Fall_Protection_Qatar_Presentation1a.ppt

Fall Protection
CFR 1926- Subpart M
Demetrio Monreal July 13,2007
Cansult-Maunsell Guest Palace Hotel
Philippines Association of Safety Engineer’s (PHASE)
Qatar, Chapter

Fall Protection
AGENDA:
1. Personal Fall Arrest System
2. Safety Lifeline and Anchorage
3. Guardrails
4. Warning Lines
5. Safety Nets
6. When Fall Protection are Needed
7. Training
8. Summary
9. Incident case

OSHA Office of Training & Education
3
Fall Protection

4
Falls are the leading cause of deaths in the
construction industry.
Most fatalities occur when employees fall from open-
sided floors and through floor openings.
Falls from as little as 4 to 6 feet can cause serious
lost-time accidents and sometimes death.
Open-sided floors and platforms 6 feet or more in
height must be guarded.
Falls in Construction

5
This presentation will discuss:
• The working conditions that
prompt use of fall protection
• Options that are available to
protect workers from falls
Fall Protection

6
At the end of this topic, you will be able to:
• List at least four methods of fall
protection available for protecting workers
• State the main criteria that prompts use of
fall protection for construction workers
Fall Protection

7
Personal Fall
Arrest System
(PFAS)
Guardrails Safety Net
Fall Protection Options

8
Fall protection systems and work practices
must be in place before you start work.
Lanyards and PFAS in use
Fall Protection Planning

9
Personal Fall Arrest Systems
• You must be trained how to properly use PFAS.
• PFAS = anchorage, lifeline and body harness.

10
A Typical Fall Arrest
Arrangement
• Consists of:
– Anchorage Connector
– Shock Absorbing Lanyard
– Full Body Harness
• The anchorage connector must be attached
to a suitable and strong attachment point

11
FALL ARREST SYSTEM
• A fall arrest system differs from a travel restraint
system. Unlike travel restraint, a fall arrest
system does not prevent a fall, it reduces the
chance of injury when a fall takes place.
• A complete fall arrest system consists of an
anchorage point, lifeline, fall arrestor, lanyard,
shock absorber, and full body safety harness.
• A 100 kg (220 lbs.) worker free falling 1.0 meters
(3 ft.) generates an impact force of
approximately 12kN (2700 lbs.).

12
Common Pieces of Equipment
Shock Absorbing
Lanyard
Self Retracting
Lifelines
Rope & Cable
Grabs
Carabiners
Full Body
Harness
Cross-Arm
Strap

Fall Protection-
Personal Fall Arrest Systems
• Personal fall arrest system
– Horizontal lifelines installed by qualified
person
– Safety factor of at least 2
– Rigged to fall no more than 6 feet-
– No contact with lower level- 3.5 feet
deceleration maximum
– Provide prompt rescue
– Inspect prior to each use

14
Specifications for a Fall Arrest System
1. Anchorage Point - The anchorage
must be capable of supporting a static
load of 17.8kN (4000 lbs.) in any
direction, with proper provision to
accept a lifeline connection. If the
anchor is exposed to the elements, it
must be corrosion resistant. (The
minimum thickness of an eyebolt type
anchor is 19mm (3/4") with a 38mm (1
1/2") opening diameter.)
roof anchors
Cross Arm strap-
For I beams &
concrete beams
Wire rope
slings- For I
beams &
concrete
beams
Rope grabs

15
• 2. Lifeline- This is the part of the system that is attached to the
anchor point and the user of the system. Lifelines must have a
minimum strength equivalent rope. Lifelines must be properly
secured to the anchorage point and be protected from abrasion or
damage along their full length. Lifelines may run vertically or
horizontally (installed between two or more anchors), depending
on the application.
Temporary lifelines are made of wire or synthetic rope. Permanent
systems may be made of rigid steel or aluminum rails, wire ropes,
or similar materials.

