Evolution of IoT with the sir of gujarat university
- 2. Genesis of IoT • The Internet of Things (IoT) era began around 2008-2009 when the number of devices connected to the Internet surpassed the global population. • This marked the start of IoT, which was coined by Kevin Ashton in 1999 while he was at Procter & Gamble. He used the term to describe connecting the company's supply chain to the Internet. • Now, IoT refers to adding senses to computers, allowing them to interact with the world.
- 3. IoT and Digitization • IoT (Internet of Things) and digitization are often used interchangeably but have key differences. • IoT : Involves connecting objects and machines to the Internet. • Digitization: Encompasses connecting objects with the data they generate and the resulting business insights. • While IoT is widely understood across the industry, digitization can have different meanings to different people.
- 4. IoT and Digitization (contd.) • Digitization means converting information into digital format and has been happening for decades. • Example in Transportation: Services like Uber and Ola use digital technologies for booking rides through mobile apps. • Example in IoT: Home automation systems like Google Nest use sensors to manage climate settings and connect with other smart devices like smoke alarms and video cameras. • In IoT, digitization connects things, data, and business processes to create valuable networked connections.
- 5. IoT Impact • Real-time connectivity for smart devices allows for better data-driven decision- making. • This optimizes systems and processes, offering new services that save time and improve the quality of life for people and businesses.
- 6. Convergence of IT and OT • IT handles internet connections, data systems, and secure data flow within an organization, focusing on information systems like email, file services, and databases. • OT manages and controls physical systems and devices, such as assembly lines, utility networks, and production facilities. • Traditionally, IT did not deal with the operational and logistical aspects of OT. OT is responsible for industrial equipment like factory machines, meters, actuators, and SCADA systems.
- 7. Challenges of IoT Challenges of IoT are as follows:- 1. IoT Security 2. Coverage 3. Scalability 4. Interoperability 5. Bandwidth Availability 6. Limited battery Life 7. Remote Access
- 8. Challenges of IoT 1. IoT Security:- • IoT devices are highly vulnerable to cyber attacks due to several issues. Their limited power supply makes it hard to use strong security measures like encryption and authentication, which require more power. • As technology evolves, new vulnerabilities in device firmware emerge, but updating them is difficult. On-site updates are impractical, and remote updates use a lot of power and data. • Additionally, IoT devices often rely on users' network infrastructure, like WiFi, making them more vulnerable to attacks and potentially compromising other connected devices and applications.
- 9. 2. Coverage:- • IoT devices need a network connection for receiving and transmitting data. Losing this connection disables the device. Different IoT connectivity solutions suit various coverage needs, limiting deployment options and making coverage a constant challenge. • For instance, WiFi is common but only works within a short range of a router and where WiFi is available. If there's no existing infrastructure, you must either build it or equip devices with a backup solution that has coverage.
- 10. 3. Scalability:- • Scaling IoT involves managing many devices across different regions, each needing unique connectivity solutions like cellular networks, WiFi, or LoRaWAN (Long range Wide Area network). • This creates a fragmented system with various management platforms, support systems, and protocols, complicating monitoring, maintenance, and updates. Integrating different technologies can cause compatibility issues, inefficiencies, and higher costs. • Varying security levels of connectivity solutions make it hard to enforce consistent security policies, increasing vulnerability risks.
- 11. 4. Interoperability:- • IoT offers great flexibility in configuring your tech stack to meet specific needs, but this also brings challenges. Not all IoT devices and solutions are compatible with each other or with your business applications. Integrating new hardware and software often demands adjustments to maintain functionality. • IoT manufacturers face interoperability issues, particularly with open-source technology. The absence of a universal standard means businesses and countries may use different versions of open-source tech. This variability complicates the addition of new technology from different vendors or the deployment of IoT solutions across various regions.
- 12. 5. Bandwidth Availability :- • Radio Frequency (RF) bandwidth is a limited resource but that's needs to be shared globally. While there are generally enough bandwidth for billions of connected devices, issues arise when many devices in close proximity use the same frequency bands. This leads to signal interference. • For instance, in apartment buildings, WiFi routers from different residents often use the same 2.4GHz or 5GHz frequencies. When these routers are placed close together, like on opposite sides of a wall, their signals can interfere with each other when active simultaneously. In IoT environments where thousands of devices are clustered, adding billions more devices will further crowd the RF spectrum. Manufacturers must consider potential signal interference and the availability of bandwidth when developing new IoT solutions.
- 13. 6. Limited battery life:- • Most IoT devices are small and typically have small batteries to match their compact size. Newer generations are becoming even smaller and more efficient. Using larger batteries would restrict where these devices can be installed. For example, a predictive maintenance sensor with a bigger battery might not fit in locations shielded from extreme temperatures, debris, or impacts. • Devices meant to operate in the field for extended periods rely on batteries designed to last for years. Achieving this longevity requires minimal power consumption during normal operations. Continuous data transmission or reception consumes significant battery life, necessitating devices to be highly efficient in energy usage.
