![The stacked devices are then reflowed, followed by
underfilling. The underfilling process needs an
underfill material plus additional dispensing
equipment, dispensing and flowing steps, and
subsequent time-consuming curing. Furthermore,
underfilled PoP suffers solder extrusion upon rework,
particularly when reworking at the opposite side of
the board right underneath the PoP. Epoxy flux is a
new material developed to address the issues
described above [1, 2]. The concept of material
design, methods of deposition of the materials, and
performance are presented and discussed in this
work.
Figure 2. Schematic of one jetting device.
MATERIAL DESIGN
Epoxy flux is a thermoset flux system. It provides Table 1. Feature of several commercial Jetting
fluxing power upon reflow at temperature above the devices.
melting temperature of solder, thus allowing the Jetting Design Drop size
formation of solder joints. It can also cure to form A 30-35 pL (nanograms)
thermoset flux residue around the solder joint thus B 20-25 µL (micrograms)
providing mechanical reinforcement. When epoxy
C Largest (~100 micrograms)
flux is applied to fill the gap between packages of
PoP or between bottom package and PCB, it process, epoxy flux is first jetted onto the pads with
practically functions as an underfill in terms of solder paste already printed, followed by placing the
reinforcement. bottom package. Again, epoxy flux is jetted onto the
topside of the pads of the bottom package, followed
PROCESS DESIGN by placing on the top package. This step can be
There are several ways of applying epoxy flux for repeated if there is more than one top package. After
PoP assembly, including jetting, dipping, as well as all of the packages are stacked sequentially, the board
printing. Jetting and dipping are more flexible, with is then sent through a reflow oven to complete the
processes shown in Fig. 1. soldering and curing simultaneously.
Epoxy Flux Jetting Epoxy Flux Dipping
The schematic of one jetting device is shown in Fig. In the dipping process, the packages are predipped
2, with the jetting dot size information of several into an epoxy flux film prior to placement. The depth
commercial machines shown in Table 1. In the jetting of the epoxy flux film can be regulated by a doctor
Figure 3. Flux dipping process using rotary device with doctor blade for controlling the flux film thickness.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/epoxyflux-alowcosthighreliabilityapproachforpopassembly-imaps2011-111028174413-phpapp01/85/Epoxy-flux-a-low-cost-high-reliability-approach-for-pop-assembly-imaps-2011-2-320.jpg)
![SAC305 solder bump and SAC305 solder paste. Fig.
5 shows the X-ray picture of the joints, with 100%
full wetting observed for all solder joints. The shear
strength of this BGA is 143lbs, compared with only
113lbs using a conventional flux. Upon shearing,
failure of the epoxy fluxed samples occurred on the
board side, with copper pads peeled off for some of
the joints, as shown in Fig. 6. Apparently, the shear
Figure 4. Schematic of linear fluxer. The plate strength of the epoxy flux sample should be greater
slides open to expose cavity [3]. than 143lbs if pad lifting is avoided.
Cross-Section
The Cross-sectional view of assembled 0.5 mm pitch
BGA (7 x 7 mm) assembled with SAC305 ball,
SAC305 solder paste, and epoxy flux is shown in Fig.
7. The close-up views of this device are shown in
Fig. 8 to Fig. 10. The fillet shown in Fig. 8 indicates
the space under the package is well filled. Solder
joints formed with the BGA exhibiting full wetting,
as shown in Fig. 9. Fig. 10 shows a vacancy in epoxy
flux between two solder joints. This vacancy is
characteristic of epoxy flux, and is designed as a
venting channel . Without this venting channel,
outgassing from the PCB substrate and packages
caused by Pb-free reflow temperature often causes
bubbling within the fully sealed liquid epoxy layer
Figure 5. X-ray picture of 0.8 mm BGA (10.5 x under the package, and consequently resulting in
13 mm) with SAC305 solder bump, SAC305 drifting or tilting of packages. This venting channel is
solder paste, and epoxy flux. typically designed to be less than 5% of the interface
area, and is distributed randomly.
Figure 7. Cross-section of 0.5 mm pitch BGA (7x7
mm) assembled with epoxy flux.
Figure 6. Board surface after BGA in Fig. 5
being sheared off.
blade rotary device, with process illustrated by Fig. 3
or a linear fluxer, as shown in Fig. 4. Typically, the
film thickness is set at 80-100% of the solder bump
height.
