Digital commons
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This document discusses the concept of the digital commons and open access to information. It begins with a brief history of open access dating back to 1787 and explores some key events and initiatives that have helped shape open access such as the GNU Manifesto in 1983 and the Budapest Open Access Initiative in 2001. The document then examines frameworks for understanding knowledge as a commons and discusses different models of access like public goods, common pool resources, and club goods. It presents a diagram depicting the ecology of the knowledge commons as influenced by factors such as governance, ownership, social networks, and material infrastructure.
Digital commons
- 1. The Digital Commons Jason M. Kelly PhD FSA Director, IUPUI Arts & Humanities Institute Associate Professor of British History, IUPUI jaskelly@iupui.edu | @jason_m_kelly
- 2. John Constable. Branch Hill Pond, Hampstead Heath. ca. 1820. Oil on canvas. 54 x 76.9 cm. Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge “Picture a pasture open to all. It is to be expected that each herdsman will try to keep as many cattle as possible on the commons. Such an arrangement may work reasonably satisfactorily for centuries because tribal wars, poaching, and disease keep the numbers of both man and beast well below the carrying capacity of the land. Finally, however, comes the day of reckoning, that is, the day when the long-desired goal of social stability becomes a reality. At this point, the inherent logic of the commons remorselessly generates tragedy. As a rational being, each herdsman seeks to maximize his gain.” Garrett Hardin, “The Tragedy of the Commons,” Science 162, no. 3859 (December 1968): 1243-48
- 3. John Constable. Branch Hill Pond, Hampstead Heath. ca. 1820. Oil on canvas. 54 x 76.9 cm. Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge “Although tragedies have undoubtedly occurred, it is also obvious that for thousands of years people have self-organized to manage common- pool resources, and users often do devise long-term, sustainable institutions for governing these resources.” Elinor Ostrom, et al., “Revisiting the Commons,” Science 284, no. 5412 (April 1999): 278-82
- 4. What are the Digital Commons? Writing Studies Tree, http://writingstudiestree.org/network, accessed 6 March 2014
- 5. The Digital Commons are those spaces, principles, and practices that allow the free exchange of knowledge in the digital environment.
- 6. This free exchange of information is often referred to as open access. However, the term open access often elides the complex material and cultural infrastructures that both create and maintain the digital commons.
- 7. A Short History of Open Access and the Digital Commons Richard Cumberland uses the term “open access” to refer to access to information through the press 1787 “Open Access” to stacks debated at the meeting of the American Library Association 1899 1900 As part of the anti- copyright movement, Tolstoy supports a publisher who printed his work with “no rights reserved” The Open Source begins with the GNU Manifesto 1983 2001 Budapest Open Access Initiative 2003 Bethseda Statement on Open Access Publishing and Berlin Declaration
- 8. Johann Peter Hasenclever. Das Lesekabinett (The Reading Room). 1843. 71 x 100 cm. Nationalgalerie, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin “The bourgeois public sphere may be conceived above all as the sphere of private people come together as a public; they soon claimed the public sphere regulated from above against the public authorities themselves, to engage them in a debate over the general rules governing relations in the basically privatized but publicly relevant sphere of commodity exchange and social labor.” Jürgen Habermas, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society, trans. Thomas Burger (Cambridge Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 1989), 27
- 9. William Hogarth, “An Election Entertainment” from The Humours of an Election series, 1755. Sir John Soane Museum, London
- 10. Adapted from Charlotte Hess and Elinor Ostrom, “Introduction: An Overview of the Knowledge Commons“ in Understanding Knowledge as a Commons, ed. Hess and Ostrom (MIT Press, 2006), 3-18. Subtractability Low High Exclusion Difficult Public Goods (knowledge) Common Pool Resources (libraries) Easy Club Goods (journal subscriptions) Private Goods (personal computers)
- 11. AdditiveStatic Open Access Walled Access G overnance O w nership Regim e Econom y SocialNetw orks SocioculturalStructures Open Knowledge M aterialInfrastructure The Ecology of the Knowledge Commons
- 13. Resources Additive Resources Static Resources Open Access Walled Access OA Repositories OA Journals Blogs Online Reference Collections Online Journals OA Reference Collections Access and the Digital Commons