ELECTRONICS LAB WORK
- 1. Sarhad University OF Science & IT Peshawar ELECTRONICS LAB WORK 2014 SUBMITTER TO: MR.SHAHID LATIF SUBMITTED BY:WAQAS AHMAD TELECOMMUNICATION AND NETWORKING SU-12-01-003-005
- 2. WAQASAHMAD Telecommunication Page 1 LAB#01 INTRODUCATION TO VARIOUS LAB INSTRUMENTS AND COMPONENTS Resister Those type of electricdeviceswhichdecreasesthe currentorvoltage. Capacitor Those type of electricdeviceswhichstore electricityinthe formof electricfield. Inductor Inductorsare alsolike acapacitor but itstore electricityinthe formof magnetic field. Ammeter Ammeteristhattype of electrical device whichisusedformeasuringthe current.
- 3. WAQASAHMAD Telecommunication Page 2 There are followingtypes. Volt meter: Usedfor measuringthe voltage. Ohm meter: Ohmmeteristhat device whichisusedtomeasure the resistance. DMM Its meansdigital multi meterDMMissimplyanalogmeteralsocalled continuousmeter. Bread Board That device whichtrainsthe circuititalsocalledtrainercircuit. Audio Generator The device whichchangesthe currentfrequencyandincrease ordecrease the frequency. Power Supply That device whichmake the current constant
- 4. WAQASAHMAD Telecommunication Page 3 DC Supply Whichgive DC voltage. AC Supply Whichgive ACvoltage. Transformer That electrical device whichincrease ordecrease the current Step up Whichconvertthe lowvoltage to highvoltage Step down Which convertthe highvoltage tolow voltage
- 5. WAQASAHMAD Telecommunication Page 4 LAB #02 TO CALCULATE THE VALUE OF VERIOUS RESISTERS USING COLOUR CODING DIGITAL MULTIMETER (DMM) COMPONENTS: Resistors Calculator Digital multimeter (DMM) PROCEDUDRE: The resistors are used to low the original or high current .If there is different ohms of resistors and we don’t know the value. So we find its value by two methods. First method is colour coding we have differ value for any color and second method is DMM (digital multimeter).It is very simple method. We attach one cable to one side of resistor second to second. COLOUR CODING COLOUR CODING BLACK 0 BROWN 1 RED 2 ORANGE 3 YELLOW 4 GREEN 5 BLUE 6 VIOLET,PURPULE 7 GREY 8 WHITE 9
- 6. WAQASAHMAD Telecommunication Page 5 TOLERANCE: - SILVER = 10% GOLD = 5% RED = 2% BROWN= 1% S.NO COLOUR NAME COLOUR TOLERANCE COLOUR CODING OHMIC VALUE TOLERANCE VALUE DMM RESISTANCE VALUE 1 BROWN, BLACK, RED GOLD 1000 Ω 1000*5/100=50 Ω 985 Ω 2 RED, BLACK, YELLOW GOLD 200000Ω 200000*5/100= 10000 Ω 199 kΩ 3 BLUE, GREY, BROWN SILVER 680 Ω 680*10/100=68 Ω 675 Ω 4 RED, BLACK, ORANGE GOLD 20000 Ω 20000*5/100= 1000 Ω 20.2 kΩ
- 7. WAQASAHMAD Telecommunication Page 6 LAB #03 TO INAVESTIGATE THE WORKING AND VI CHARACTERISTIC OF P-N JUNCATION DIODE IN FORWARD BIAS MODE REVERSE BIAS MODE COMPONENTS: PN-junction diode Digital multimeter (DMM) PROCEDUDRE: In this lab we discuss the diode in forward bias mode and reverse bias mode with the help of DMM When we attach the positive terminal of DMM to the positive terminal of diode and negative terminal of DMM to the negative terminal of diode. The DMM show the continuity .It is in forward bias mode. And when we attach the positive terminal of DMM to the negative terminal of diode and negative terminal of DMM to the positive terminal of diode. The DMM show the no continuity. It is in reverse bias mode. If the diode shows the continuity on both biased so the diode is damage. FORWARD BIAS MODEREVERSE BIAS MODE
- 8. WAQASAHMAD Telecommunication Page 7 S.NO TEST POSITION FORWARD Ω TEST POSITION REVERSE Ω 1 0.575V 1.67K 0L 0L 2 0.519V 1.456K 0L 0L 3 0.563V 1.604K 0L 0L
- 9. WAQASAHMAD Telecommunication Page 8 LAB #04 TO STUDY THE CONSTRUCATION WORKING AND OUTPUT WAVEFORM OF HALF WAVE-RECTIFIER CIRCUIT POSTIVE HALF WAVE-RECTIFIER NEGATIVE HALF WAVE-RECTIFIER COMPONENTS: PN-junction diode AC voltage Source Resister (1 kΩ) Ground cable .2 Oscilloscope A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC), which flows in only one direction. The process is known as rectification. In half wave rectification, either the positive or negative half of the AC wave is passed, while other half is blocked. PROCEDUDRE: In this lab we make the half wave rectifier circuit. We connect the positive terminal of AC voltage Source to the PN-junction diode and the diode is connected to Resister (1 kΩ) is connected to negative terminal with AC voltage Source and ground the whole circuit. Oscilloscope having two channels. The channel (A) is connected near to the positive terminal of AC voltage Source and channel (B) is connected between the diode and Resister. Channel (A) is used for to show input wave form and channel (B) is used for to show output wave form.
