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The document discusses various types of threaded fasteners used in automotive applications including bolts, nuts, washers, and studs. It describes fractional and metric bolt sizing conventions as well as different screw head styles. The summary also mentions grades of bolts based on tensile strength and common hand tools used with fasteners like wrenches, sockets, ratchets, and torque wrenches. Safety tips are provided for using these tools to avoid rounding or damaging fasteners.

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CHAPTER 1 Service Information, Tools and Safety
THREADED FASTENERS BOLTS AND THREADS Most of the threaded fasteners used on vehicles are bolts . Bolts are called cap screws when they are threaded into a casting. Automotive service technicians usually refer to these fasteners as bolts , regardless of how they are used. Sometimes, studs are used for threaded fasteners. A stud is a short rod with threads on both ends. Often, a stud will have coarse threads on one end and fine threads on the other end. The end of the stud with coarse threads is screwed into the casting. A nut is used on the opposite end to hold the parts together.
THREADED FASTENERS BOLTS AND THREADS FIGURE 1–7 The dimensions of a typical bolt showing where sizes are measured.
THREADED FASTENERS FRACTIONAL BOLTS Fractional threads are either coarse or fine. The coarse threads are called unified national coarse (UNC) , and the fine threads are called unified national fine (UNF) . Standard combinations of sizes and number of threads per inch (called pitch ) are used. FIGURE 1–8 Thread pitch gauge used to measure the pitch of the thread. This bolt has 13 threads to the inch.
THREADED FASTENERS FRACTIONAL BOLTS American standard is one method of sizing fasteners.
How Many Types of Screw Heads Are Used in Automotive Applications? There are many, including Torx, hex (also called Allen), plus many others used in custom vans and motor homes.
How Many Types of Screw Heads Are Used in Automotive Applications? FIGURE 1–9 Bolts and screws have many different heads which determine what tool is needed.
THREADED FASTENERS METRIC BOLTS The size of a metric bolt is specified by the letter M followed by the diameter in millimeters (mm) across the outside (crest) of the threads. Typical metric sizes would be M8 and M12. Fine metric threads are specified by the thread diameter followed by X and the distance between the threads measured in millimeters (M8 X 1.5).
THREADED FASTENERS METRIC BOLTS FIGURE 1–10 The metric system specifies fasteners by diameter, length, and pitch.
THREADED FASTENERS GRADES OF BOLTS Bolts are made from many different types of steel, and for this reason some are stronger than others. The strength or classification of a bolt is called the grade . The bolt heads are marked to indicate their grade strength. FIGURE 1–11 Stronger threads are created by cold-rolling a heat-treated bolt blank instead of cutting the threads, using a die.
THREADED FASTENERS TENSILE STRENGTH OF FASTENERS Graded fasteners have a higher tensile strength than nongraded fasteners. Tensile strength is the maximum stress used under tension lengthwise force) without causing failure of the fastener. Tensile strength is specified in pounds per square inch (psi). The strength and type of steel used in a bolt is supposed to be indicated by a raised mark on the head of the bolt.
THREADED FASTENERS TENSILE STRENGTH OF FASTENERS The tensile strength rating system as specified by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE).
THREADED FASTENERS TENSILE STRENGTH OF FASTENERS FIGURE 1–12 Metric bolt (cap screw) grade markings and approximate tensile strength.
A 1/2-Inch Wrench Does Not Fit a 1/2-Inch Bolt A common mistake made by persons new to the automotive field is to think that the size of a bolt or nut is the size of the head. The size of the bolt or nut (outside diameter of the threads) is usually smaller than the size of the wrench or socket that fits the head of the bolt or nut.
THREADED FASTENERS NUTS Nuts are the female part of a threaded fastener. Most nuts used on cap screws have the same hex size as the cap screw head. Some inexpensive nuts use a hex size larger than the cap screw head. Metric nuts are often marked with dimples to show their strength. More dimples indicate stronger nuts. Some nuts and cap screws use interference fit threads to keep them from accidentally loosening.
THREADED FASTENERS NUTS FIGURE 1–13 Nuts come in a variety of styles, including locking (prevailing torque) types, such as the distorted thread and nylon insert type.
It Just Takes a Second Whenever removing any automotive component, it is wise to screw the bolts back into the holes a couple of threads by hand. This ensures that the right bolt will be used in its original location when the component or part is put back on the vehicle. Often, the same diameter of fastener is used on a component, but the length of the bolt may vary. Spending just a couple of seconds to put the bolts and nuts back where they belong when the part is removed can save a lot of time when the part is being reinstalled. Besides making certain that the right fastener is being installed in the right place, this method helps prevent bolts and nuts from getting lost or kicked away.
THREADED FASTENERS WASHERS Washers are often used under cap screw heads and under nuts. Plain flat washers are used to provide an even clamping load around the fastener. Lock washers are added to prevent accidental loosening. In some accessories, the washers are locked onto the nut to provide easy assembly. FIGURE 1–14 Washers come in a variety of styles, including flat and serrated used to help prevent a fastener from loosening.
HAND TOOLS WRENCHES Wrenches are the most used hand tool by service technicians. Wrenches are used to grasp and rotate threaded fasteners. Most wrenches are constructed of forged alloy steel, usually chrome-vanadium steel. FIGURE 1–15 A forged wrench after it has been forged but before the flashing, extra material around the wrench, has been removed.
HAND TOOLS WRENCHES OPEN-END WRENCH BOX-END WRENCH ADJUSTABLE WRENCH LINE WRENCHES
HAND TOOLS WRENCHES FIGURE 1–16 A typical open-end wrench. The size is different on each end and notice that the head is angled 15 degrees at the end.
HAND TOOLS WRENCHES FIGURE 1–17 The end of a box-end wrench is angled 15 degrees to allow clearance for nearby objects or other fasteners.