16
3. Fall Arrestor - This is a device that
automatically locks onto the lifeline when
a fall occurs. It is fitted between the lifeline
and lanyard and normally slides freely on
the lifeline until there is a sudden
downward motion. When this sudden
motion occurs, the fall arrestor "grabs" the
lifeline and holds firmly. Fall arresting
mechanisms are also built into retractable
lifeline devices, that play out and retract as
necessary, but hold fast in the event of a
fall. ( similar to a seat belt in an automobile

1-25
Self-Retracting Lifelines and Lanyards
A Lanyard that:
Automatically limits free-fall
distance to less than two feet.
Must be designed, constructed
and tested according to the
American National Standards
Institute (ANSI) or other
approved testing agencies.
Fall Protection Devices and Systems

18
4. Lanyard - A lanyard is an approved device located
between the fall arrestor and the worker's safety
harness. Lanyards should conform to CSA Z259.1-1976
"Fall-Arresting Safety Belts and Lanyards for the
Construction and Mining Industries"
5. Shock Absorber - This is a device that limits the
force applied to the user when a fall occurs. It is
designed to absorb the kinetic energy of the fall as the
worker is stopped. The shock absorber prevents both
injury to the worker and the amount of force
transferred to the lifeline and anchor. A shock absorber
may be a separate device or built into the lanyard
design.

19
6. Full Body Safety Harness - This is a
device designed to contain the torso
and pelvic area of a worker and to
support the worker during and after
a fall.

20
Must be independent of
any platform anchorage
and capable of
supporting at least
5,000 lbs. per worker
Safety Line Anchorages

21

22

1-21
Approved Anchorage Points

1-22
Improper Anchorage Points
Photo
Photo Photo

1-27
 The attachment point of a
body harness is located in
the center of the wearer’s
back near shoulder level.
 Snap hooks shall be a
double locking-type.
 Body belts are not allowed
on site.
Guidelines for a Full Body Harness

26
Use of Body Belts
• Effective January 1, 1998, body belts are
prohibited as a fall arrest device.
• Body belts can still be used as a positioning
device.

27
Dee-rings and Snap Hooks
• Dee-rings and snaphooks must have a minimum
tensile strength of 5,000 pounds (22.2
KiloNewtons).
• Dee-rings and snaphooks shall be proof-tested to
a minimum tensile load of 3,600 pounds (16
KiloNewtons) without cracking, breaking, or
suffering permanent deformation.

28

29
Safety belts/lifelines/lanyards/anchorage

30
Work Positioning Systems
• These systems are designed to hold and sustain the
user at a work location and limit the free-fall to two
feet or less, as in rebar work or tree trimming. These
are examples of typical components of a work
positioning system.
• Body Support: Full Body Harness
• Connecting Component: Chain or web rebar
assembly, rope or web lanyard
• Anchorage Connector: Carabiner or snap hook
• Anchorage: Rebar or Support Structure

31
Restraint Systems
• These are systems designed to prevent the user
from reaching an area where free-fall could occur
so no free-fall is possible, as in leading edge roof
work. Here are some elements and examples of
restraint systems.
• Body Support: Full Body Harness or Body Belt
• Connecting Component: Rope or web lanyard
• Anchorage Connector: Carabiner, Tie-Off
Adapter, Roof Anchor
• Anchorage: Beam or Support Structure

32
Fall Arrest
• These systems are designed to stop a free-fall of
up to 6 feet, and limit the maximum forces of a
user to 1800 pounds or less, as in steel erection
or elevated maintenance work. The following are
the four elements of a fall arrest system and some
examples.
• Connecting Component: Shock Absorbing
Lanyard, Self-Retracting-Lifeline, RopeGrab
• Anchorage Connector: Carabiner, Tie-Off
Adapter, Trolly, Roof Anchor
• Anchorage: Beam or Support Structure

Measuring Total Fall
This example
shows a shock-
absorbing
lanyard with
potential to
stretch 3.5ft)
1-29

34
• Top rails between 39 and 45 inches tall
• Toeboards at least 3 1/2 inches high
Top Rail
Mid- Rail
Toeboard
Guardrails