PERFORMANCE OF EPOXY FLUX
Solder Wetting
Solder wetting performance of epoxy flux is
demonstrated on 0.8 mm BGA (10.5 x 13 mm) with Figure 8. Fillet of epoxy fluxed sample shown in Fig.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/epoxyflux-alowcosthighreliabilityapproachforpopassembly-imaps2011-111028174413-phpapp01/85/Epoxy-flux-a-low-cost-high-reliability-approach-for-pop-assembly-imaps-2011-3-320.jpg)
![Table 3. Electrical continuity of BGA assembled
using two epoxy fluxes reflowed at various profiles.
Profile #
temperature, min
Time to peak
temperature, °C
Peak
TAL, sec
w/Epoxy Flux C
Continuity
w/Epoxy Flux D
Continuity
Figure 15. Schematic of shock wave passing through
the board under BGA component.
1 4 230 59 Good Good
2 4 237 70 Good Good
3 4 245 80 Good Good
4 6 237 nd Good Good
5 3 237 nd Good Good
6 2.5 237 nd Good Good
Note: nd not detectable
Figure 16. Schematic of corner bonding process [8]
as shown in Fig. 14. When the wave passes through
the area under a rigid component such as BGA or
PoP, each solder joint experiences compression and
tension sequentially, as shown in Fig. 15, and it is the
tension which results in joint fracture [5]. The failure
modes reported [6] include pad cratering (83.3%),
I/O trace fracture (73.3%), board side solder crack
Figure 14. Printed circuit board experiencing shock (33.3%), daisy chain trace fracture (3.3%), and chip
wave traveling through upon drop [4]. side solder crack (1.7%) in terms of percentage of
analyzed components. Study of Srinivas shows the
failure rate of bottom joints is higher than top joints
Physical Properties for PoP upon drop [7]. Accordingly, the most critical
The physical properties of a representative epoxy flux reinforcement desired would be a bonding force
are listed below. The low Tg property is considered holding the board surface and the bottom package
crucial for avoiding the solder extrusion phenomenon
body together.
at reflow or thermal cycling.
Tg - 56 °C
POLYMERIC REINFORCEMENT
CTE (<Tg) - 64 ppm
APPROACHES
Typical Viscosity - 5-7 kcps
There are several polymeric reinforcement
Shelf life (at -20°C) - 3 month
Pot life (at room temp.) - 24 hours approaches attempted by the industry as introduced
SIR (Ohms) - >1.0 E+8 (pass) schematically below.
Reworkable
Flux activation temperature - 150 oC Corner Bond
Pro
FAILURE MODES UPON DROP Cure at solder paste reflow process. No additional
Upon drop of portable devices, the printed circuit curing step & oven needed.
board experiences a shock wave traveling through it, Reinforce BGA to some extent.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/epoxyflux-alowcosthighreliabilityapproachforpopassembly-imaps2011-111028174413-phpapp01/85/Epoxy-flux-a-low-cost-high-reliability-approach-for-pop-assembly-imaps-2011-6-320.jpg)
![For precision deposition, premium dispensing
equipment is needed, & significant increase in
cycle time becomes inevitable.
Cannot reinforce bonding between top and
bottom packages.
Place-N-Bond Thermoplastic Underfilm
Pro
No dispensing equipment needed.
Cure at solder paste reflow process. No additional
curing step & oven needed.
Reinforce BGA to some extent.
Less promising for preventing crater failure.
Figure 17. Schematic of Place-N-Bond Underfilm No prebaking needed.
process [9]. Often reworkable.
Con
Need dummy pads designed in on PCB, more
reserved space required around BGA.
Film placement may disturb components placed
earlier & cause defects.
Epoxy wicking may interfere solder wetting.
Cannot reinforce bonding between top and
bottom packages.
Edge Bond Epoxy Liquid Process
Pro
Fast UV cure, no heat cure needed.
Epoxy won t interfere with soldering.
Figure 18. Schematic of edge-bond, epoxy liquid Easy inspection.
process. Con
One more step dispensing needed. Cycle time is
unacceptable for high volume, high throughput
production.
For high performance, premium dispensing
equipment needed.
Less promising in preventing crater failure.
Cannot reinforce bonding between top and
bottom packages.
Capillary Flow Underfill
Pro
Mature technology.
Figure 19. Schematic of capillary flow underfill process
[8].
Less promising for preventing crater failure.
No prebaking needed.
Often reworkable.
Con
Premature curing due to altered reflow profile can
result in difficulty of BGA collapse upon reflow.