HAND TOOLS WRENCHES FIGURE 1–18 A combination wrench has an open end at one end and a box end at the other end.
HAND TOOLS WRENCHES FIGURE 1–19 An adjustable wrench. Adjustable wrenches are sized by the overall length of the wrench and not by how far the jaws open. Common sizes of adjustable wrenches include 8, 10, and 12 inch.
HAND TOOLS WRENCHES FIGURE 1–20 The end of a typical line wrench, which shows that it is capable of grasping most of the head of the fitting.
Hide Those from the Boss An apprentice technician started working for a dealership and put his top tool box on a workbench. Another technician observed that, along with a complete set of good-quality tools, the box contained several adjustable wrenches. The more experienced technician said, “Hide those from the boss.” The boss does not want any service technician to use adjustable wrenches. If any adjustable wrench is used on a bolt or nut, the movable jaw often moves or loosens and starts to round the head of the fastener. If the head of the bolt or nut becomes rounded, it becomes that much more difficult to remove.
HAND TOOLS SAFE USE OF WRENCHES Wrenches should be inspected before use to be sure they are not cracked, bent, or damaged. All wrenches should be cleaned after use before being returned to the tool box. Always use the correct size of wrench for the fastener being loosened or tightened to help prevent the rounding of the flats of the fastener. When attempting to loosen a fastener, pull a wrench—do not push a wrench.
HAND TOOLS SAFE USE OF WRENCHES If a wrench is pushed, your knuckles can be hurt when forced into another object if the fastener breaks loose or if the wrench slips. Always keep wrenches and all hand tools clean to help prevent rust and to allow for a better, firmer grip. Never expose any tool to excessive heat. High temperatures can reduce the strength (“draw the temper”) of metal tools.
HAND TOOLS RATCHETS, SOCKETS, AND EXTENSIONS A socket fits over the fastener and grips the points and/or flats of the bolt or nut. The socket is rotated (driven) using either a long bar called a breaker bar (flex handle) or a ratchet. FIGURE 1–21 A typical ratchet used to rotate a socket. A ratchet makes a ratcheting noise when it is being rotated in the opposite direction from loosening or tightening. A knob or lever on the ratchet allows the user to switch directions.
HAND TOOLS RATCHETS, SOCKETS, AND EXTENSIONS FIGURE 1–22 A typical flex handle used to rotate a socket, also called a breaker bar because it usually has a longer handle than a ratchet and therefore, can be used to apply more torque to a fastener than a ratchet.
HAND TOOLS RATCHETS, SOCKETS, AND EXTENSIONS DRIVE SIZE REGULAR AND DEEP WELL
HAND TOOLS RATCHETS, SOCKETS, AND EXTENSIONS FIGURE 1–23 The most commonly used socket drive sizes include 1/4-inch, 3/8-inch, and 1/2-inch drive.
HAND TOOLS RATCHETS, SOCKETS, AND EXTENSIONS FIGURE 1–24 A 6-point socket fits the head of a bolt or nut on all sides. A 12-point socket can round off the head of a bolt or nut if a lot of force is applied.
HAND TOOLS RATCHETS, SOCKETS, AND EXTENSIONS FIGURE 1–25 Allows access to the nut that has a stud plus other locations needing great depth, such as spark plugs.
HAND TOOLS TORQUE WRENCHES Torque wrenches are socket turning handles that are designed to apply a known amount of force to the fastener. There are two basic types of torque wrenches including: Clicker type Beam-type
HAND TOOLS TORQUE WRENCHES FIGURE 1–26 Using a clicker-type torque wrench to tighten connecting rod nuts on an engine.
HAND TOOLS TORQUE WRENCHES FIGURE 1–27 A beam-type torque wrench that displays the torque reading on the face of the dial. The beam display is read as the beam deflects, which is in proportion to the amount of torque applied to the fastener.
HAND TOOLS SAFE USE OF SOCKETS AND RATCHETS Always use the proper size socket that correctly fits the bolt or nut. All sockets and ratchets should be cleaned after use before being placed back into the tool box. Sockets are available in short and deep well designs. Never expose any tool to excessive heat. High temperatures can reduce the strength (“draw the temper”) of metal tools. Never use a hammer on a socket handle unless you are using a special “staking face” wrench designed to be used with a hammer. Replace any tools that are damaged or worn. Also select the appropriate drive size.
Check Torque Wrench Calibration Regularly Torque wrenches should be checked regularly. For example, Honda has a torque wrench calibration setup at each of their training centers. It is expected that a torque wrench be checked for accuracy before every use. Most experts recommend that torque wrenches be checked and adjusted as needed at least every year and more often if possible.
HAND TOOLS SAFE USE OF SOCKETS AND RATCHETS FIGURE 1–28 Torque wrench calibration checker.
Use Socket Adapters with Caution A socket adapter allows the use of one size of socket and another drive size ratchet or breaker bar. Socket adapters are available and can be used for different drive size sockets on a ratchet. Combinations include: 1/4-in. drive—3/8-in. sockets 3/8-in. drive—1/4-in. sockets 3/8-in. drive—1/2-in. sockets 1/2-in. drive—3/8-in. sockets Using a larger drive ratchet or breaker bar on a smaller size socket can cause the application of too much force to the socket, which could crack or shatter. Using a smaller size drive tool on a larger socket will usually not cause any harm, but would greatly reduce the amount of torque that can be applied to the bolt or nut.
HAND TOOLS SCREWDRIVERS STRAIGHT-BLADE SCREWDRIVER PHILLIPS SCREWDRIVER OFFSET SCREWDRIVERS IMPACT SCREWDRIVER
Avoid Using “Cheater Bars” Whenever a fastener is difficult to remove, some technicians will insert the handle of a ratchet or a breaker bar into a length of steel pipe sometimes called a cheater bar. The extra length of the pipe allows the technician to exert more torque than can be applied using the drive handle alone. However, the extra torque can easily overload the socket and ratchet, causing them to break or shatter, which could cause personal injury.