1-10
What is a Guardrail system?
A guardrail system
protects employees
from fall hazards. It
consists of:
 Handrail.
 Midrail.
 Toe boards.
Guardrails

1-11
Top Rail
Mid Rail
Toe Board
200 lbs
150 lbs
50 lbs
42”+/- 3”
Dimensions of a Guardrail system?
Guardrails

37
Guard Rails/ Hand Rails
A fixed barrier must be capable of
stopping a worker from proceeding
past the edge of a work level or into a
floor opening. Barriers may be
permanent or temporary, depending
on the circumstances at the
workplace. Types include: guardrails,
handrails, ladder cages, fencing,
warning barriers.

38
Guardrails
Generally speaking, a guardrail is a permanent or portable
structural system consisting of a top rail, mid-rail and toe board
secured to vertical posts intended to stop a worker from
inadvertently stepping off a working level and falling to a level
below.
• Guard railing consists of a top rail at a height of between
900mm and 1060mm (36 to 42 inches) above the working
surface with an intermediate rail midway between the top rail
and bottom level.
• The guard railing must be of capable of resisting a static load
of 900 Newton's (200 pound force) at any point along the rails.
When guard railing is constructed of wood, all members shall
be at least nominal 50 by 100 mm (2" by 4") with a span of no
more than 2.5 meters (8') between posts.

39
Guardrails
• Where there is a danger of materials or objects falling from
the work surface to a working level below, a toe board 125
mm (5 inches) in height is required to be secured to the
guardrail posts.
• Guardrail posts must be capable of supporting any loads
applied to the top rail. They must be securely attached to
the base and braced where necessary to remain solid and
secure. Posts are not to exceed a maximum spacing of 2.5
meters (8 feet) apart.

Guardrails
• Protect your workers with guardrails 1926.502(b)
– Top rail at 42 inches (+/- 3 inches)
– Midrails at 21 inches
– Intermediate members- less than 20 inches
– Withstand 200 pounds in any direction
– All rails 1/4 inch in diameter at least
– Midrails- 150 pounds

41
Guard Rails
There are many different variations of guardrails, including wood-
slat, wire rope, steel frame, safety fencing, tube and clamp,
perimeter netting and others.

42
Guard Rails

43
When removing guard rails
temporarily:
Where a guardrail is temporarily removed, warning
signs or warning tape should be used to mark
off the
hazard area.

1-13
A barrier erected to warn
employees:
That they are approaching
an unprotected roof side
or edge.
That work is taking place
without the use of a
guardrail, body harness or
safety net system
What is a Warning Line System?
Photo
Warning Line

1-14
 Warning lines must
be posted at least 6
feet away from the
edge. (See note.)
 Warning lines must
consist of ropes,
wires, or chains.
Guidelines for Warning Lines
Photo
Warning Line

46
Warning line
• Use a warning line
– On some jobs you can establish a rope or wire barrier
around the roof to warn workers that they are getting
close to the edge
– Must be placed six feet from the edge

Warning line
• Hey! This little
warning line’s
NOT going to
keep me from
falling over the
edge!

Warning line
• It is easy to spot roofing operations from a
distance
• Is there any fall protection evident here?

Warning line
• Warning Lines
• Six feet from
the edge?
• Only serves to
warn workers of
their impending
fall.

Warning line
• The company is using a warning line system
• Note the employee OUTSIDE the warning line

51
Place as close as possible, but no more than 30
feet below where employees work
Safety Nets

52
FALL CONTAINMENT SYSTEM
Safety Nets
Where it is impractical to provide a fixed barrier or fall
arrest systems, an alternate solution is the provision of
safety nets. Safety nets are used most often where it is
difficult or impossible to arrange for guard railing or to
provide a proper anchoring and lifeline system for fall
arrest. The most common applications for safety nets
are bridge work and structural steel erection.
Safety nets shall be designed, installed, tested and
maintained The net shall be installed so that it extends
2.5 meters (8 feet) beyond the edge of the work area and
not further than 7.7 meters (25 feet) below the working
surface.
Safety Nets

