DISASTER MITIGATION AND MANAGEMENT INTRODUCTION
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This document provides an overview of disaster mitigation and management in India. It discusses that India is highly vulnerable to various natural and man-made disasters due to factors such as population growth, urbanization, and climate change. It then describes the major hazards India faces, including seismic, flood, drought, cyclone, and forest fire risks. The document outlines the key principles of disaster mitigation such as early warning systems, land use zoning, building codes, and increasing public awareness. It also discusses the roles of various technologies including remote sensing, GIS, GPS, and space technology in disaster management. Finally, it briefly introduces India's disaster management framework including the National Disaster Management Authority and National Disaster Response Force.
DISASTER MITIGATION AND MANAGEMENT INTRODUCTION
- 3. Necessity & Scope of DMM Develop an understanding of why and how the modern disaster management is involved with pre-disaster and post-disaster activities. Understand the key concepts of disaster management related to development, and understand the relationship of disaster phases to each other and the linkage of activities from one phase to the next. Identify the major disaster types. Identify the organizations that are involved in natural disaster assistance. Understand the sets of tools available to disaster management. Understand the planning strategies useful in mitigation. Describe public awareness and economic incentive possibilities. Understand the tools of post-disaster management. Identify other supplemental skills that could be useful. 3
- 4. Importance of DMM in a country like India India is vulnerable in varying degrees to a large number of natural as well as man-made disasters. Further, the vulnerability to Nuclear, Biological and Chemical disasters and terrorism has also increased manifold. Disaster risks in India are further compounded by increasing vulnerabilities. These include: the ever growing population, the vast disparities in income, rapid urbanization, increasing industrialization, development within high-risk zones, Environmental degradation, Climate change, etc. All these point to a future where disasters seriously threaten India’s population, national security, economy and its sustainable development. 4
- 5. Hazard profile of India 58% of the land mass susceptible - seismic hazard damage 12% of landmass - floods 68% of the total area – vulnerable to drought 7000 Km long coastline (8%) - threatened by cyclone Hilly regions- Avalanches/landslides/Hailstorms/cloudbursts 50% of the forest cover- forest fires other Human caused hazards 5
- 6. Disaster - Is a sudden calamity which brings misfortune & miseries to humanity, which could include loss of life and or property. - Is an event which is – generally unpredictable happens instantly or without giving enough time to react affects a large number of people disrupting normal life leading to a large scale devastation in terms of loss of life and property leaves deep socio-psychological, political and economic after effects which persist for a long time to come. 6
- 7. Features - Unpredictable, Uncertain, Unfamiliar, Rapid, Intense Damages caused depends on – geographical location, Climate, Degree of vulnerability Types of disasters Natural, Man-made or Human-induced Disasters occur in varied forms Some are predictable in advance Some are annual or seasonal Some are sudden and unpredictable Factors leading to a Disaster Meteorological, Geological, Ecological or Environmental, Technological Etc. 7
- 9. Disaster sub group definitions 9
- 11. Infrastructure and development Infrastructure is basic physical and organizational structure needed for the operation of a society or the services and facilities necessary for an economy to function. There are two types of infrastructure- Hard infrastructure- refers to the large physical networks necessary for the functioning of a modern industrial nation Ex: Transport, Energy, Water management, Communications, SWM, Earth monitoring and measurement works Soft infrastructure- refers to all those institutions which are required to maintain the economic, health, cultural and social standards of a country. Ex: Financial system, education, health care, the system of government, law enforcement and emergency services. 11
- 12. Disaster management Disaster management or emergency management is the creation of plans through which communities reduce vulnerability to hazards and cope with disasters. Disaster management does not prevent or eliminate the threats, instead it focuses on creating plans to decrease the impact of disasters. Failure to create a plan could lead to damage to assets, human mortality, and lost revenue. Disaster Mitigation Mitigation is a type of long-term, pre-disaster planning which involves repeated expenditures on structural and non-structural issues in an attempt to reduce or eliminate future risks. Mitigation in practice usually considers the medium or long term prospects of safety 12