HAND TOOLS SCREWDRIVERS FIGURE 1–29 A flat-tip (straight-blade) screwdriver. The width of the blade should match the width of the slot in the fastener being loosened or tightened.
HAND TOOLS SCREWDRIVERS FIGURE 1–30 Two stubby screwdrivers that are used to access screws that have limited space above. A straight blade is on top and a #2 Phillips screwdriver is on the bottom.
HAND TOOLS SCREWDRIVERS FIGURE 1–31 An offset screwdriver is used to install or remove fasteners that do not have enough space above to use a conventional screwdriver.
HAND TOOLS SCREWDRIVERS FIGURE 1–32 An impact screwdriver used to remove slotted or Phillips head fasteners that cannot be broken loose using a standard screwdriver.
HAND TOOLS SAFE USE OF SCREWDRIVERS Always use the proper type and size screwdriver that matches the fastener. Try to avoid pressing down on a screwdriver because if it slips, the screwdriver tip could go into your hand, causing serious personal injury. All screwdrivers should be cleaned after use. Do not use a screwdriver as a prybar; always use the correct tool for the job.
HAND TOOLS HAMMERS AND MALLETS Hammers and mallets are used to force objects together or apart. The shape of the back part of the hammer head (called the peen ) usually determines the name. FIGURE 1–33 A typical ball-peen hammer.
What Is a Robertson Screwdriver? A Canadian named P. L. Robertson invented the Robertson screw and screwdriver in 1908, which uses a square-shaped tip with a slight taper. The Robertson screwdriver uses color-coded handles because different size screws required different tip sizes. The color and sizes include: Orange (#00)—Number 1 and 2 screws Yellow (#0)—Number 3 and 4 screws Green (#1)—Number 5, 6, and 7 screws Red (#2)—Number 8, 9, and 10 screws Black (#3)—Number 12 and larger screws The Robertson screws are rarely found in the United States but are common in Canada.
HAND TOOLS HAMMERS AND MALLETS FIGURE 1–34 A rubber mallet used to deliver a force to an object without harming the surface.
HAND TOOLS HAMMERS AND MALLETS FIGURE 1–35 A dead-blow hammer that was left outside in freezing weather. The plastic covering was damaged, which destroyed this hammer. The lead shot is encased in the metal housing and then covered.
HAND TOOLS SAFE USE OF HAMMERS AND MALLETS All mallets and hammers should be cleaned after use and not exposed to extreme temperatures. Never use a hammer or mallet that is damaged in any way and always use caution to avoid doing damage to the components and the surrounding area. Always follow the hammer manufacturer’s recommended procedures and practices.
HAND TOOLS PLIERS SLIP-JOINT PLIERS MULTIGROOVE ADJUSTABLE PLIERS LINESMAN’S PLIERS DIAGONAL PLIERS NEEDLE-NOSE PLIERS LOCKING PLIERS SNAP-RING PLIERS
HAND TOOLS PLIERS FIGURE 1–36 Typical slip-joint pliers is a common household pliers. The slip joint allows the jaws to be opened to two different settings.
HAND TOOLS PLIERS FIGURE 1–37 Multigroove adjustable pliers is known by many names, including the trade name “Channel Locks.”
HAND TOOLS PLIERS FIGURE 1–38 Linesman’s pliers are very useful because it can help perform many automotive service jobs.
HAND TOOLS PLIERS FIGURE 1–39 Diagonal-cut pliers is another common tool that has many names.
HAND TOOLS PLIERS FIGURE 1–40 Needle-nose pliers are used where there is limited access to a wire or pin that needs to be installed or removed.
HAND TOOLS PLIERS FIGURE 1–41 Locking pliers are best known by their trade name Vise Grips.
HAND TOOLS PLIERS FIGURE 1–42 Snap-ring pliers are also called lock ring pliers and most are designed to remove internal and external snap rings (lock rings).
HAND TOOLS SAFE USE OF PLIERS Pliers should not be used to remove any bolt or other fastener. Pliers should only be used when specified for use by the vehicle manufacturer.
HAND TOOLS FILES Files are used to smooth metal and are constructed of hardened steel with diagonal rows of teeth. Files are available with a single row of teeth called a single cut file , as well as two rows of teeth cut at an opposite angle called a double cut file . Files are available in a variety of shapes and sizes from small flat files, half-round files, and triangular files.
HAND TOOLS FILES FIGURE 1–43 Files come in many different shapes and sizes. Never use a file without a handle.
HAND TOOLS SAFE USE OF FILES Always use a file with a handle. Because files only cut when moved forward, a handle must be attached to prevent possible personal injury. After making a forward strike, lift the file and return the file to the starting position; avoid dragging the file backward.
Brand Name versus Proper Term Technicians often use slang or brand names of tools rather than the proper term. This results in some confusion for new technicians.
HAND TOOLS SNIPS Service technicians are often asked to fabricate sheet metal brackets or heat shields and need to use one or more types of cutters available called snips . Tin snips are the simplest and are designed to make straight cuts in a variety of materials, such as sheet steel, aluminum, or even fabric. A variation of the tin snips is called aviation tin snips . There are three designs of aviation snips including one designed to cut straight (called a straight cut aviation snip ), one designed to cut left (called an offset left aviation snip ), and one designed to cut right (called an offset right aviation snip ).
HAND TOOLS SNIPS FIGURE 1–44 Tin snips are used to cut thin sheets of metal or carpet.
HAND TOOLS UTILITY KNIFE A utility knife uses a replaceable blade and is used to cut a variety of materials such as carpet, plastic, wood, and paper products, such as cardboard. FIGURE 1–45 A utility knife uses replaceable blades and is used to cut carpet and other materials.
