Essay writing 2nd upload
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Here is a draft outline for the essay on the harmful effects of smoking: I. Introduction Thesis statement: Smoking has significant negative health effects and should be avoided or reduced. II. Body A. Smoking causes cancer 1. Lung cancer 2. Other cancers B. Smoking causes heart and lung disease 1. Heart attack and stroke 2. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) C. Smoking harms nearly every organ in the body 1. Effects on the mouth, throat, and esophagus 2. Effects on the liver, pancreas, and kidneys III. Conclusion Restatement of thesis: Due to the many serious
Essay writing 2nd upload
- 1. What is Essay? An essay is a group of paragraphs written about single topic and a central main idea. It must have at least three paragraphs, but a five paragraphs essay is a common length for academic writing. (Zemach, 2005:56)
- 2. The Structure of an Essay Introduction: begins with a general statement, than narrows to the point (thesis statement) Body: blocks of organized paragraph which explain, define, clarify, and ilustrate the points made in thesis. Conclusion: restatement or summary of the main points; final comment.
- 3. Structure of a Paragraph VS Structure of an Essay Essay 1. Introduction Paragraph Topic Sentence General Statement Thesis Statement 2. Body a. Support b. Support c. Support Topic Sentence Concluding Sentece Concluding Sentece a. b. c. Support Support Support Topic Sentence a. b. c. Support Support Support Concluding Sentece Topic Sentence a. b. c. Support Support Support Concluding Sentece 3. Conclusion Restatement or summary of the main points
- 4. How to write an essay?
- 5. Writing Process Rewriting Reviewing and Revising Drafting Pre-writing • Choose a topic • Gather ideas • Organise • Write • Review structure and content • Review structure and content • Proofread • Make final corrections
- 6. How to Write an Essay? Pre-writing • Deciding on a Topic • Decide the Title • Determine the Thesis Statement • Outlining
- 7. Deciding on a Topic Decide the topic that is not too narrow (limited/ brief). A narrow topic will not have enough idea to write about. Decide the topic that is not to broad (general). A broad topic will have too many ideas to be covered in single essay. Decide on a topic which is up-to-date.
- 8. Deciding on a Topic Narrowing the Topic General Specific Very Specific E N V I R O N M E N T P O L L U T I O N OCEAN POLLUTION OIL SPILLS EFFECTS ON SEA LIFE
- 9. Deciding on a Topic Abstract and Concrete Topic The more abstract your topic is, the more difficult it is to support, and the more difficult it is to keep your audience’s interest. For that reason abstract topics are usually not as sucessful as concrete topic
- 10. Deciding on a Topic Abstract and Concrete Topic Examples of abstract topics that difficult to support: 1. Patriotism 2. How to Judge Bad Art 3. Relationship: Love and Hate
- 11. Deciding on a Topic Abstract and Concrete Topic Examples of concrete topics that even more sucessful: 1. Four Types of Students 2. Getting Married vs Staying Single 3. How to Install Computer on the Car.
- 12. Deciding on a Topic Abstract and Concrete Topic Exercise: Make a narrow topic from these general topics: 1. School 2. Friends 3. My Country
- 13. Decide the Title The purpose of the title are to attract the reader, to give the reader an idea of what the essay about, and provide focus for the essay.
- 14. Decide the Title Title should be brief, clear, concise, and precise. Examples: a. Your Prayers Never Change God’s Decisions b. The Root of Religious Conflicts in Indonesia A title must be interesting to attract the readers. Examples: a. Students Hate Punctual Teachers (controversial) b. Why Are Indonesians Not Perfect in English? (arouses curiousity)
- 15. Decide the Title Title must be active and powerful. Examples: a. Smoking May Cause Cancer (not powerful) b. Smoking Cause Cancer (powerful) It can be phrase or a group of phrase, not a complete sentence. However, some titles are in the form of questions and must be ended by question mark. Examples: a. TV Programs Spoil Children b. Should Abortion in Indonesia be Legalized?
- 16. Decide the Title The initials of words are written in capital letter, or all letters may be in capitals. Examples: a. CORRUPTION HABITS IN OUR COUNTRY b. Raising Students’ Gender Awarness through the Use of Films in Speaking Class It is relevant with the content of the essay.
- 17. Thesis Statement • The thesis statement tells the main idea of the whole essay. • The thesis should be strong and clear; it should contain no ambiguities. • The thesis should come at the beginning of the essay, ussually at the end of the introductory paragraph. • The thesis sentence must not be a simple statement of fact that requires no elaboration.
