English Academic and Professional Development
- 2. STOP THE CAR This is a category game that should be played by group. The category will be given by the facilitator to be answered by groups. The first group will give anything under the given category, and choose a letter from the word they gave. The second group shall give anything under the category starting from the letter that the previous group gave. The group who fails to give anything to the class will be asked by the chosen group.
- 3. SCIENTIFIC REPORT is a document thatdescribes the process, progress, and or results of technical or scientific research or the state of a technical or scientific research problem. It might also include recommendations and conclusion of the research.
- 4. PARTS OF SCIENTIFIC REPORT Title Page 01 02 Table of Contents Abstract 03 04 Introduction
- 5. Parts of Scientific Report Materials and methods Discussion References Results Conclusion 5 6 7 8 9
- 6. TITLE PAGE The title page will include the following: ► Title of the report: Usually 4-12 words in length. ► Should be short, specific and descriptive, containing the keywords of the report. ► Authorship: ► Always publish under the same name. ►Include author addresses. ► Indicate the corresponding author and their contact details ► Date: ► The date when the paper was submitted.
- 7. TABLE OF CONTENTS ► shows readers what topics are covered in the report, how those topics are discussed (the subtopics), and on which page numbers those sections and subsections start. ► It is only required for length reports (usually 6 pages or more). ► It contains information about the topics covered and the exact pages where the headings are found.
- 8. ABSTRACT • An abstract is a concise summary of a research paper or entire thesis. It is an original work, not an excerpted passage. • The Abstract should include the following: ► Objectives (as outlined in the Introduction) and scope of the investigation. ► A brief reference to the Materials and Methods. ► A summary of the results and conclusions - a brief but thorough statement of the outcome/s of the experiment. If there is a hypothesis, you may state what it is and whether it was supported or refuted. The following should not be included in the Abstract: • Literature citations. • Formulae and abbreviations, references to tables. Although the Abstract comes first in a report, it is best to write it last, after you have the results and conclusions.
- 9. INTRODUCTION are designed to provide an overview of sources you have used in researching a particular topic and to demonstrate to your readers how your research fits within existing scholarship about the topic. he following may be included in the Introduction: ► Background about the analysis to be carried out. ► A brief review of previous research (relevant literature) to give a background - paraphrase relevant facts from the scientific literature, citing the sources to support each statement. ►Reason/s why the research was undertaken. ► Statement of the hypothesis (an idea or concept that can be tested by experimentation) if there is one. ► An explanation of the different techniques and why they are used. ► A statement of the objective/s - what you hope to achieve.
- 10. INTRODUCTION The Introduction is the what and why of the experiment, and should answer the following questions: ► What was the purpose or objective of the experiment/research? ► Why was the experiment/research conducted in a particular manner? ► Why was it important in a broader context? ► The Introduction should not include any results or conclusions.
- 11. MATERIALS AND METHODS It is a description of the materials and procedures used - what was done and how. Describe the process of preparation of the sample, specifications of the instruments used and techniques employed. It should include such things as sample size, apparatus or equipment used, experimental conditions, concentrations, times, controls etc. do not keep using the word "then" the reader will understand that the steps were carried out in the order in which they are written. the Method must be written in the past tense and the passive voice.
- 12. RESULTS This section states what you found. The following will be included in your Results: Pictures and spectra. Tables and graphs whenever practical. Brief statements of the results in the text (without repeating the data in the graphs and tables). When writing about each picture, graph or table, refer to it parenthetically e.g. (Figure 1). If possible give a section of related results and then comment on them rather than presenting many pages of unrelated results and then discussing them at the end. Subheadings can be used to divide this section so that it is easier to understand.
- 13. DISCUSSION State your interpretation of your findings, perhaps comparing or contrasting them with the literature. Reflect on your actual data and observations. Explain or rationalize errant data or describe possible sources of error and how they may have affected the outcome. It must answer the question "What do the results mean?" It is an argument based on the results.
- 14. CONCLUSION ► This is the summing up of your argument or experiment/research, and should relate back to the Introduction. ► It should only consist of a few sentences, and should reiterate the findings of your experiment/research. ► If appropriate, suggest how to improve the procedure, and what additional experiments or research would be helpful.
- 15. REFERENCES Cite any references that you have used, ensuring that each item in the reference list has an in-text citation, and every in-text citation has a full reference in the reference list at the end of your paper. Ensure that the references are formatted according to the style required by the journal (or your adviser), and be careful with spelling (the author whose name you misspell may be asked to review the paper!)