HAND TOOLS SAFE USE OF CUTTERS Whenever using cutters, always wear eye protection or a face shield to guard against the possibility of metal pieces being ejected during the cut. Always follow recommended procedures.
HAND TOOLS PUNCHES A punch is a small diameter steel rod that has a smaller diameter ground at one end. A punch is used to drive a pin out that is used to retain two components. Punches come in a variety of sizes, which are measured across the diameter of the machined end. Sizes include 1/16, 1/8, 3/16, and 1/4. FIGURE 1–46 A punch used to drive pins from assembled components. This type of punch is also called a pin punch.
HAND TOOLS CHISELS A chisel has a straight, sharp cutting end that is used for cutting off rivets or to separate two pieces of an assembly. The most common design of chisel used for automotive service work is called a cold chisel .
HAND TOOLS SAFE USE OF PUNCHES AND CHISELS Always wear eye protection when using a punch or a chisel because the hardened steel is brittle and parts of the punch could fly off and cause serious personal injury. FIGURE 1–47 Warning stamped on the side of a punch warning that goggles should be worn when using this tool. Always follow safety warnings.
HAND TOOLS SAFE USE OF PUNCHES AND CHISELS FIGURE 1–48 Use a grinder or a file to remove the mushroom material on the end of a punch or chisel.
HAND TOOLS HACKSAWS A hacksaw is used to cut metals, such as steel, aluminum, brass, or copper. The cutting blade of a hacksaw is replaceable and the sharpness and number of teeth can be varied to meet the needs of the job. Use 14 or 18 teeth per inch (TPI) for cutting plaster or soft metals, such as aluminum and copper. Use 24 or 32 teeth per inch for steel or pipe. Hacksaw blades should be installed with the teeth pointing away from the handle. This means that a hacksaw only cuts while the blade is pushed in the forward direction.
HAND TOOLS HACKSAWS FIGURE 1–49 A typical hacksaw that is used to cut metal. If cutting sheet metal or thin objects, a blade with more teeth should be used.
HAND TOOLS SAFE USE OF HACKSAWS Check that the hacksaw is equipped with the correct blade for the job and that the teeth are pointed away from the handle. When using a hacksaw, move the hacksaw slowly away from you, then lift slightly and return for another cut.
TOOL SETS AND ACCESSORIES FIGURE 1–50 A typical beginning technician tool set that includes the basic tools to get started.
TOOL SETS AND ACCESSORIES FIGURE 1–51 A typical large tool box, showing just one of many drawers.
Need to Borrow a Tool More Than Twice? Buy It! Most service technicians agree that it is okay for a beginning technician to borrow a tool occasionally. However, if a tool has to be borrowed more than twice, then be sure to purchase it as soon as possible. Also, whenever a tool is borrowed, be sure that you clean the tool and let the technician you borrowed the tool from know that you are returning the tool. These actions will help in any future dealings with other technicians.
ELECTRICAL HAND TOOLS TEST LIGHT A test light is used to test for electricity. A typical automotive test light consists of a clear plastic screwdriver like handle that contains a lightbulb. A wire is attached to one terminal of the bulb, which the technician connects to a clean metal part of the vehicle. The other end of the bulb is attached to a point that can be used to test for electricity at a connector or wire. When there is power at the point and a good connection at the other end, the lightbulb lights.
ELECTRICAL HAND TOOLS TEST LIGHT FIGURE 1–52 A typical 12-volt test light.
ELECTRICAL HAND TOOLS SOLDERING GUNS ELECTRIC SOLDERING GUN ELECTRIC SOLDERING PENCIL BUTANE-POWERED SOLDERING IRON
ELECTRICAL HAND TOOLS SOLDERING GUNS FIGURE 1–53 An electric and butane-powered soldering guns used to make electrical repairs. Soldering guns are sold by the wattage rating. The higher the wattage, the greater amount of heat created. Most solder guns used for automotive electrical work usually fall within the 60- to 160-watt range.
ELECTRICAL HAND TOOLS ELECTRICAL WORK HAND TOOLS In addition to a soldering iron, most service technicians who do electrical-related work should have the following: Wire cutters Wire strippers Wire crimpers Heat gun for heat shrink tubing
ELECTRICAL HAND TOOLS DIGITAL METER A digital meter is a necessary tool for any electrical diagnosis and troubleshooting. A digital multimeter, abbreviated DMM, is usually capable of measuring the following units of electricity: DC volts AC volts Ohms Amperes
HAND TOOL MAINTENANCE Most hand tools are constructed of rust-resistant metals but they can still rust or corrode if not properly maintained. For best results and long tool life, the following steps should be taken: Clean each tool before placing it back into the tool box. Keep tools separated. Moisture on metal tools will start to rust more readily if the tools are in contact with another metal tool. Line the drawers of the tool box with a material that will prevent the tools from moving as the drawers are opened and closed. This helps to quickly locate the proper tool and size. Release the tension on all “clicker-type” torque wrenches. Keep the tool box secure.
What Is an “SST”? Vehicle manufacturers often specify a special service tool (SST) to properly disassemble and assemble components, such as transmissions and other components. These tools are also called special tools and are available from the vehicle manufacturer or their tool supplier, such as Kent-Moore and Miller tools. Many service technicians do not have access to special service tools so they use generic versions that are available from aftermarket sources.

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Service Information, Tools & Safety_chapter_1_part2_lecture_notes

  • 1. CHAPTER 1 Service Information, Tools and Safety
  • 2. THREADED FASTENERS BOLTS AND THREADS Most of the threaded fasteners used on vehicles are bolts . Bolts are called cap screws when they are threaded into a casting. Automotive service technicians usually refer to these fasteners as bolts , regardless of how they are used. Sometimes, studs are used for threaded fasteners. A stud is a short rod with threads on both ends. Often, a stud will have coarse threads on one end and fine threads on the other end. The end of the stud with coarse threads is screwed into the casting. A nut is used on the opposite end to hold the parts together.