Polymer wicking or smear at placement can
interfere with solder paste reflow. Figure 20. Schematic of no-flow underfill process [8, 10].](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/epoxyflux-alowcosthighreliabilityapproachforpopassembly-imaps2011-111028174413-phpapp01/85/Epoxy-flux-a-low-cost-high-reliability-approach-for-pop-assembly-imaps-2011-7-320.jpg)
Epoxy flux a low cost high reliability approach for pop assembly-imaps 2011
- 1. Epoxy Flux A Low Cost High Reliability Approach for PoP Assembly Dr. Ning-Cheng Lee Indium Corporation of America Clinton, NY 13323 Tel: 315-853-4900, Fax: 315-853-1000, askus@indium.com ABSTRACT Package on package (PoP) is a packaging that rapidly prevails in mobile devices of the electronic industry, due to its flexibility in combining memory and processor into one component with a reasonably low profile. However, similar to BGA, the solder joints of assembled PoP are prone to cracking upon dropping onto the floor, thus needing reinforcement by underfilling. The underfilling process needs an underfill material plus additional dispensing equipment, dispensing and flowing steps, and subsequent time-consuming curing. Furthermore, underfilled PoP suffers solder extrusion upon rework, particularly when reworking at the opposite side of the board right underneath the PoP. Epoxy flux is a new material developed to address the issues described above. It is a liquid epoxy with fluxing power, and it is compatible with solder paste. Applied by a dipping process, epoxy flux can be used at the mounting of bottom package and top package. First, the bottom package is dipped in a film of epoxy flux, and then placed onto the footprint pad on a PCB with or without solder paste. Then, the top package is dipped in epoxy flux and placed on top of the bottom package. The PCB with a stacked PoP is subsequently reflowed in the oven together with other surface mount components placed on printed solder paste. Epoxy flux combines soldering and reinforcement into one single process. With a controlled pick up flux volume, a venting channel is formed, allowing outgassing at reflow. The low stress characteristics of epoxy flux prevents the formation of solder extrusion. Overall, epoxy flux provides a low cost and high reliability solution for PoP assembly. Key Words: Epoxy flux, Package on Package, PoP, assembly, reliability, soldering INTRODUCTION assembled PoP are prone to cracking upon dropping Package on package (PoP) is a packaging that rapidly onto the floor, thus needing reinforcement by prevails in mobile devices of the electronic industry, underfilling. The conventional SMT one-pass due to its flexibility in combining memory and assembly process for PoP is shown in Fig. 1. Here the processor into one component with a reasonably low bottom package is placed onto solder paste printed on profile. However, similar to BGA, the solder joints of PCB, followed by placement of a fluxed top package. Figure 1. Comparison of various PoP assembly processes
- 2. The stacked devices are then reflowed, followed by underfilling. The underfilling process needs an underfill material plus additional dispensing equipment, dispensing and flowing steps, and subsequent time-consuming curing. Furthermore, underfilled PoP suffers solder extrusion upon rework, particularly when reworking at the opposite side of the board right underneath the PoP. Epoxy flux is a new material developed to address the issues described above [1, 2]. The concept of material design, methods of deposition of the materials, and performance are presented and discussed in this work. Figure 2. Schematic of one jetting device. MATERIAL DESIGN Epoxy flux is a thermoset flux system. It provides Table 1. Feature of several commercial Jetting fluxing power upon reflow at temperature above the devices. melting temperature of solder, thus allowing the Jetting Design Drop size formation of solder joints. It can also cure to form A 30-35 pL (nanograms) thermoset flux residue around the solder joint thus B 20-25 µL (micrograms) providing mechanical reinforcement. When epoxy C Largest (~100 micrograms) flux is applied to fill the gap between packages of PoP or between bottom package and PCB, it process, epoxy flux is first jetted onto the pads with practically functions as an underfill in terms of solder paste already printed, followed by placing the reinforcement. bottom package. Again, epoxy flux is jetted onto the topside of the pads of the bottom package, followed PROCESS DESIGN by placing on the top package. This step can be There are several ways of applying epoxy flux for repeated if there is more than one top package. After PoP assembly, including jetting, dipping, as well as all of the packages are stacked sequentially, the board printing. Jetting and dipping are more flexible, with is then sent through a reflow oven to complete the processes shown in Fig. 1. soldering and curing simultaneously. Epoxy Flux Jetting Epoxy Flux Dipping The schematic of one jetting device is shown in Fig. In the dipping process, the packages are predipped 2, with the jetting dot size information of several into an epoxy flux film prior to placement. The depth commercial machines shown in Table 1. In the jetting of the epoxy flux film can be regulated by a doctor Figure 3. Flux dipping process using rotary device with doctor blade for controlling the flux film thickness.