- 13. Basic principles of disaster mitigation Early warning systems: to help save lives to provide timely and effective information combinations of tools and processes embedded within institutional structures, Some of the technologies used include: Forecasting and modelling technology Remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS) Satellite communication technology Mobile phone technology Land-use zoning: plays a key role in reducing current and future community risk. It assesses environmental impacts and land at risk from natural disasters like floods and droughts. Building codes: intended to increase the safety and integrity of structures, thereby reducing deaths, injuries and property damage from a wide range of hazards. They also to facilitate safe evacuations in the event of an emergency. 13
- 14. Incentives: Incentives may be given to firms and households in disaster prone areas to strengthen the existing buildings and to include some modifications during construction. Increasing public awareness: Awareness raising campaigns about the disasters must be conducted to educate the people about how to respond and cope when a disaster strikes. Role of Information Technology Exchange of information and easily accessible communication practices play key roles. Data is also crucial for ongoing research, national planning, monitoring potential hazards and assessing risks. Neglecting information management and the early warning system in disaster management may augment serious consequences for the victims. The most important procedures relating to information for disasters are monitoring, recording, processing, sharing, and dissemination. Information technology facilitates receiving, classifying, analyzing, and dissemination of information for appropriate decision- making. 14
- 15. Role of Communication Technology The available data and information should be effectively transmitted from the supplier to the end user passing through several stages. The role of communication technology in disaster management is to keep the flow of real-time data and information during all these phases. Remote Sensing Remote sensing is an investigative technique that uses a recording instrument or device to measure or acquire information on a distant object or phenomenon with which it is not in physical or intimate contact. The technique is used for accumulating vital information on the environment. It comprises Aerial Remote Sensing, which is the process of recording information such as photographs and images from sensors on aircrafts. Satellite Remote Sensing, which consists of several satellite remote sensing systems which can be used to integrate natural hazard assessments into development planning studies. Remote sensing can collate data much faster than ground-based observation, covering a large spatial area at one time to give a synoptic view. It has the capability of capturing images of distant targets, and in all weather conditions. 15
- 16. Geographical Information System GIS is a computer-based system capable of integrating, storing, editing, analyzing, sharing, and displaying geographically-referenced information. Spatial features (latitude, longitude, state plane, etc) are stored in a coordinate system (latitude, longitude, state plane, etc) which alludes to a particular place on earth. Descriptive attributes in tabular form are associated with the spatial features. Spatial data and associated attributes in the same coordinate system can then be layered together for mapping and analysis. Global Positioning System A critical component of any successful rescue operation is time. Prior knowledge of the precise location of landmarks, streets, buildings, emergency service resources, and disaster relief sites saves time – and saves lives. Such information is critical to disaster relief teams and public safety personnel in order to protect life and reduce property loss. The Global Positioning System (GPS) serves as a facilitating technology in addressing these needs by helping the users, at any point on or near the earth’s surface, to obtain instantaneous three-dimensional coordinates of their location. 16
- 17. Disaster management in India India-unique geo-climatic conditions. There is a need of a well-structured and integrated disaster management mechanism Disaster management- to reduce/avoid the loss Provide assistance Attain effective recovery National disaster management authority (NDMA) An agency of the Ministry of Home Affairs To co-ordinate response to natural or man made disasters It was established through the disaster management act enacted by the GOI in Dec 2005 Responsible for framing policies, laying down guidelines and best practices and co-ordinating with the SDMA’s to ensure a holistic and distributed approach to disaster management. National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) National disaster risk management programme (NDRMP) 17
- 18. Space Technology --Provides important information- weather conditions --Provide observations - Geostationary satellites --Cyclone detection radars (CDRs)- installed along Indian coastline --Area cyclone warning centres (ACWCs)- Calcutta, Chennai, Mumbai --Cyclone warning centres (CWCs)- Bhubaneshwar, Vizag, Ahmedabad --Indian Meterological Dept. (IMD) --Polar orbiting satellites- high resolution images --Communication satellites- data collection, co-ordinating relief operations --Central water commission (CWC)- provides forecasts about floods DISASTER MANAGEMENT ACT, 2005 “In order to coordinate central govt efforts in preparedness, prevention, response, mitigation, relief and rehabilitation and for adoption of a holistic pro-active approach to disaster management, a NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY has come into being by an act of parliament in December 2005 under the chairmanship of prime minister as the NODAL AGENCY for disaster management in the country.” 18