  • 3. THREADED FASTENERS BOLTS AND THREADS FIGURE 1–7 The dimensions of a typical bolt showing where sizes are measured.
  • 4. THREADED FASTENERS FRACTIONAL BOLTS Fractional threads are either coarse or fine. The coarse threads are called unified national coarse (UNC) , and the fine threads are called unified national fine (UNF) . Standard combinations of sizes and number of threads per inch (called pitch ) are used. FIGURE 1–8 Thread pitch gauge used to measure the pitch of the thread. This bolt has 13 threads to the inch.
  • 5. THREADED FASTENERS FRACTIONAL BOLTS American standard is one method of sizing fasteners.
  • 6. How Many Types of Screw Heads Are Used in Automotive Applications? There are many, including Torx, hex (also called Allen), plus many others used in custom vans and motor homes.
  • 7. How Many Types of Screw Heads Are Used in Automotive Applications? FIGURE 1–9 Bolts and screws have many different heads which determine what tool is needed.
  • 8. THREADED FASTENERS METRIC BOLTS The size of a metric bolt is specified by the letter M followed by the diameter in millimeters (mm) across the outside (crest) of the threads. Typical metric sizes would be M8 and M12. Fine metric threads are specified by the thread diameter followed by X and the distance between the threads measured in millimeters (M8 X 1.5).
  • 9. THREADED FASTENERS METRIC BOLTS FIGURE 1–10 The metric system specifies fasteners by diameter, length, and pitch.
  • 10. THREADED FASTENERS GRADES OF BOLTS Bolts are made from many different types of steel, and for this reason some are stronger than others. The strength or classification of a bolt is called the grade . The bolt heads are marked to indicate their grade strength. FIGURE 1–11 Stronger threads are created by cold-rolling a heat-treated bolt blank instead of cutting the threads, using a die.
  • 11. THREADED FASTENERS TENSILE STRENGTH OF FASTENERS Graded fasteners have a higher tensile strength than nongraded fasteners. Tensile strength is the maximum stress used under tension lengthwise force) without causing failure of the fastener. Tensile strength is specified in pounds per square inch (psi). The strength and type of steel used in a bolt is supposed to be indicated by a raised mark on the head of the bolt.
  • 12. THREADED FASTENERS TENSILE STRENGTH OF FASTENERS The tensile strength rating system as specified by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE).
  • 13. THREADED FASTENERS TENSILE STRENGTH OF FASTENERS FIGURE 1–12 Metric bolt (cap screw) grade markings and approximate tensile strength.
  • 14. A 1/2-Inch Wrench Does Not Fit a 1/2-Inch Bolt A common mistake made by persons new to the automotive field is to think that the size of a bolt or nut is the size of the head. The size of the bolt or nut (outside diameter of the threads) is usually smaller than the size of the wrench or socket that fits the head of the bolt or nut.
  • 15. THREADED FASTENERS NUTS Nuts are the female part of a threaded fastener. Most nuts used on cap screws have the same hex size as the cap screw head. Some inexpensive nuts use a hex size larger than the cap screw head. Metric nuts are often marked with dimples to show their strength. More dimples indicate stronger nuts. Some nuts and cap screws use interference fit threads to keep them from accidentally loosening.
  • 16. THREADED FASTENERS NUTS FIGURE 1–13 Nuts come in a variety of styles, including locking (prevailing torque) types, such as the distorted thread and nylon insert type.
  • 17. It Just Takes a Second Whenever removing any automotive component, it is wise to screw the bolts back into the holes a couple of threads by hand. This ensures that the right bolt will be used in its original location when the component or part is put back on the vehicle. Often, the same diameter of fastener is used on a component, but the length of the bolt may vary. Spending just a couple of seconds to put the bolts and nuts back where they belong when the part is removed can save a lot of time when the part is being reinstalled. Besides making certain that the right fastener is being installed in the right place, this method helps prevent bolts and nuts from getting lost or kicked away.
  • 18. THREADED FASTENERS WASHERS Washers are often used under cap screw heads and under nuts. Plain flat washers are used to provide an even clamping load around the fastener. Lock washers are added to prevent accidental loosening. In some accessories, the washers are locked onto the nut to provide easy assembly. FIGURE 1–14 Washers come in a variety of styles, including flat and serrated used to help prevent a fastener from loosening.
  • 19. HAND TOOLS WRENCHES Wrenches are the most used hand tool by service technicians. Wrenches are used to grasp and rotate threaded fasteners. Most wrenches are constructed of forged alloy steel, usually chrome-vanadium steel. FIGURE 1–15 A forged wrench after it has been forged but before the flashing, extra material around the wrench, has been removed.
  • 20. HAND TOOLS WRENCHES OPEN-END WRENCH BOX-END WRENCH ADJUSTABLE WRENCH LINE WRENCHES
  • 21. HAND TOOLS WRENCHES FIGURE 1–16 A typical open-end wrench. The size is different on each end and notice that the head is angled 15 degrees at the end.
  • 22. HAND TOOLS WRENCHES FIGURE 1–17 The end of a box-end wrench is angled 15 degrees to allow clearance for nearby objects or other fasteners.
  • 23. HAND TOOLS WRENCHES FIGURE 1–18 A combination wrench has an open end at one end and a box end at the other end.
  • 24. HAND TOOLS WRENCHES FIGURE 1–19 An adjustable wrench. Adjustable wrenches are sized by the overall length of the wrench and not by how far the jaws open. Common sizes of adjustable wrenches include 8, 10, and 12 inch.
