Evolution of Electronics1.ppt Evolution of Electronics1.ppt
- 1. Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering
- 2. EVOLUTION OF ELECTRONICS – VACUUM TUBES TO NANO ELECTRONICS
- 3. WHAT IS ELECTRONICS……? Electronics means study of flow of electrons in electrical circuits. Electronics is the branch of science that deals with the study of flow and control of electrons (electricity) and the study of their behavior and effects in vacuums, gases, and semiconductors
- 4. ELECTRICAL V/S ELECTRONICS ENGG Deals with the current flow in semiconductors. Most electronic components are very small, and require small direct current (DC) voltages (3 – 12V DC). Deals with the current flow in conductors. Electrical components tend to be larger, and use alternating current (AC) voltages (230V AC).
- 5. EVOLUTION OF ELCTRONICS Evolution of electronics is mainly through 3 key components 1.The vacuum tube 2.The transistor 3. The integrated circuits
- 7. INTRODUCTION 7 Vacuum tubes (or electron valves) were invented in 1904 by John Ambrose Fleming and served as a basic component for electronics throughout the first half of the 20th century Applications included radio, television, radar, sound recording, large telephone networks, industrial process control and first generation computers
- 8. THERMIONIC EMISSION 8 The operating principle of a vacuum tube is based on the process of thermionic emission Vacuum tubes involve the transfer of electrons between electrodes. The energy required to overcome the forces holding the electrons is supplied by direct heating. This provides additional kinetic energy to the electrons At a sufficiently high temperature, some electrons will have enough kinetic energy to escape from the surface of the material. These escaped electrons then become the core reason of how a vacuum tube works
- 9. STRUCTURE 9 A vacuum tube is a sealed glass tube containing vacuum which allows free passage of electric current The cathode is the electrode that contains the heating source from which electrons are released The anode is the electrode that receives those electrons thus providing an electric path in the tube The grid is an additional electrode by which the current flowing in the anode circuit can be controlled by another potential
- 10. DISADVANTAGES 10 Following the invention of semiconductor devices in the 1940s, the use of vacuum tubes was gradually replaced by transistors When compared to transistors, vacuum tubes have several disadvantages: 1. Large size 2. Higher operating voltages 3. Less efficient 4. Glass tubes are fragile 5. Higher cost 6. Needs regular replacement A few applications remained, such as the Cathode-ray tube (CRT) in video monitors, but those too were eventually superseded in the 21st century
- 11. In 1883, Thomas Alwa Edison discovered that electrons will flow from one metal conductor to another through vacuum – Edison effect
- 12. In 1904 John Fleming applied Edison effect in inventing two element electron tube called vacuum diode.
- 13. In 1906, following this Lee De Forest developed a three element tube called vacuum triode. This was the real begining of electronics.
- 14. In 1927, Marconi invented radio which was the primary form of education and entertainment.
- 15. In 1947, the transistor was invented by John Bardeen, Walter brattain and William Shockley in Bell Laboratories. This invention revolutionized electronics industry due to its features such as light weight, low cost, less power, reliability etc. Which reduced the size of electronic devices. Another breakthrough happened in 1956 when Bell Laboratories invented Thyristor also called Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR).
- 16. In 1958 Jack Kilby an engineer of Texas instruments demonstrated the first IC. Large no of electronic components could be fabricated together on a single chip. Beginning of microelectronics revolution. In the year 2000 Jack Kilby won the Nobel Prize in Physics for miniaturized electronic circuits.
- 17. As the technology advanced, no of components fabricated on a single chip also increased. This advancement in chip fabrication is accordingly called as SSI, MSI, LSI, VLSI, ULSI etc. This resulted the new era of computers, mobile phones, microprocessors etc. 4 bit microprocessor was developed by Intel in 1971.
- 19. IMPACT OF ELECTRONICS IN MODERN WORLD IMPACT OF ELECTRONICS IN MODERN WORLD 21st century rely on electronics. Electronic technology is employed in the field of Industry, Communication, Military, Entertainments, Education, Automobiles, etc. In fact it is difficult to find an area where electronic technology is not applied.
- 20. ELECTRONICS IN COMMUNICATION & ELECTRONICS IN COMMUNICATION & ENTERTAINMENT ENTERTAINMENT • Telegraphy • Telephony • Fax • Radio Communication • Television • Cable T V • Mobile communication • Internet/social media • Teleconferencing • Video conferencing • Bluetooth • Wifi • Music players • Public address system • Television programs • Social media •Video games
- 21. ELECTRONICS IN MEDICAL FIELD ELECTRONICS IN MEDICAL FIELD • Electronic equipments such as ECG, EEG, Artificial pacemaker, Electronic spigmomanometer, Heart-Lung machine, Laser based surgical equipments. • Scanning equipments such as X-ray, Computer tomography, MRI, Ultrasound, Nuclear imaging, etc • Telemedicine
- 22. ELECTRONICS IN INSTRUMENTATION ELECTRONICS IN INSTRUMENTATION • CRO • Function generators • DSO • Finger print security systems • Drones in air traffic control • Multimeter • Strain gauges • CCTV •Microwave oven • Air conditioner • Induction heater
- 23. ELECTRONICS IN DEFENCE ELECTRONICS IN DEFENCE • RADAR • Missiles • Rocket launching • SONAR