- 10. WAQASAHMAD Telecommunication Page 9 POSTIVE HALF WAVE-RECTIFIER NEGATIVE HALF WAVE-RECTIFIER
- 11. WAQASAHMAD Telecommunication Page 10 LAB #05 TO UNDERSTAND THE WORKING CONSTRUCTION AND OUTPUT WAVEFORM OF THE CENTER TYPE TRANSFORMER FULL WAVEFORM COMPONENTS: PN-junction diode 2 AC voltage Source Center type Transformer Resister (1 kΩ) Ground cable .3 Oscilloscope A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC), which flows in only one direction. The process is known as rectification. In full wave rectification, either the positive or negative full of the AC wave is passed. PROCEDUDRE: In this lab we make the full wave rectifier circuit. We connect the positive terminal of AC voltage Source to the one terminal of Transformer and negative terminal of AC voltage Source connect to second terminal Transformer and other side of transformer one terminal is connect to PN-junction diode and the second diode is connected to the second terminal of transformer the both diodes is in forward bias. We take the center type of transformer and ground. The one side of Resister (1 kΩ) is connected between the two diode and other side ground. Oscilloscope having two channels. The channel (A) is connected near to the positive terminal of AC voltage Source and channel (B) is connected to the resister side which is connected between the diodes and Resister. And ground alsothe Oscilloscope
- 12. WAQASAHMAD Telecommunication Page 11 LAB#06 TO UNDERSTAND THE CONSTRUCTION WORKING AND OUTPUT WAVE FORM OF BRIDGE FULL WAVE RECTIFIER CIRCUIT COMPONENTS: AC voltage Source Resister Bridge diodes Grounds cables Oscilloscope A rectifier is an electrical device that converts the alternating current (AC),to direct current (DC),which flows in only one direction. The process is known as rectification. In the full wave rectification we use the bridge of diodes. In bridge two diodes are in forward bias and other is in reverse bias. Therefore it makes full wave form. PROCEDURE: In this lab we make the full wave rectifier circuit with the help of AC source .AC source is connected to the bridge diode in forward biased and the negative terminal to the other side of the bridge diode and resister is also is connected between the bridge. Oscilloscope Channel (A) is connected near to the positive terminal of the AC source .channel (B) is connected across the resister and ground the oscilloscope.
- 13. WAQASAHMAD Telecommunication Page 12 LAB#07 TO UNDERSTAND THE CONSTRUCTION WORKING AND OUTPUT WAVEFORM OF CLIPPER CIRCUIT POSITIVE CLIPPER NEGATIVECLIPPER DUAL CLIPPER BIASED CLIPPER COMPONENTS: PN-junction diode 2 AC voltage Source Resister (1 kΩ) Ground cable .3
- 14. WAQASAHMAD Telecommunication Page 13 Batteries Oscilloscope Clipper is an electrical device which cut off voltage above or below specified levels. Clipper also called diode limiter. It add a dc level to an ac voltage PROCEDUDRE: In this lab we make the clipper circuits. We connect the AC voltage Source to the Resister (1 kΩ) to the PN-junction diode and ground. Oscilloscope The channel (A) is connected near to the positive terminal of AC voltage Source and channel (B) is connected to between the resister and diode. This is positive clipper. In this when the diode is reverse so it becomes Negative clipper. And when connect two diodes one in forward and second is in reverse it become dual clipper. And when we connect the batteries in reverse biased. It is biased clipper. POSITIVE CLIPPER NEGATIVE CLIPPER
- 15. WAQASAHMAD Telecommunication Page 14 DUAL CLIPPER BIASEDCLIPPER
- 17. WAQASAHMAD Telecommunication Page 16 LAB#08 TO UNDERSTAND THE CONSTRUCTION WORKING AND OUTPUT WAVEFORM OF CLAMPER CIRCUIT POSITIVE CLAMPER NEGATIVE CLAMPER COMPONENTS: PN-junction diode AC voltage Source Polarized Capacitor Ground cable Oscilloscope Clamper is an electrical device which adds the capacitor voltage with the AC voltage Source. PROCEUDRE: In this lab we make the clipper circuits. We connect the AC voltage Source to the Polarized Capacitor to the PN-junction diode in reverse mode and ground the whole cirtcuit.Oscilloscope the channel (A) is connected near to the positive terminal of AC voltage Source and channel (B) is connected between the Polarized Capacitor and diode in reverse mode. This is positive clamper circuit. In this when the diode is forward mode so it becomes Negative clamper. POSITIVE CLAMPER
- 18. WAQASAHMAD Telecommunication Page 17 NEGATIVE CLAMPER
- 19. WAQASAHMAD Telecommunication Page 18 LAB#09 TO UNDERSTAND HOW TRANSISTOR (BJT) WILL WORK AS A SWITCH COMPONENTS: Audio frequency Generator / function Generator Oscilloscope Ground cable.4 Resistor R1 3.3kΩ Resistor R2 270 Ω NPN Transistor 2N2222 Light Emitting Diode LED Battery 9v Transistor is use as a switch and an amplifier PROCEUDRE: In this lab we make the Transistor (BJT) will work as a Switch circuits. We connect the AFG negative terminal to the ground second terminal to the Resistor R1 3.3kΩ to the base of NPN Transistor 2N2222 the collector is connected to the negative terminal of LED positive terminal is connected to the Resistor R2 270 Ω with the positive terminal of Battery 9v and negative ground and the Emitter of Transistor to ground. Oscilloscope The channel (A) is connected between the positive terminal and R1. And channel (B) is connected between the LED and R2.