  • 25. HAND TOOLS WRENCHES FIGURE 1–20 The end of a typical line wrench, which shows that it is capable of grasping most of the head of the fitting.
  • 26. Hide Those from the Boss An apprentice technician started working for a dealership and put his top tool box on a workbench. Another technician observed that, along with a complete set of good-quality tools, the box contained several adjustable wrenches. The more experienced technician said, “Hide those from the boss.” The boss does not want any service technician to use adjustable wrenches. If any adjustable wrench is used on a bolt or nut, the movable jaw often moves or loosens and starts to round the head of the fastener. If the head of the bolt or nut becomes rounded, it becomes that much more difficult to remove.
  • 27. HAND TOOLS SAFE USE OF WRENCHES Wrenches should be inspected before use to be sure they are not cracked, bent, or damaged. All wrenches should be cleaned after use before being returned to the tool box. Always use the correct size of wrench for the fastener being loosened or tightened to help prevent the rounding of the flats of the fastener. When attempting to loosen a fastener, pull a wrench—do not push a wrench.
  • 28. HAND TOOLS SAFE USE OF WRENCHES If a wrench is pushed, your knuckles can be hurt when forced into another object if the fastener breaks loose or if the wrench slips. Always keep wrenches and all hand tools clean to help prevent rust and to allow for a better, firmer grip. Never expose any tool to excessive heat. High temperatures can reduce the strength (“draw the temper”) of metal tools.
  • 29. HAND TOOLS RATCHETS, SOCKETS, AND EXTENSIONS A socket fits over the fastener and grips the points and/or flats of the bolt or nut. The socket is rotated (driven) using either a long bar called a breaker bar (flex handle) or a ratchet. FIGURE 1–21 A typical ratchet used to rotate a socket. A ratchet makes a ratcheting noise when it is being rotated in the opposite direction from loosening or tightening. A knob or lever on the ratchet allows the user to switch directions.
  • 30. HAND TOOLS RATCHETS, SOCKETS, AND EXTENSIONS FIGURE 1–22 A typical flex handle used to rotate a socket, also called a breaker bar because it usually has a longer handle than a ratchet and therefore, can be used to apply more torque to a fastener than a ratchet.
  • 31. HAND TOOLS RATCHETS, SOCKETS, AND EXTENSIONS DRIVE SIZE REGULAR AND DEEP WELL
  • 32. HAND TOOLS RATCHETS, SOCKETS, AND EXTENSIONS FIGURE 1–23 The most commonly used socket drive sizes include 1/4-inch, 3/8-inch, and 1/2-inch drive.
  • 33. HAND TOOLS RATCHETS, SOCKETS, AND EXTENSIONS FIGURE 1–24 A 6-point socket fits the head of a bolt or nut on all sides. A 12-point socket can round off the head of a bolt or nut if a lot of force is applied.
  • 34. HAND TOOLS RATCHETS, SOCKETS, AND EXTENSIONS FIGURE 1–25 Allows access to the nut that has a stud plus other locations needing great depth, such as spark plugs.
  • 35. HAND TOOLS TORQUE WRENCHES Torque wrenches are socket turning handles that are designed to apply a known amount of force to the fastener. There are two basic types of torque wrenches including: Clicker type Beam-type
  • 36. HAND TOOLS TORQUE WRENCHES FIGURE 1–26 Using a clicker-type torque wrench to tighten connecting rod nuts on an engine.
  • 37. HAND TOOLS TORQUE WRENCHES FIGURE 1–27 A beam-type torque wrench that displays the torque reading on the face of the dial. The beam display is read as the beam deflects, which is in proportion to the amount of torque applied to the fastener.
  • 38. HAND TOOLS SAFE USE OF SOCKETS AND RATCHETS Always use the proper size socket that correctly fits the bolt or nut. All sockets and ratchets should be cleaned after use before being placed back into the tool box. Sockets are available in short and deep well designs. Never expose any tool to excessive heat. High temperatures can reduce the strength (“draw the temper”) of metal tools. Never use a hammer on a socket handle unless you are using a special “staking face” wrench designed to be used with a hammer. Replace any tools that are damaged or worn. Also select the appropriate drive size.
  • 39. Check Torque Wrench Calibration Regularly Torque wrenches should be checked regularly. For example, Honda has a torque wrench calibration setup at each of their training centers. It is expected that a torque wrench be checked for accuracy before every use. Most experts recommend that torque wrenches be checked and adjusted as needed at least every year and more often if possible.
  • 40. HAND TOOLS SAFE USE OF SOCKETS AND RATCHETS FIGURE 1–28 Torque wrench calibration checker.
  • 41. Use Socket Adapters with Caution A socket adapter allows the use of one size of socket and another drive size ratchet or breaker bar. Socket adapters are available and can be used for different drive size sockets on a ratchet. Combinations include: 1/4-in. drive—3/8-in. sockets 3/8-in. drive—1/4-in. sockets 3/8-in. drive—1/2-in. sockets 1/2-in. drive—3/8-in. sockets Using a larger drive ratchet or breaker bar on a smaller size socket can cause the application of too much force to the socket, which could crack or shatter. Using a smaller size drive tool on a larger socket will usually not cause any harm, but would greatly reduce the amount of torque that can be applied to the bolt or nut.
  • 42. HAND TOOLS SCREWDRIVERS STRAIGHT-BLADE SCREWDRIVER PHILLIPS SCREWDRIVER OFFSET SCREWDRIVERS IMPACT SCREWDRIVER
  • 43. Avoid Using “Cheater Bars” Whenever a fastener is difficult to remove, some technicians will insert the handle of a ratchet or a breaker bar into a length of steel pipe sometimes called a cheater bar. The extra length of the pipe allows the technician to exert more torque than can be applied using the drive handle alone. However, the extra torque can easily overload the socket and ratchet, causing them to break or shatter, which could cause personal injury.