- 18. Thesis Statement • The thesis must not be expressed as a question. The answer to the question is the thesis statement. • The thesis will contain controlling ideas that will be used in the topic sentences of the body paragraphs of the essay. Example: A successful soccer coach has four qualities. • The thesis may contain an opinion or a judgement that can be explained, clarified, and illustrated in the body paragraphs of the essay.
- 19. Thesis Statement • A thesis statement gives the author's opinion or states an important idea about the topic. It should give an idea that can be discussed and explained with supporting ideas: The qualifications for getting into university in my country are unreasonable. When studying a foreign language, there are several ways to improve your use of the language. These are strong thesis statement; they can be discussedor explained.
- 20. Thesis Statement • A thesis statement should not be a sentence that only gives a fact about the topic: In the Northern Hemisphere, the summer months are warmer than the winter months. This is not strong thesis statement; it cannot be discussed or argued about.
- 21. Thesis Statement • A thesis statement should not state two sides of argument equally: There are advantages and disadvantages to using nuclear power. This could be a topic sentence, but it is not a thesis statement. It gives two sides of an argument without giving a clear opinion of support or disagreement. It could be revised like this: Although there are some advantages, using nuclear power has many disadvantages and should not be a part of our country's energy plan. This is a strong thesis statement. It clearly gives the writer's opinion about nuclear power. •
- 22. Thesis Statement How to Connect the Thesis Statement and the Essay The paragraph in the main body of an essay should always explain the thesis statement. In addition, each paragraph in the main body should discuss one part of the thesis. Look at the following thesis statement. The topics to be discussed are underlined. To create a successful advertisement, it is necessary for advertisers to answer three questions: What are we selling?, Who are we selling it to?, and How can we make people want to buy it? Possible topic sentences for each paragraph in the main body: 1. The first step in creating a successful advertisement is to completely understand the product that is being sold and how it can be used 2. A second important part of creating an advertisement is deciding who is expected to buy the product. 3. FInally, a way must be found to create an ad that will make people want to buy the product
- 23. Thesis Statement How to Develop Thesis Statement One way to develop a thesis statement for an essay is to write opinions you have about the topic. Begin, I think that ... and complete the sentence with your opinion. Then remove I think that ... and remaining words make a possible thesis statement. Topic: diet/ food I think that a vegetarian diet is one of the best ways to live a healthy life. I think that governments should restrict the use of chemicals in agriculture and food production. After you have written several opinion statements, choose the one that would make the best thesis. Remember to decide if the sentence gives a clear opinion, states a fact, or presents two sides without a clear argument.
- 24. Outlining
- 25. What is an outline? o A method of organizing material that shows the order of the topics in essays. (Reid, 1982:55) o A list of the information you will put in your essay. (Zemach and Rumisek, 2005:63)
- 26. The purpose of an outline? (Zemach and Rumisek, 2005:63) o Show you what to write before you actually begin writing. o Help make your essay well organised and clearly focused. o Keep you from forgetting any important points.
- 27. Writing outline? (Zemach and Rumisek, 2005:64) o Use Roman numerals (I,II,III,IV,V, etc.) for essays main ideas. I. Introduction II. First main idea III. Second main idea IV. Third main idea V. Conclusion o Fill in more information for the paragraphs in the main body by using capital Roman letters (A,B,C, etc.) I. Introduction II. First main idea A. First supporting point B. Second supporting point ... and so on
- 28. Writing outline? (Zemach and Rumisek, 2005:64) o Use Arabic numerals (1,2,3, etc.) to give details for your supporting points. I. Introduction II. First main idea A. First supporting point 1. First detail 2. Second detail B. Second supporting points 1. First detail 2. Second detail ... and so on.
- 29. Writing outline? (Reid, 1982:56) Ussualy an essay outline concists of words and phrases; sometimes it consists of complete sentence. While writing your outline for an essay, try to keep the words and phrases parallel.
- 30. An example of an outline? (Oshima and Hogue, 1991:108) Modern Technology I. Introduction Thesis statement: The most recent significant discoveries to benefit humankind in modern times are in the fields of television and computer technology. II. Body A. The most popular form of instant communication all over the world is television. 1. Witnessing important events a. Destruction of Berlin Wall b. Launching of spacecraft 2. Long-distance medicine by two-way video a. Patient and doctors conferences b. Special equipment to monitor patient B. In the last few decades, computer technology has made tremendous progress in the world of communication to benefit humankind. 1. Long-distance communication 2. Information superhighway 3. Global computer network III. Conclusion To conclude, scientific research and experiments have certainly opened the doors to faster, more easily
- 31. Practice! Topic: Harmful Effects of Smoking I. Introduction Thesis statement: ... II. Body A. ... 1. ... 2. ... B. ... C. ... III. Conclusion