Discourse analysis session 7_14_11_2021 Cohesion.pdf
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This document provides an overview of conjunctions and lexical cohesion. It discusses the four categories of conjunctions - additive, adversative, causal, and temporal. Examples are provided for each category. Lexical cohesion is explained as being achieved through reiteration and collocation. Reiteration involves repetition, synonyms, superordinates, and general nouns. Collocation refers to words that commonly co-occur. References for further reading are included at the end.
Discourse analysis session 7_14_11_2021 Cohesion.pdf
- 1. Department of English Language and Literature Major: English Language and Literature Discourse Analysis Sessions 7 Dr. Badriya Al Mamari Academic year 2021/2022
- 2. 4.Conjunctions a word or group of words used to connect words, phrases, or clauses. They mark certain relationsips between clauses and sentences There are four categories: • 1.Additive • 2.Adversative • 3.Causal • 4.Temporal
- 3. Examples: ➢For the whole day he climbed up the steep mountainside, almost without stopping. And in all this time he met no one. ►Additive Yet he was hardly aware of being tired. ►Adversative So by the night time the valley was far below him.► Causal Then, as dusk fell, he sat down to rest. ►Temporal
- 4. 1.Additive type The additive is a kind of conjunctive relation which is closer to coordination (Additive words). Additive words are such as and, also, nor, or else, moreover, in addition, besides, by the way, that is, likewise, similarly, conversely, thus, for instance. Examples: 1.My client says he does not know his witness. Further, he denies ever having seen her. 2.Perhaps she missed her train. Or else she’s changed her mind and isn’t coming.
- 5. 2.Adversative type The basic meaning of the adversative relation is ‘contrary to expectation’ (contrast words). Adversative words are such as yet, but, however, despite this, on the other hand, in fact, instead, either way, anyhow, nevertheless, rather etc. Examples: 1.All the figures were correct; they’d been checked. Yet the total came out wrong. 2.We maybe back tonight; I’m not sure. Either way, just make yourself at home.
- 6. 3.Causal type Causal relation involves primarily reason, result and purpose relations between the sentences. Causal words are such as so, thus, hence, therefore, arising out of this, in that case, otherwise, because, as a result (of this), on this basis, accordingly. Examples: 1.You are not leaving, are you? Because I’ve got something to say to you. 2. I was not informed. Otherwise I should have taken some action.
- 7. 4.Temporal type The relation between two successive sentences. Conjunctions of this type are such as then, next, afterward, previously, finally, at last, meanwhile, next day, first, from now on, to sum up, in short, henceforward, hitherto, up to now, this time etc. Examples: 1. The weather cleared just as the party approached the summit. Until then they had been nothing of the panaroma around them. 2. At last, he finished the rehersal for his role.
- 8. Coordinating conjunctions Subordinating conjunctions connect words, phrases, or clauses of equal grammatical rank. For, and, nor, but, or, yet, so e.g. I used phonics in learning to read, and so did you. connect clauses that are of subordinate importance to the independent clause or to some element in the main clause. although, except, though, while, if, whether as, as if, where, wherever, in order that, so that, after, as long as, as soon as, before, since, when etc. e.g. Though he seemed to be tired, he did not refused to go out.
- 10. Halliday & Hasan's Taxonomy of Cohesive Devices : • Lexical Cohesion is achieved by the selection of vocabulary. Types of Lexical Cohesion : • Reiteration • Collocation
- 11. Reiteration : ❖a form of lexical cohesion which involves repetition, synonym or near synonym,superordinate and a general noun. Examples: 1.Pollution of our environment has occurred for centuries, but it has become a significant health problem only within the last century. Atmospheric pollution contributes to respiratory disease, and to lung cancer in particular. Other health problems directly related to air pollutants include heart disease, eye irritation and so on. Repetition
- 12. 2.Henry’s has bought a new jaguar. He practically lives in the car. Superordinate 3.I turned to the ascent of the peak.The climb is perfectly is easy. Synonym 4.I turned to the ascent of the peak. The thing is perfectly is easy. General noun 5.There is a boy climbing that tree. The lad is going to fall if he doesn’t take care. Near -Synonym
- 13. Collocation : ❖ Cohesion that is achieved through the association of lexical items that regularly co-occur. ❖ These lexical items or words tend to occur in similar environments. ❖For instance; hair/comb, reader/writer, door/window, chair/table, north/south, peace/war, bee/honey etc. Example: Why do boys don’t concentrate on their studies. Girls are more responsible.
- 14. References: • Cutting, J. (2005). Pragmatics and discourse: A resource book for students. Routledge. • Halliday & Hasan (1976). Cohesion in English. Longman. London & Newyork. • Hyland, K. (2006). English for Academic Purposes. Routledge, Great Britain. • Reid, J.M. The Process of Composition. Second Edition. Prentice Hall Regents.