- 3. SAC305 solder bump and SAC305 solder paste. Fig. 5 shows the X-ray picture of the joints, with 100% full wetting observed for all solder joints. The shear strength of this BGA is 143lbs, compared with only 113lbs using a conventional flux. Upon shearing, failure of the epoxy fluxed samples occurred on the board side, with copper pads peeled off for some of the joints, as shown in Fig. 6. Apparently, the shear Figure 4. Schematic of linear fluxer. The plate strength of the epoxy flux sample should be greater slides open to expose cavity [3]. than 143lbs if pad lifting is avoided. Cross-Section The Cross-sectional view of assembled 0.5 mm pitch BGA (7 x 7 mm) assembled with SAC305 ball, SAC305 solder paste, and epoxy flux is shown in Fig. 7. The close-up views of this device are shown in Fig. 8 to Fig. 10. The fillet shown in Fig. 8 indicates the space under the package is well filled. Solder joints formed with the BGA exhibiting full wetting, as shown in Fig. 9. Fig. 10 shows a vacancy in epoxy flux between two solder joints. This vacancy is characteristic of epoxy flux, and is designed as a venting channel . Without this venting channel, outgassing from the PCB substrate and packages caused by Pb-free reflow temperature often causes bubbling within the fully sealed liquid epoxy layer Figure 5. X-ray picture of 0.8 mm BGA (10.5 x under the package, and consequently resulting in 13 mm) with SAC305 solder bump, SAC305 drifting or tilting of packages. This venting channel is solder paste, and epoxy flux. typically designed to be less than 5% of the interface area, and is distributed randomly. Figure 7. Cross-section of 0.5 mm pitch BGA (7x7 mm) assembled with epoxy flux. Figure 6. Board surface after BGA in Fig. 5 being sheared off. blade rotary device, with process illustrated by Fig. 3 or a linear fluxer, as shown in Fig. 4. Typically, the film thickness is set at 80-100% of the solder bump height. PERFORMANCE OF EPOXY FLUX Solder Wetting Solder wetting performance of epoxy flux is demonstrated on 0.8 mm BGA (10.5 x 13 mm) with Figure 8. Fillet of epoxy fluxed sample shown in Fig.
- 4. Reliability Reliability of the epoxy flux system can be demonstrated with the data shown in Table 2 for 0.3 mm pitch CSP, size: 2.67 mm x 2.67 mm, I/O: 81, using SAC305 ball and SAC305 paste. Epoxy flux shows more than 60% higher shear strength than conventional flux, and are several times higher in drop numbers to failure. The thermal cycling test results show all epoxy fluxes last more than 1000 cycles for the cycling condition -55 to 125°C. Compatibility with Solder Paste Figure 9. Cross-section of solder joint for BGA At assembly of the PoP, since the bottom package shown in Fig. 7. has solder bumps, printing solder paste on PCB pads is not critical for the successful assembly of the bottom package. However, at times, open between bottom package and PCB may be the result of excessive thermal warpage. Under this condition, printing solder paste becomes essential for minimizing opens. As all solder pastes contain significant amounts of solvents, burn off of the volatiles of solder paste embedded in the liquid epoxy flux under the bottom package becomes a very challenging task. Furthermore, the powder of solder paste soaked in liquid epoxy is also prone to ooze out and form bridging and numerous solder balls. Figure 10. Venting channel between solder joints. Fig. 11 shows a simulated test for solder paste under the BGA and embedded in liquid epoxy flux. Here the SAC305 solder paste was printed onto PCB pads, Table 2. Reliability of epoxy fluxes versus conventional flux and then covered by liquid epoxy flux A. A glass for 0.3 mm pitch CSP, size: 2.67 mm x 2.67 mm, I/O: 81 slide was placed on top of the solder paste/epoxy flux Conventional Epoxy Epoxy to mimic the body of a BGA. This sandwiched PCB Tests Solder Paste Flux A Flux B was then placed on a hot plate with a surface temperature of 250°C. Fig. 11(a), (b), and (c) Chip shear 19.2 ± 0.1 24.0 ± 36.5 ± test, lbs. 4.3 1.3 represent the view at 0 second, 50 seconds, and 120 seconds on hot plate. The solder paste immensely (+80% diffused away from the printed dots at 50 seconds, typical) and never coalesced back to form proper solder Drop test 80, 80, 90, 150, 220, 220, bumps after 120 seconds. (drop # to 90 180, 230, 240, fail) 210 250, 290, Fig. 12 shows the same experiment using the same 300, 320 SAC305 solder paste but embedded in epoxy flux B. Thermal 168, 168, 719, 870, Here the solder paste remained as one integral body cycling test 168 897, 1089, the entire time for each printed dot. (-55 ~ 897, 1498, 125 °C) 1098 1843 Results above show that a properly formulated epoxy flux can allow for a satisfactory coalescence of solder paste without suffering solder balling or bridging.