- 19. Disaster Management Cycle 19
- 20. Disaster Management Cycle 1. Preparedness This protective process embraces measures which enable governments, communities and individuals to respond rapidly to disaster situations to cope with them effectively. Preparedness includes - the formulation of viable emergency plans, the development of warning systems, the maintenance of inventories the training of personnel. rescue measures evacuation plans for areas that may be at risk from a recurring disaster. Preparedness therefore encompasses those measures taken before a disaster event which are aimed at minimising loss of life, disruption of critical services, and damage when the disaster occurs. 20
- 21. 2. Mitigation Mitigation embraces measures taken to reduce both the effect of the hazard and the vulnerable conditions to it in order to reduce the scale of a future disaster. Therefore mitigation activities can be focused on the hazard itself or the elements exposed to the threat. Examples of mitigation measures which are hazard specific water management in drought prone areas, relocating people away from the hazard prone areas and by strengthening structures to reduce damage when a hazard occurs. In addition to these physical measures, mitigation should also aim at reducing the economic and social vulnerabilities of potential disasters 21
- 22. Disaster Risk Management includes sum total of all activities, programmes and measures which can be taken up before, during and after a disaster with the purpose to avoid a disaster, reduce its impact or recover from its losses. The three key stages of activities that are taken up within disaster risk management are: 1. Before a disaster (pre-disaster). Activities taken to reduce human and property losses caused by a potential hazard. carrying out awareness campaigns, strengthening the existing weak structures, preparation of the disaster management plans at household and community level etc. 2. During a disaster (disaster occurrence). Initiatives taken to ensure that the needs and provisions of victims are met and suffering is minimized. Activities taken under this stage are called emergency response activities. 3. After a disaster (post-disaster) Initiatives taken in response to a disaster with a purpose to achieve early recovery and rehabilitation of affected communities, immediately after a disaster strikes. These are called as response and recovery activities. 22
- 23. Hazards Hazard may be defined as “a dangerous condition or event, that threat or have the potential for causing injury to life or damage to property or the environment.” “An event that has the potential to cause widespread destruction and loss of lives and property”. The word ‘hazard’ in old French ‘hasard’ and ‘az-zahr’ in Arabic meaning ‘chance’ or ‘luck’. Natural hazards - caused because of natural phenomena. cyclones, tsunamis, earthquake and volcanic eruption which are exclusively of natural origin. Landslides, floods, drought, fires are socio-natural hazards since their causes are both natural and man made. Manmade hazards are hazards which are due to human negligence. Manmade hazards are associated with industries or energy generation facilities and include explosions, leakage of toxic waste, pollution, dam failure, wars or civil strife etc. 23
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- 25. Vulnerable Population the economically disadvantaged racial and ethnic minorities the uninsured , low-income children the elderly , the homeless those with chronic health conditions, including severe mental illness The vulnerability of these individuals is enhanced by race, ethnicity, age, sex and factors such as income, insurance coverage and absence of a usual source of care. Their health and healthcare problems intersect with social factors, including housing, poverty, and inadequate education. Vulnerability “The extent to which a community, structure, services or geographic area is likely to be damaged or disrupted by the impact of particular hazard, on account of their nature, construction and proximity to hazardous terrains or a disaster prone area.” Physical Vulnerability: It is based on the physical condition of people and elements at risk, such as buildings, infrastructure etc; and their proximity, location and nature of the hazard. Socio-economic Vulnerability: It is based on the socioeconomic conditions. The socio- economic condition of the people also determines the intensity of the impact. 25
- 26. Capacity Capacity can be defined as “resources, means and strengths which exist in households and communities and which enable them to cope with, withstand, prepare for, prevent, mitigate or quickly recover from a disaster”. Physical Capacity: Some family members have skills, which enable them to find employment if they migrate, either temporarily or permanently. Socio-economic Capacity: In most of the disasters, people suffer their greatest losses in the physical and material realm. Hazards are always prevalent, but the hazard becomes a disaster only when there is greater vulnerability and less of capacity to cope with it. In other words the frequency or likelihood of a hazard and the vulnerability of the community increases the risk of being severely affected. Risk Risk can be taken as chance or a probability that harm may occur. Risk is a function of the probability of particular hazardous event and the losses each would cause. ”The level of risk depends upon: Nature of the hazard vs Vulnerability of the elements which are affected vs Economic value of those elements A community/locality is said to be at ‘risk’ when it is exposed to hazards and is likely to be adversely affected by its impact. “Disaster risk management includes all measures which reduce disaster related losses of life, property or assets by either reducing the hazard or vulnerability of the elements at risk” 26