53
Safety Nets

54
Fall Protection Part II

55
When Fall Protection is Needed
• Walkways & ramps
• Walking and Working
Surfaces
• Residential
Construction
• Open sides & edges
• Holes/Covers
• Concrete forms & rebar
• Excavations or
Confined Spaced Works
• Roofs
• Arial Lift and
Suspended caffold
• Fall Rescue Operation
• Mountain climbing
• Wall openings
• Bricklaying
• Falling Materials
• Canopy or Parapet

56
Guard ramps, runways, and other walkways
Walkways and Ramps

Walking and Working Surfaces
Special emphasis on Fall
Protection

58
In residential construction, you must be
protected if you can fall more than 6 feet
Fall Protection -
Residential Construction

Fall Protection -
• This company has
chosen to erect guard
rails.
• Each guard rail will
withstand 200 pounds
force.
• They finished the job
ahead of schedule...

60
Fall Protection -

61
Unprotected edge
Unprotected Sides & Edges
Unprotected sides and edges must
have guardrails or equivalent

62
Sides & Edges - Improper Guarding
This 1/4" nylon rope alone is not a proper
way to guard this open floor

63
• Holes more than 6 feet high must be protected
• This opening could be made safe by using a
guardrail, or strong cover
Sky Lights and Other Openings

Sky Lights and Other
Openings
Fatalities
• Many people die from falling into floor
openings that were not obvious.
• Falls through skylights have occurred
because many people do not realize
that they do not support 200 pounds
or more.

65
• Cover completely and securely
• If no cover, can guard with a guardrail
Floor Holes
Improperly
Covered

Floor Holes
• All floor openings must be covered
• Keep your workers from making a quick exit!

67
FLOOR SURFACE
PROTECTION:
• In order to prevent slips and falls on the same
surface, it is a matter of providing a work surface
free from tripping and slipping hazards. This can
be accomplished by ensuring that good
housekeeping practices are instituted at the
workplace. It is important to keep the work area
free of equipment and materials that are not
required for the task at hand.
• Floors that may become slippery due to the work
operations should be provided with a non-slip
type surface or coating that will provide a secure
walking surface. Footwear with special soles may
be also required. Material spills must be cleaned
up immediately, especially if it creates a slippery
surface

68
Floor Surface Protection
Fall Protection Systems Categories
• Surface protection (non-slip flooring)
• Fixed barriers (handrails, guardrails)
• Surface opening protection (removable
covers, guardrails)
• Travel restraint systems (safety line and belt)
• Fall arrest systems (safety line and harness)
• Fall containment systems (safety nets)
The selection of the particular fall protection
system to control the hazard to the worker
is dependent upon the circumstances and
the job task.

69
• Use PFAS when working on formwork or rebar
• Cover or cap protruding rebar
Concrete Forms and Rebar

1-20
An Anchorage point must be:
Located at or above the
employee’s waist.
Capable of supporting 5,000
lbs or 2 times the arresting
force per employee.
Designed and built to hold
the maximum force of the
fall arrest.
Concrete Forms and Rebar

71
Guard excavations
more than 6 feet deep
when they are not
readily seen because
of plant growth or
other visual barriers
Excavations
In addition to needing
guarding, this
excavation is not
properly shored

72
Excavation or Confined Spaced Works

73
Confined
Space Entry
Place warning signs
where pedestrians can
see them.
Signs must state the
hazard and the
required action.
CAUTION
Opening in Ground
Keep Out !