- 5. Figure 12. SAC305 solder paste with epoxy flux B under glass slide placed on hot plate at 250°C. Figure 11. SAC305 solder paste with epoxy flux A under glass slide placed on hot plate at 250°C. SIR Performance Being a thermoset system, epoxy flux is destined as a no-clean material, hence has to meet surface insulation resistance requirements without cleaning. Fig. 13 demonstrates that the IPC SIR requirement, greater than 100 mega ohms at 168 hours per J-STD- 004, is easily met by one epoxy flux material. Figure 13. SIR performance of one epoxy flux per Reflow Window J-STD-004 procedure. Epoxy fluxes can be designed to be very robust in terms of reflow windows. Table 3 shows the electrical continuity for daisy-chained BGAs epoxy fluxes. Successful solder joint formation was assembled under various reflow profiles with two achieved at a very broad reflow profile range.
- 6. Table 3. Electrical continuity of BGA assembled using two epoxy fluxes reflowed at various profiles. Profile # temperature, min Time to peak temperature, °C Peak TAL, sec w/Epoxy Flux C Continuity w/Epoxy Flux D Continuity Figure 15. Schematic of shock wave passing through the board under BGA component. 1 4 230 59 Good Good 2 4 237 70 Good Good 3 4 245 80 Good Good 4 6 237 nd Good Good 5 3 237 nd Good Good 6 2.5 237 nd Good Good Note: nd not detectable Figure 16. Schematic of corner bonding process [8] as shown in Fig. 14. When the wave passes through the area under a rigid component such as BGA or PoP, each solder joint experiences compression and tension sequentially, as shown in Fig. 15, and it is the tension which results in joint fracture [5]. The failure modes reported [6] include pad cratering (83.3%), I/O trace fracture (73.3%), board side solder crack Figure 14. Printed circuit board experiencing shock (33.3%), daisy chain trace fracture (3.3%), and chip wave traveling through upon drop [4]. side solder crack (1.7%) in terms of percentage of analyzed components. Study of Srinivas shows the failure rate of bottom joints is higher than top joints Physical Properties for PoP upon drop [7]. Accordingly, the most critical The physical properties of a representative epoxy flux reinforcement desired would be a bonding force are listed below. The low Tg property is considered holding the board surface and the bottom package crucial for avoiding the solder extrusion phenomenon body together. at reflow or thermal cycling. Tg - 56 °C POLYMERIC REINFORCEMENT CTE (<Tg) - 64 ppm APPROACHES Typical Viscosity - 5-7 kcps There are several polymeric reinforcement Shelf life (at -20°C) - 3 month Pot life (at room temp.) - 24 hours approaches attempted by the industry as introduced SIR (Ohms) - >1.0 E+8 (pass) schematically below. Reworkable Flux activation temperature - 150 oC Corner Bond Pro FAILURE MODES UPON DROP Cure at solder paste reflow process. No additional Upon drop of portable devices, the printed circuit curing step & oven needed. board experiences a shock wave traveling through it, Reinforce BGA to some extent.
- 7. For precision deposition, premium dispensing equipment is needed, & significant increase in cycle time becomes inevitable. Cannot reinforce bonding between top and bottom packages. Place-N-Bond Thermoplastic Underfilm Pro No dispensing equipment needed. Cure at solder paste reflow process. No additional curing step & oven needed. Reinforce BGA to some extent. Less promising for preventing crater failure. Figure 17. Schematic of Place-N-Bond Underfilm No prebaking needed. process [9]. Often reworkable. Con Need dummy pads designed in on PCB, more reserved space required around BGA. Film placement may disturb components placed earlier & cause defects. Epoxy wicking may interfere solder wetting. Cannot reinforce bonding between top and bottom packages. Edge Bond Epoxy Liquid Process Pro Fast UV cure, no heat cure needed. Epoxy won t interfere with soldering. Figure 18. Schematic of edge-bond, epoxy liquid Easy inspection. process. Con One more step dispensing needed. Cycle time is unacceptable for high volume, high throughput production. For high performance, premium dispensing equipment needed. Less promising in preventing crater failure. Cannot reinforce bonding between top and bottom packages. Capillary Flow Underfill Pro Mature technology. Figure 19. Schematic of capillary flow underfill process [8]. Less promising for preventing crater failure. No prebaking needed. Often reworkable. Con Premature curing due to altered reflow profile can result in difficulty of BGA collapse upon reflow. Polymer wicking or smear at placement can interfere with solder paste reflow. Figure 20. Schematic of no-flow underfill process [8, 10].