- 27. Disaster Disaster: French word “Desastre” - ‘des’ meaning bad + ‘aster’ meaning star. Thus the term refers to ‘Bad or Evil star’. “A serious disruption in the functioning of the community or a society causing wide spread material, economic, social or environmental losses which exceed the ability of the affected society to cope using its own resources”. Hazard + Vulnerability + Insufficient Capacity = Disaster A disaster happens when a hazard impacts on the vulnerable population and causes damage, casualties and disruption. Any hazard which is a triggering event along with greater vulnerability would lead to disaster causing greater loss to life and property. Disaster occurs only when hazards and vulnerability meet. With greater capacity of the individual/community and environment to face these disasters, the impact of a hazard reduces. Hazard Vs Disaster A dangerous condition or events that threaten or have the potential for causing injury to life or damage to property or the environment. There are several important characteristics that make Disasters different from Accidents. The loss of a sole income earner in a car crash may be a disaster to a family, but only an accident to the community. Variables such as Causes, Frequency, Duration of the Impact, Speed of Onset, Scope of the Impact, Destructive Potential, Human Vulnerability etc determine the difference. 27
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- 29. Personal and community awareness As Indians we need to be aware of likely hazards and potential hazards, how, when and where they are likely to occur, and the problems which may result of an event. With 60% of the land mass susceptible - seismic hazard damage; 40 million hectares (8%) of landmass - floods; 8000 Km long coastline with two cyclone seasons; 68% of the total area - drought; Hilly regions - avalanches/landslides/Hailstorms/cloudbursts; other Human caused hazards - important that we should be aware - to cope During the time of a disaster there will be delay before outside help arrives. At first, self-help is essential and depends on a prepared community – that is a community which has: An alert, informed and actively aware population A Preparedness and Response Plan An active and involved local Government Agreed, coordinated arrangements for response, preparedness and mitigation measures. 29
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- 34. What is Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR)? A conceptual framework consisting of ways and means: To minimize vulnerabilities and disaster risks. To avoid (prevention) or to limit (mitigation and preparedness) the adverse impacts of hazards within the broad context of sustainable development.
- 36. 17July 2014;Malaysia Airlines 777-200ER; 9M-MRD; flight MH17; near Grabovo,Ukraine:The aircraft wason ascheduledinternational flight between Amsterdam, the Netherlands and Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.All 283passengers and 15crew members werekilled.
- 38. Tsunami devastated Tohoku district,Japan and other regions. Damages were inflicted in EastKanto district, too.The number of deaths is13,802,the number of injured is 4,928, and the number of missing is 14,129(asof April 17at 18:00 accordingto the National PoliceAgency),2013
- 39. Flood occurredin Darchula district in Nepal,2013
- 40. The United Nations General Assembly designated the1990s as the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR). Its basic objective was to decrease the loss of life, property destruction and social and economic disruption caused by natural disasters, such as earthquakes, tsunamis, landslides, volcanic eruptions, drought and other disasters of natural origin. INTERNATIONAL DECADE FOR NATURAL DISASTER REDUCTION
- 41. 41 IDNDR In 1984, during the 8thWorld Conference on Earthquake Engineering in San Francisco, Dr. Frank Press proposed an International Decade for Natural Hazard Reduction. In1987,the United Nations General Assembly passed a resolution calling for a Decade-- International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR, 1990-2000). What is the need for IDNDR??? To encourage people to protect communities from natural disasters. The objective of IDNDR is to reduce, through concerted international action- the loss of life, property damage and social and economic disruption caused by natural disasters -such as earthquakes, tsunamis, floods, landslides, volcanic eruptions, droughts, and other disasters of natural origin especially in developing countries.
- 42. 42IDNDR Goals • Improve each country’s capacity to mitigate the effects of natural disasters • Devise appropriate guidelines and strategies for applying existing scientific and technical knowledge • Encourage scientific and engineering endeavors aimed at closing critical gaps in knowledge. • Disseminate existing and new technical information • Develop measures for the assessment, prediction, prevention, and mitigation of natural disasters IDNDR works through IDNDR National Committees and Focal Points, which exist in 138 countries. The IDNDR Secretariat is in Geneva, Switzerland.