74
Roles and Responsibilities
Authorized Entrants
Authorized Attendants
Entry Supervisor

75
Authorized Entrant
Knows the hazards faced
during the entry
Knows proper use of
equipment
Understands how to
communicate with
attendant
Alerts the attendant to any
situation change

76
Emergency Notifications
• Notify ERT Prior to Entry
• Rescue Team will be on-site and know
immediately of an emergency
• Notify ERT through 999 or ERT Radio

77
Excavation and Trenching

78
They Can Also Be Fatal !!!
Note Exposed Water
Line in Trench

79

80

81
If you work on roofs and can fall
more than 6 feet, you must be protected
Roofs

82
Roofs
• Personal fall arrest system includes
– Shock Absorbers
– Dee rings
– Harnesses
– Anchorage point
• Body belts and non locking snap hooks are
outlawed since 1998!!

83
Roofs
• Use Administrative procedures
– When all else fails, you may have to accept the risk
on the job site.
– Prepare a written administrative procedure to ensure
workers are doing the best that they can
– Can only be used when all other systems are proven
to be unfeasible!!

84
ARIAL LIFT/SUSPENDED
SCAFFOLD

85
ARIAL LIFT

86
Arial Lift

87
Fall Rescue Operation

88
Rescue Systems
• These systems which are designed to raise or
lower a user to safety in the event of an
emergency, so no free-fall is possible. (i.e. confined
space work). The following are the four elements of
a rescue system and examples of each:
• Connecting Component: Lifeline (winch, self
retracting lifeline) and Y-Lanyard
• Anchorage Connector: Tripod, Davit Arm
• Anchorage: Support Structure or Surface

89
Suspension System
• These systems support and suspend the user while
being transported up or down vertically and will not
allow a free fall. Here are some elements and
examples of suspension systems.
• Body Support: Full Body Harness and a
Botswain's Chair
• Connecting Component: Lifeline (rope, rescue
positioning device) rope or web lanyard
• Anchorage Connector: Carabiner, Tripod, Davit
Arm Tie-off Adapter
• Anchorage: Beam or Support Structure or Surface

90
Fall Rescue Operation

91
If you work near wall openings 6 feet or more above
lower levels you must be protected from falling
Wall opening
Wall Openings

92
Wall Opening

Brick Laying
• Controlled access zones 1926.502(g)
– Leading edge work
– Overhand bricklaying
– Pre-cast concrete
– Accessible only to those qualified
employees necessary to perform work

94
Bricklaying

Falling Materials
• Protection from falling objects 1926.502(j)
– Toeboards must be 3 1/2 inches tall
– Screens may be installed where needed
– No materials within six feet of edge unless
guardrails are present. (Masonry equipment
& material is ok to 4 feet)
– Areas must be barricaded and employees
entry must be prohibited

Protection from falling objects
• Exposed workers must wear hard hats
• Employer must take steps to prevent
employees from being hit

97
Good Work Practices
• Perform work at ground level if possible
Example: building prefab roofs on the
ground and lifting into place with a crane
• Tether or restrain workers so they can't
reach the edge
• Designate and use safety monitors (This is
less desirable of all the systems)
• Use conventional fall protection

98
The training is to teach you:
 How to recognize hazards
 How to minimize hazards
The training must cover:
 Fall hazards
 Fall protection systems
 Use of fall protection devices
Training
Employers must provide fall protection training

99
Summary
• If you can fall more than 6 feet, you must
be protected
• Use fall protection on:
walkways & ramps, open sides & edges,
holes, concrete forms & rebar,
excavations, roofs, wall openings,
bricklaying, residential construction
• Protective measures include guardrails,
covers, safety nets, and Personal Fall
Arrest Systems

100
Fall Protection
• March 25, 2000
• Laying cable on roof
• Walking backwards
• Stepped off the edge!

101
Incident Case
• One woman holding a
belay rope
• Three men on other end
• 1,000 feet fall!

102
Incident Case
• Atlanta Olympic Stadium
• Attached lanyard and harness to light bank
• Light bank fell on top of worker
Anchorage
point must
withstand
at least
5,000
pounds!

103
Incident Case
• Dismantling an old water
tower
• Foreman/son had hired 71
year old father to assist
• Father fell 66 feet to his
death in front of his son!

104
Bad Catch
• News clippings
• We see it every day!

"Artificial Intelligence is no
match for natural stupidity."

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