Ecosystem
- 1. Dr. Rachana Choudhary Department of Microbiology Shri Shankaracharya Mahavidyalaya Junwani, Bhilai
- 2. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION HISTORY MAJOR COMPONENTS OF ECOSYSTEM FOOD CHAIN FOOD WEB ENERGY TRANSFER TYPES OF ECOSYSTEM REFERENCE
- 3. ECOSYSTEM An ecosystem is a community of living organisms in conjunction with the non-living components of their environment (things like air, water and mineral soil) interacting as a system.
- 4. HISTORY • The Term “ECOSYSTEM” Was First Used In 1935 By British Ecologist ARTHUR TANSLEY. • Howard T. Odum And Eugene P.ODUM Study The Flow Of Energy In Ecosystem.
- 6. MAJOR COMPONENTS OF ECOSYSTEM
- 7. MAJOR COMPONENTS OF ECOSYSTEM • ABIOTIC COMPONENTS: Consist of all non- living elements. They include water, air,temperature & the rocks, minerals, that take up the soil. • BIOTIC COMPONENTS: PRODUCER- They are the living organisms in the ecosystem that take in energy from sunlight and use it to tansform carbon dioxide & oxygen into sugar. Eg : plants,algae & photosynthetic bacteria.
- 9. Climatic factors Temperature: Direct effect on metabolism by controlling body chemistry and reactions. Light: rate of photosynthesis, flowering, dormancy, and leaf fall. Water: Water as a universal solvent, medium for biochemical processes. Wind:- Wind action accelerates transpiration process, Strong winds may induce physical damage on plant structure and distribution of seeds and small animals. Edaphic Factors: Edaphic factors which are related to the structure and composition of soil including its physical and chemical properties, like soil and its types, soil profile, minerals, organic matter, soil water, soil organisms. More nutrients in soil for plant growth means greater productivity.
- 10. BIOTIC COMPONENTS PRODUCER- They are the living organisms in the ecosystem that take in energy from sunlight and use it to transform carbon dioxide & oxygen into sugar. Eg : Plants Algae & Photosynthetic bacteria.
- 11. BIOTIC COMPONENTS CONSUMERS: They are also living organisms in the ecosystem that get energy from consuming other organisms. They are further subdivided by what they eat. HERBIVORES: Eat producers. CARNIVORES: eat other animals. OMNIVORES: Eat both. They harvest only 10% of the energy contained in what they eat.
- 12. BIOTIC COMPONENTS • DECOMPOSERS: They are also living component of ecosystem that break down waste material and dead organisms in simpler form. Eg: Earthworm, dung beetles and many species of fungi and bacteria
- 13. FOOD CHAIN • A food chain is a linear sequence of organisms through which nutrients and energy pass as one organisms eats another. • It show how the organisms are related to each other by the food they eat. • Each step of food chain represent different trophic level. • It was first represented by first african arab scientist AL-JAHIZ in 1927
- 14. FOOD CHAIN fig: Steps in food chain
- 15. Types of food chain • Grazing food chain: This food chain starts from living green plants goes to grazing herbivores,& on to carnivores & finally ends with a decomposers. Phytoplankton Zooplankton Planktivores Small fish Large fish • Detritus food chain: This type of food chain starts from dead organic matter onto microorganisms, then to the organism feeding on detritus & their predators.
- 16. FOOD WEB • It consist of many interconnected food chains and are more realistic representation of consumption relationships in ecosystems. • Another name for food web is consumer-resource system. Charles Elton pioneered the concept of food WEB.
- 18. ENERGY TRANSFER • Energy is transferred between trophic levels which one organisms eats another and gets the energy rich molecules from its prey’s body. • Processes that reduce the energy transferred between trophic levels include respiration, growth and reproduction. • Energy is not recycled during decomposition, but rather is released, mostly as heat.
- 23. FRESH WATER ECOSYSTEM • They are a subset of earth’s aquatic ecosystem. • They include lakes, Ponds, River . • It can be divided into lentic ecosystem and lotic ecosystem.
- 24. POND ECOSYSTEM
- 25. LAKE ECOSYSTEM
- 26. MARINE ECOSYSTEM • They are among the largest of earth’s aquatic ecosystem. • They include salt marshes, intertidal zones, Estuaries’ lagoons, Mangrove, coral reefs, the deep sea & the sea floor. • It cover two-third of the surface of the earth Earth.
- 27. MARINE ECOSYSTEM
- 28. REFERENCE • Textbook of Microbiology: R.C. Dubey and D.K. Maheshwari • Book of Zoology: Dr. H. N.Baijal • Google: Wikipedia
- 29. THANK YOU