- 43. The International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR) aims to pursue the initiatives,co-operation,developing new mechanisms as well as pushing for further commitments from policy-makers. The overriding goal is to reduce human, social, economic and environmental losses due to natural hazards (and related technological and environmental disasters). The building of disaster resilient communities is a main objective.
- 44. peopleworkfor the ISDR? “The ISDR has a secretariat based in Geneva with a total of 30 people and a couple of offices in Africa, the America, Europe and a liaison office in New York, this system include UN agencies, governments, civil societies, private sector media and more all over the world.”
- 45. Objectives of theISDR The ISDR promotes the following four objectives as tools towards reaching disaster reduction for all: Increase public awareness to understand risk, vulnerability and disaster reduction globally. Obtain commitment from public authorities to implement disaster reduction policies and actions Stimulate interdisciplinary and inter- sectoral partnerships, including the expansion of risk reduction networks Improve scientific knowledge about disaster reduction
- 46. Disaster Reduction: An agenda in International Progress 1989: IDNDR 1990-1999 – promotion of disaster reduction, technical and scientific buy-in 1994: Yokohama Strategy and Plan of Action – Mid-review IDNDR, first blueprint for disaster reduction policy guidance (social & community orientation) 2000: International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR) - increased public commitment and linkage to sustainable development, enlarged networking and partnerships. 2002: Johannesburg Plan of Implementation- Includes a new section on “An integrated, multi-hazard, inclusive approach to address vulnerability, risk assessment and disaster management…” 2005: Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015 Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters
- 48. Community awareness and education. Proper warningsystem. Mutual aidarrangement. Mock drill,training practice. Waysfor DisasterPreparedness GNIET
- 49. Implementing thedisaster management plan Setting up medicalcamps and mobilizing resources Providing adequateshelter and sanitary facilities Development of searchand rescue team Disaster Response GNIET
- 50. Disaster Recovery Counseling programme for those who lost the nearones. Restoring services like roads, communication link. Providing financial support employment. Reconstructing damaged buildings. GNIET
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- 53. INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIES FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT 1.Change of Focus from Relief Centric to Holistic Approach. 2.Mainstreaming Disaster Management into international Developmental Programmes. 3.Empowerment of the Community to face the Disaster. 4.Emphasis on Training, Development of Human Capital and Capacity Building. 5.Key Role of Educational and Professional Institutions for Mass Education and Awareness.
- 54. 7. Supporting and Enabling Mechanisms for the countries states and districts. 8. Failsafe Early Warning & Communication Systems. 9. Coordinated, Timely and Effective Response. 10.Involvement of NGOs & Corporate Sectors. 11.Time Bound Action Plan for Earthquakes, Floods & Cyclones. 12.Pro-active Participation at the Regional and International Level.
- 55. ISDR Mission • Catalyze, facilitate and mobilize the commitment and resources of national, regional and international stakeholders of the ISDR System to build the resilience of nations and communities to disasters through the implementation of the Hyogo Framework for Action. Hyogo Framework • Governments around the world have committed to take action to reduce disaster risk, and have adopted a guideline to reduce vulnerabilities to natural hazards, called the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA). Hyogo goals •Effective integration of disaster risk in to sustainable development policies, planning, and programming •The development and strengthening of institutions, mechanisms, and capacities at all levels, in particular at the community level, that can systematically contribute to building resilience to hazards •The systematic incorporation of risk reduction approaches into design and implementation of emergency preparedness, response, and recovery programs in the reconstruction of affected communities
- 56. 56 NDMA • An agency of the Ministry of Home Affairs. • It was established through the disaster management act enacted by the GOI in Dec 2005. • To co-ordinate response to natural or man made disasters. • Responsible for framing policies, laying down guidelines a and best practices and coordinating with the SDMA’s to ensure a holistic and distributed approach to disaster management.
- 57. 57 Role of NDMA • The NDMA will concentrate on prevention, mitigation, preparedness, and rehabilitation and reconstruction phases. • It also formulates appropriate policies and guidelines for effective and synergised national disaster response and relief. • The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) under the Chairmanship of the Prime Minister is the apex body responsible for laying down policies, plans and guidelines for disaster management and for coordinating their enforcement and implementation throughout the country. • These policies and guidelines will assist the Central Ministries, State Governments and district administration to formulate their respective plans and programmes. • NDMA has the power to approve the National Plans and the Plans of the respective Ministries and Departments of Government of India. • It also directs and controls National Disaster Response Force (NDRF).