Five basic elements Inputs Transformation process Outputs Environment Organization Feedback Inputs Transformation Outputs Process The Environment
- 5. Inputs Systems such as schools receive four kinds of inputs from the environment: human financial, physical, and information resources 1. Human resources include personnel 2. Financial resources are the capital used by the school/school district to finance both ongoing and long-term operations. 3. Physical resources include supplies, materials, facilities, and equipment. 4. Information resources are knowledge, curricula, data, and other kinds of information utilized by the school/school district.
- 6. Transformation Process Work of some kind is done in the system to produce output. The system adds value added to the work in process. This transformation process includes the internal operation of the school/school district and its system of operational management. Activities performed by school administrators and other personnel within the organization’s structure will affect the school district’s output.
- 7. Outputs In school organizations, outputs are the attainment of the goals or objectives of the school district and are represented by the products, results, outcomes, or accomplishments of the system. Outputs usually include one or more of the following: 1. student achievement 2. teacher performance 3. growth levels of students and teachers 4. student drop out rates 5. employee turnover 6. student and employee absenteeism 7. employee management relations 8. School community relations 9. Student attitudes toward school 10. Employee job satisfaction
- 8. Feedback Outputs provide feedback data to the system Feedback is crucial to the success of the school operation. Negative feedback, for example, can be used to correct deficiencies in the transformation process or the inputs or both, which in turn will have an effect on the school’s future outputs.
- 9. Environment The environment surrounding the school/school district includes the social, political and economic forces that impinge the organization. The environment in the open systems model takes on added significance today in a climate of policy accountability. The social, political, and economic contexts in which school administrators work are marked by pressures at the local, state, and federal levels. Thus, school administrators today find it necessary to manage and develop “internal” operations while concurrently monitoring the environment and anticipating and responding to “external” demand. Organizational Climate, e.g. the day-to-day experience
- 10. The Learning Organization Learning organization is a strategic commitment to capture and share learning in the organization for the benefit of individuals, teams, and the organizations. Allows opportunity for growth from colleagues. The more defined the structures, systems, and culture are in an organization the less impact sub-cultures and the personalities of individuals will have on day-to-day operations Peter Senge-Professor at MIT, his best seller The Fifth Discipline where he identifies systems thinking as the pivotal lever in the learning and change process
- 11. Youtube Video Google Glasses 1, 2
- 12. Senge’s five principles of Learning Organizations Systems Thinking A conceptual framework that sees all parts as interrelated and affecting each other Personal Mastery A Process of personal commitment to vision, excellence, and lifelong learning Shared Vision Sharing an image of the future envisioned together Team Learning The process of learning collectively the idea that two brains are smarter than one Mental Models Deeply ingrained assumptions that that influence personal and organizational views and behaviors. These five disciplines work together to create the learning organization (where people continually expand their capacity to create the results they truly desire, where expansive patterns of thinking are nurtured, collective aspiration is set free, people learn how to learn together.
- 13. Senge argues in Schools that Learn that teachers, administrators, and stakeholders must learn how to build their own capacity, develop the capacity to learn. He argues that schools can be re-created by embracing the principles of the learning organization.
- 14. Senge also believe that children are deficient and schools should fix them, that learning is strictly and intellectual enterprise, that everyone should learn in the same way, that classroom learning is distinctly different from that occurring outside of school, and that some kids are smart, while others are not. Schools are run by specialists that maintain control, that knowledge inherently fragmented, that schools teach some kind of objective truth, and that learning is primarily individualistic and competition accelerates learning.
- 15. Karen Watkins and Victoria Marsick developed Seven Action Imperatives of a Learning Organization Create Continuous Learning Opportunities. Promote Inquiry and Dialogue Encourage Collaboration and Team Learning Create Systems to Capture and Share Learning Empower People toward a Collective Vision Connect the Organization to Its Environment Provide Strategic Leadership for Learning
- 16. Seven Action Imperatives of a Learning Organization Create Continuous Learning Learning is ongoing, strategically used, Opportunities and grows out of work itself Promote Inquiry and Dialogue A culture in which people ask questions freely, are willing address difficult issues. Encourage Collaboration and Team Focuses on the spirit of collaboration Learning and the skills that promote teams. Groups are formed but are not used effectively Create Systems to Capture and Technology-based strategies that are Share Learning used for this purpose capture ideas across dispersed teams and divisions
- 17. Seven Action Imperatives of a Learning Organization Empower People toward a Collective The degree of alignment throughout the Vision organization around the vision, and the degree of participation in creating and implementing the vision Connect the Organization to Its Schools must function at both global and Environment local levels; by using benchmarks of other schools and using technology to enable people in schools to move beyond their walls Provide Strategic Leadership for Leaders who model learning are key to the Learning learning organization. They think strategically about how to move the organization
- 18. Pros and Cons Debate: Training School Leaders Argument Pro Argument Con Organizational theory is generic It would be a dangerous mistake to borrow management theory wholesale Most organizational theory taught in ed Many aspects of management theory do leadership programs was generated not apply in ed settings. It takes several from industrial structure years to adapt management theory into ed admin settings Business and school leaders need to Relationships between industry and work more closely to improve collegial educators are no more important than relationships parents, colleges, and civic agencies. Management training is current and Management training is behavior and tested. Industry has invested heavily in outcome-driven but does not consider the development of management- the social and psychological needs of training programs, the teachers Management trainers understand Management trainers understand organizational theory well and can profit-driven organizations but do not teach adult learners in all types of understand the norms values of organizations to apply theory to settings educators.
- 19. Summary Systems theory is usually discussed in terms of inputs, a transformation process, outputs, feedback, and environment. In this section the learning organization concept has received much attention since the publication of Peter Senge’s book. Senge provides five interacting principles that constitute a learning organization: systems thinking, personal mastery, shared vision, team learning, and mental models.
- 20. Key Terms Theory X and Theory Y (Douglas Scientific method McGregor) Classical organizational theory Hypothesis Hawthorne studies (Elton Mayo) Meta-analysis Scientific management Contingency theories (Frederick Taylor) Fusion process (E. Wright Situational leadership theory Bakke) (Hersey and Blanchard) Transformational leadership Nomothetic dimension (Bernard Bass) Idiographic dimension Systems 1-4 (Rensis Likert) Need hierachy (Maslow) Open systems theory Managerial grid (Robert Blake Hygiene factors (Frederick & Jane Mouton) Herzberg)
- 21. Key Terms Positivism: is a view of knowledge as objective, absolutely true, and independent of other conditions such as time, circumstances, societies, cultures, communities, and geography Open System Theory: schools constantly interact with their external environment Learning Organization: is a strategic commitment to capture and share learning in the organization for the benefit of individuals, teams, and the organization
- 22. Discussion Questions How can open systems theory be used to diagnose problems in school operation? How can the learning organization be used to achieve school success? Why do you think so much pressure is placed on the administrator to improve schools?
- 23. Discussion
Editor's Notes
- #4: What schools teach must reflect the needs of society, the needs of the learner, and the recommendations of scholars in various academic fields. NCLB focuses heavily on using reading and mathematics test scores to determine whether schools are making progress in reducing achievement gaps among various subgroups of students.