  • 44. HAND TOOLS SCREWDRIVERS FIGURE 1–29 A flat-tip (straight-blade) screwdriver. The width of the blade should match the width of the slot in the fastener being loosened or tightened.
  • 45. HAND TOOLS SCREWDRIVERS FIGURE 1–30 Two stubby screwdrivers that are used to access screws that have limited space above. A straight blade is on top and a #2 Phillips screwdriver is on the bottom.
  • 46. HAND TOOLS SCREWDRIVERS FIGURE 1–31 An offset screwdriver is used to install or remove fasteners that do not have enough space above to use a conventional screwdriver.
  • 47. HAND TOOLS SCREWDRIVERS FIGURE 1–32 An impact screwdriver used to remove slotted or Phillips head fasteners that cannot be broken loose using a standard screwdriver.
  • 48. HAND TOOLS SAFE USE OF SCREWDRIVERS Always use the proper type and size screwdriver that matches the fastener. Try to avoid pressing down on a screwdriver because if it slips, the screwdriver tip could go into your hand, causing serious personal injury. All screwdrivers should be cleaned after use. Do not use a screwdriver as a prybar; always use the correct tool for the job.
  • 49. HAND TOOLS HAMMERS AND MALLETS Hammers and mallets are used to force objects together or apart. The shape of the back part of the hammer head (called the peen ) usually determines the name. FIGURE 1–33 A typical ball-peen hammer.
  • 50. What Is a Robertson Screwdriver? A Canadian named P. L. Robertson invented the Robertson screw and screwdriver in 1908, which uses a square-shaped tip with a slight taper. The Robertson screwdriver uses color-coded handles because different size screws required different tip sizes. The color and sizes include: Orange (#00)—Number 1 and 2 screws Yellow (#0)—Number 3 and 4 screws Green (#1)—Number 5, 6, and 7 screws Red (#2)—Number 8, 9, and 10 screws Black (#3)—Number 12 and larger screws The Robertson screws are rarely found in the United States but are common in Canada.
  • 51. HAND TOOLS HAMMERS AND MALLETS FIGURE 1–34 A rubber mallet used to deliver a force to an object without harming the surface.
  • 52. HAND TOOLS HAMMERS AND MALLETS FIGURE 1–35 A dead-blow hammer that was left outside in freezing weather. The plastic covering was damaged, which destroyed this hammer. The lead shot is encased in the metal housing and then covered.
  • 53. HAND TOOLS SAFE USE OF HAMMERS AND MALLETS All mallets and hammers should be cleaned after use and not exposed to extreme temperatures. Never use a hammer or mallet that is damaged in any way and always use caution to avoid doing damage to the components and the surrounding area. Always follow the hammer manufacturer’s recommended procedures and practices.
  • 54. HAND TOOLS PLIERS SLIP-JOINT PLIERS MULTIGROOVE ADJUSTABLE PLIERS LINESMAN’S PLIERS DIAGONAL PLIERS NEEDLE-NOSE PLIERS LOCKING PLIERS SNAP-RING PLIERS
  • 55. HAND TOOLS PLIERS FIGURE 1–36 Typical slip-joint pliers is a common household pliers. The slip joint allows the jaws to be opened to two different settings.
  • 56. HAND TOOLS PLIERS FIGURE 1–37 Multigroove adjustable pliers is known by many names, including the trade name “Channel Locks.”
  • 57. HAND TOOLS PLIERS FIGURE 1–38 Linesman’s pliers are very useful because it can help perform many automotive service jobs.
  • 58. HAND TOOLS PLIERS FIGURE 1–39 Diagonal-cut pliers is another common tool that has many names.
  • 59. HAND TOOLS PLIERS FIGURE 1–40 Needle-nose pliers are used where there is limited access to a wire or pin that needs to be installed or removed.
  • 60. HAND TOOLS PLIERS FIGURE 1–41 Locking pliers are best known by their trade name Vise Grips.
  • 61. HAND TOOLS PLIERS FIGURE 1–42 Snap-ring pliers are also called lock ring pliers and most are designed to remove internal and external snap rings (lock rings).
  • 62. HAND TOOLS SAFE USE OF PLIERS Pliers should not be used to remove any bolt or other fastener. Pliers should only be used when specified for use by the vehicle manufacturer.
  • 63. HAND TOOLS FILES Files are used to smooth metal and are constructed of hardened steel with diagonal rows of teeth. Files are available with a single row of teeth called a single cut file , as well as two rows of teeth cut at an opposite angle called a double cut file . Files are available in a variety of shapes and sizes from small flat files, half-round files, and triangular files.
  • 64. HAND TOOLS FILES FIGURE 1–43 Files come in many different shapes and sizes. Never use a file without a handle.
  • 65. HAND TOOLS SAFE USE OF FILES Always use a file with a handle. Because files only cut when moved forward, a handle must be attached to prevent possible personal injury. After making a forward strike, lift the file and return the file to the starting position; avoid dragging the file backward.
  • 66. Brand Name versus Proper Term Technicians often use slang or brand names of tools rather than the proper term. This results in some confusion for new technicians.
  • 67. HAND TOOLS SNIPS Service technicians are often asked to fabricate sheet metal brackets or heat shields and need to use one or more types of cutters available called snips . Tin snips are the simplest and are designed to make straight cuts in a variety of materials, such as sheet steel, aluminum, or even fabric. A variation of the tin snips is called aviation tin snips . There are three designs of aviation snips including one designed to cut straight (called a straight cut aviation snip ), one designed to cut left (called an offset left aviation snip ), and one designed to cut right (called an offset right aviation snip ).
  • 68. HAND TOOLS SNIPS FIGURE 1–44 Tin snips are used to cut thin sheets of metal or carpet.