- 14. 7. Remote Access:- • The connectivity method used by an IoT device determines how it can be accessed. Relying on customers WiFi or ethernet means support staff either need VPN access or must be on-site, which can be costly. On-site visits are expensive but sometimes necessary for troubleshooting or updates. • Remote access capabilities significantly reduce support and maintenance expenses and facilitate large-scale firmware updates. However, some IoT connectivity options lack the data speed required for global remote access. Slow networks drain too much power for battery-dependent devices during firmware updates. • Cellular connectivity addresses these challenges by providing the necessary data speed for efficient updates and supporting secure remote access via VPNs.
- 15. M2M (Machine to Machine) • Machine to Machine (M2M) refers to systems where machines interact autonomously without human involvement, regardless of the devices or communication channels used. • In 2013, the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) and its 13 founding members started a project to create a blueprint for M2M and IoT systems. They adopted a "stacking" approach from networking, similar to the OSI model. This approach allows one part of the system to change without affecting the other parts.
- 17. Application Layer:- • The oneM2M architecture focuses on connecting IoT devices with their applications. This involves protocols and APIs (tools for software interaction) to standardize communication and integration with business intelligence (BI) systems, which analyze data for decision-making. • IoT applications are industry-specific, such as healthcare, smart homes, or industrial automation. Each industry has unique data models and needs, so these applications operate within their own contexts using specialized data structures and protocols.
- 18. Service Layer:- • This layer supports industry-specific applications with a common infrastructure. oneM2M creates technical specifications for an M2M Service Layer that connects many devices to application servers. It includes management protocols for controlling devices and networks, and backhaul communications that link smaller networks to a larger core network using technologies like cellular networks, MPLS, or VPNs. • Above this infrastructure is the common services layer, providing middleware and APIs to support third-party services and applications. Middleware connects different systems or applications, allowing them to communicate.
- 19. Network Layer:- • This layer focuses on communication between IoT devices. It includes the devices and the networks that connect them. • The infrastructure uses wireless mesh technologies like IEEE 802.15.4 for short- range communication and IEEE 802.11ah for longer-range wireless networking. It also includes wired connections, such as those defined by IEEE 1901 for communication over power lines. • Devices can communicate directly or through a field area network (FAN) to specific IoT applications. Gateway devices in this layer act as bridges between local device networks and the broader core network.
- 20. The IoT World Forum(IoTWF) Standardize Architecture • In 2014, the IoTWF architectural committee (including Cisco, IBM, and Rockwell Automation) published a seven-layer IoT reference model. • This model offers a simplified view of IoT, covering edge computing, data storage, and access. It provides a clear technical perspective of IoT, with each of the seven layers detailing specific functions, and security spanning the entire model.
- 22. Layer 1 :- Physical Devices and Controllers • The first layer of the IoT Reference Model is the Physical Devices and Controllers layer. • It includes all the "things" in the Internet of Things, like sensors and endpoint devices, which can be as small as tiny sensors or as large as factory machines. • Their main role is to generate data and be accessible for queries or control over a network.
- 23. Layer 2 Connectivity:- • The second layer is the Connectivity layer. Its main job is to make sure data is sent reliably and quickly. • It moves data from devices in Layer 1 to the network and then to information processing systems in Layer 3. This layer includes: 1. Last-mile network: Connects sensors/devices to the IoT gateway. 2. Gateway: Bridges devices and the larger network. 3. Backhaul networks: Connects the gateway to the core network. • The Connectivity layer ensures smooth and efficient data flow across the network.
- 25. Layer 3: Edge Computing • Layer 3 is dedicated to Edge Computing, which is sometimes referred to as the "fog" layer. • This layer plays a crucial role in processing data close to where it is generated, rather than sending all raw data to a central location. • By doing this, it helps to reduce the volume of data that needs to be transmitted and stored, improving efficiency and responsiveness in IoT systems.
- 26. Key Functions of Layer 3 are as follows:- 1. Data Reduction: Filtering and aggregating raw data from devices to reduce what needs to be sent to central systems, easing the load on network and storage. 2. Early Processing: Analysis and processing of data is done to near its source, doing tasks like anomaly detection and preliminary analytics, ensuring relevant info is forwarded for quick decisions. 3. Latency Reduction: Processes data locally to speed up getting insights, crucial for real-time applications like industrial automation and autonomous vehicles.
- 28. • Upper Layer :- Layer 4-7
- 29. Simplified IoT Architecture • IoT systems connect devices to a network to transport data for use by applications. All IoT models share this goal, whether they use data centers, the cloud, or management points. • A simplified framework for IoT includes data collection, storage, processing, and device, network, and application management. • By breaking down the architecture into these basic components, the framework provides a clear and functional foundation for understanding IoT design and deployment principles across different industries.
- 31. • Most IoT models have core layers: devices, a communications network, and applications. This framework separates IoT functions and data management into parallel stacks. The Core IoT Functional Stack has three simplified layers to explain the basic IoT architecture. • The network communications layer is complex, involving various technologies. It must connect diverse IoT sensors, use gateway and backhaul technologies, and bring data to a central location for analysis and processing.