- 8. Potential with the highest reinforcement. enhancement achieved includes mechanical, thermal, Promise reduction in both joint & crater failures. and electrical properties. Con Requires post reflow underfill dispense, capillary REFERENCE flow & cure. Costs more time & equipment. 1. Wusheng Yin, Geoffrey Beckwith, Hong-Sik May require prebake to avoid voiding if there is Hwang, Lee Kresge, and Ning-Cheng Lee, delay prior to underfilling. Epoxy Flux An Answer For Low Cost No- Reworkability can be an issue, including Clean Flip Chip Assembly , Nepcon components around BGA which were flooded by West/Fiberoptic Automation Expo, San Jose, underfill. CA, December 3-6, 2002 2. Wusheng Yin and Ning-Cheng Lee, A Novel No-Flow Underfill Epoxy Flux For Lead-Free Soldering , Pro International Brazing and Soldering Simple dispense process, no flow needed. Conference, San Diego, CA, Feb. 16-21, 2003 Cure during solder paste reflow. 3. Gerry Padnos (Juki), PCB Assembly System Significant reinforcement. Set-Up for Pop , Apex, S19-03, April 6-9, Promise reduction in both joint & crater failures. 2010, Las Vegas, NV. Some are reworkable. 4. R. Wayne Johnson, Yueli Liu, Guoyun Tian, Con Shyam Gale, & Pradeep Lall (Auburn Placement may introduce voids. University), Assembly and Drop Test PCB prebaking may be needed. Reliability of Lead Free CSPs , 2003. For large BGA, open & chip drifting or lifting 5. Tz-Cheng Chiu, Kejun Zeng, Roger Stierman may be the result due to earlier gelling of and Darvin Edwards, Kazuaki Ano, " Effect of underfill at the hotter perimeter. Thermal Aging on Board Level Drop Solder wetting may be hampered due to Reliability for Pb-free BGA Packages", 54th premature gelling upon alternation in reflow ECTC, P.1256-1262, June 1-4, 2004, Las profile. Vegas, Nevada. No filler allowed. 6. Andrew Farris, Jianbiao Pan, Albert Liddicoat, Michael Krist, Nicholas Vickers, Brian J. Epoxy Flux Toleno, Dan Maslyk, Dongkai Shangguan, The processes of epoxy flux are shown in Fig. 1 to 4. Jasbir Bath, Dennis Willie, David A. Geiger, Pro Drop test reliability of edge-bonded lead-free Only one extra dipping step needed. The simplest chip scale packages , Flextronic, Henkel, and process among all polymer reinforcement Cal Poly State University report, 2009. approaches. 7. Vikram Srinivas, Center for Advance Life No solder wetting interference concern. Cycle Engineering, Reliability Evaluation of No PCB prebaking needed due to designed-in One-Pass and Two-Pass Techniques of venting channel. Assembly for Package-on-Packages under Significant reinforcement. Torsion Loads , APEX, S34_03, April 6-9, Promising reduction in both joint & crater 2010, Las Vegas, NV failures. 8. R. Wayne Johnson, Yueli Liu, Guoyun Tian, Reworkable. Shyam Gale, & Pradeep Lall (Auburn Compatible with assembly of BGA & PoP, University), Assembly and Drop Test including PoP stacking. Reliability of Lead Free CSPs , 2003. Compatible with solder paste, thus can tolerate 9. Data sheet of Place-N-Bond Underfilm, warpage at soldering. Alltemated Inc.; www.Alltemated.com Con 10. Wusheng Yin, Geoffrey Beckwith, Hong-Sik Need epoxy flux bed. Hwang, and Ning-Cheng Lee, Low Cost No- Larger nozzle size may be needed for pick & Flow Underfilling Being A Reality For place at dipping step. Manufacturing , Nepcon West/Fiberoptic Automation Expo, San Jose, CA, December 3- SUMMARY 6, 2002 Among existing polymeric approaches for assembly and reinforcement for PoP, epoxy flux turns out to be the most versatile low cost option. The reliability