  • 69. HAND TOOLS UTILITY KNIFE A utility knife uses a replaceable blade and is used to cut a variety of materials such as carpet, plastic, wood, and paper products, such as cardboard. FIGURE 1–45 A utility knife uses replaceable blades and is used to cut carpet and other materials.
  • 70. HAND TOOLS SAFE USE OF CUTTERS Whenever using cutters, always wear eye protection or a face shield to guard against the possibility of metal pieces being ejected during the cut. Always follow recommended procedures.
  • 71. HAND TOOLS PUNCHES A punch is a small diameter steel rod that has a smaller diameter ground at one end. A punch is used to drive a pin out that is used to retain two components. Punches come in a variety of sizes, which are measured across the diameter of the machined end. Sizes include 1/16, 1/8, 3/16, and 1/4. FIGURE 1–46 A punch used to drive pins from assembled components. This type of punch is also called a pin punch.
  • 72. HAND TOOLS CHISELS A chisel has a straight, sharp cutting end that is used for cutting off rivets or to separate two pieces of an assembly. The most common design of chisel used for automotive service work is called a cold chisel .
  • 73. HAND TOOLS SAFE USE OF PUNCHES AND CHISELS Always wear eye protection when using a punch or a chisel because the hardened steel is brittle and parts of the punch could fly off and cause serious personal injury. FIGURE 1–47 Warning stamped on the side of a punch warning that goggles should be worn when using this tool. Always follow safety warnings.
  • 74. HAND TOOLS SAFE USE OF PUNCHES AND CHISELS FIGURE 1–48 Use a grinder or a file to remove the mushroom material on the end of a punch or chisel.
  • 75. HAND TOOLS HACKSAWS A hacksaw is used to cut metals, such as steel, aluminum, brass, or copper. The cutting blade of a hacksaw is replaceable and the sharpness and number of teeth can be varied to meet the needs of the job. Use 14 or 18 teeth per inch (TPI) for cutting plaster or soft metals, such as aluminum and copper. Use 24 or 32 teeth per inch for steel or pipe. Hacksaw blades should be installed with the teeth pointing away from the handle. This means that a hacksaw only cuts while the blade is pushed in the forward direction.
  • 76. HAND TOOLS HACKSAWS FIGURE 1–49 A typical hacksaw that is used to cut metal. If cutting sheet metal or thin objects, a blade with more teeth should be used.
  • 77. HAND TOOLS SAFE USE OF HACKSAWS Check that the hacksaw is equipped with the correct blade for the job and that the teeth are pointed away from the handle. When using a hacksaw, move the hacksaw slowly away from you, then lift slightly and return for another cut.
  • 78. TOOL SETS AND ACCESSORIES FIGURE 1–50 A typical beginning technician tool set that includes the basic tools to get started.
  • 79. TOOL SETS AND ACCESSORIES FIGURE 1–51 A typical large tool box, showing just one of many drawers.
  • 80. Need to Borrow a Tool More Than Twice? Buy It! Most service technicians agree that it is okay for a beginning technician to borrow a tool occasionally. However, if a tool has to be borrowed more than twice, then be sure to purchase it as soon as possible. Also, whenever a tool is borrowed, be sure that you clean the tool and let the technician you borrowed the tool from know that you are returning the tool. These actions will help in any future dealings with other technicians.
  • 81. ELECTRICAL HAND TOOLS TEST LIGHT A test light is used to test for electricity. A typical automotive test light consists of a clear plastic screwdriver like handle that contains a lightbulb. A wire is attached to one terminal of the bulb, which the technician connects to a clean metal part of the vehicle. The other end of the bulb is attached to a point that can be used to test for electricity at a connector or wire. When there is power at the point and a good connection at the other end, the lightbulb lights.
  • 82. ELECTRICAL HAND TOOLS TEST LIGHT FIGURE 1–52 A typical 12-volt test light.
  • 83. ELECTRICAL HAND TOOLS SOLDERING GUNS ELECTRIC SOLDERING GUN ELECTRIC SOLDERING PENCIL BUTANE-POWERED SOLDERING IRON
  • 84. ELECTRICAL HAND TOOLS SOLDERING GUNS FIGURE 1–53 An electric and butane-powered soldering guns used to make electrical repairs. Soldering guns are sold by the wattage rating. The higher the wattage, the greater amount of heat created. Most solder guns used for automotive electrical work usually fall within the 60- to 160-watt range.
  • 85. ELECTRICAL HAND TOOLS ELECTRICAL WORK HAND TOOLS In addition to a soldering iron, most service technicians who do electrical-related work should have the following: Wire cutters Wire strippers Wire crimpers Heat gun for heat shrink tubing
  • 86. ELECTRICAL HAND TOOLS DIGITAL METER A digital meter is a necessary tool for any electrical diagnosis and troubleshooting. A digital multimeter, abbreviated DMM, is usually capable of measuring the following units of electricity: DC volts AC volts Ohms Amperes
  • 87. HAND TOOL MAINTENANCE Most hand tools are constructed of rust-resistant metals but they can still rust or corrode if not properly maintained. For best results and long tool life, the following steps should be taken: Clean each tool before placing it back into the tool box. Keep tools separated. Moisture on metal tools will start to rust more readily if the tools are in contact with another metal tool. Line the drawers of the tool box with a material that will prevent the tools from moving as the drawers are opened and closed. This helps to quickly locate the proper tool and size. Release the tension on all “clicker-type” torque wrenches. Keep the tool box secure.
  • 88. What Is an “SST”? Vehicle manufacturers often specify a special service tool (SST) to properly disassemble and assemble components, such as transmissions and other components. These tools are also called special tools and are available from the vehicle manufacturer or their tool supplier, such as Kent-Moore and Miller tools. Many service technicians do not have access to special service tools so they use generic versions that are available from aftermarket sources.