Intro. to Linguistics_13 Pragmatics
10 likes2,789 views
Pragmatics is the study of meaning beyond the sentence level by taking context and non-linguistic knowledge into account. It involves understanding deixis, reference, presupposition, speech acts, politeness, and implicature. Pragmatics helps explain how more can be communicated than what is literally said through contextual cues. It plays a role where syntax and semantics alone may be ambiguous, such as in determining whether a sentence like "donut eats Diki" makes sense based on context. Pragmatics is key to understanding intended speaker meaning.
Intro. to Linguistics_13 Pragmatics
- 1. INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS (SESSION 13: PRAGMATICS) Edi Brata Mathl’aul Anwar University
- 2. Meaning Dimensions Review to the Previous Topic Lexical Semantic Relations Roles
- 3. SEMIOTICS (Syntactic, Semantics and Pragmatics) a) Diki eats Donut. b) Donut eats Diki. • Syntactically, sentence a) and b) are accepted. • Semantically, only sentence a) that is accepted since sentence b) is illogical. • Sometime, it is possible to use sentence b) when we want to express donut as a monster. Here, pragmatics plays its role.
- 5. PRAGMATICS BABY & TODDLER SALE Invisible meaning
- 6. PRAGMATICS A : I have a fourteen year old son. B : Well that's all right. A : I also have a dog. B : Oh, I'm sorry.
- 7. CONTEXT Linguistics Context a) He is standing at the steep bank. b) She has to get to the bank to cash a check. Physical Context If you see the word BANK on the wall of a building in a city, the 'physical' location will influence your interpretation.
- 8. DEIXIS Deixis is reference by means of an expression whose interpretation is relative to the extra-linguistic context of the utterance. • Person Deixis (it, this, me, you, him, them) • Time/ Temporal Deixis (now, then, tonight, last week) • Place/Spatial Deixis (here, there, yonder) Deictic expressions have to be interpreted in terms of what person, place or time the speaker has in mind. o Here she comes! o There she goes o Pay now, free tomorrow!
- 9. REFERENCE Words don't refer to anything but people refer. We have to define reference as an act by which a speaker (or writer) uses language to enable a listener (or reader) to identify something Who do you mean with the man? One man who always went by fast and loud on his motorcycle.
- 10. REFERENCE • Kawasaki • Honda (A brand name for a motorcycle can obviously be used for a person). • Inference o Where's the fresh salad sitting?. o We saw Shakespeare in London. o I enjoy listening to Mozart.
- 11. ANAPHORA Anaphora can be defined as subsequent reference to an already introduced entity. A : Can I borrow your book? B : Yeah, it's on the table. I was waiting for the bus, but he just drove by without stopping.
- 12. PRESUPPOSITION • The speaker is working with an assumption that the hearer knows which referent is intended. • The assumption may be mistaken, but they underlie much of what we say in the everyday use of language • What a speaker assumes is true or is known by the hearer can be described as a presupposition
- 13. PRESUPPOSITION • My car is a wreck. • My car is not a wreck. Notice that, although these two sentences have opposite meanings, the underlying presupposition, I have a car, remains true in both. • I used to regret marrying him, but I don't regret marrying him now. • Why did you arrive late? There is a presupposition that you did arrive late.
- 14. SPEECH ACTS Visitor : Excuse me, do you know where the Marbella Hotel is You : Oh sure, I know where it is. (and walks away…) The use of the term speech act covers 'actions' such as 'requesting', 'commanding', 'questioning' and 'informing
- 15. POLITENESS Politeness is showing awareness of another person's face • Give me that paper! (a face-threatening act) • Could you pass me that paper, please? (a face-saving act)
- 16. SO, WHAT IS PRAGMATICS? • Pragmatics is the study of speaker meaning. • Pragmatics is the study of contextual meaning. • Pragmatics is the study of how more gets communicated than is said. • Pragmatics is the study of the expression of relative distance. (Yule, 1996:3)
- 17. PRAGMATICS Understanding how people communicate is actually a process of interpreting not just what speakers say, but what they 'intend to mean'.
- 18. Thank You!