final table of contents.pdf
- 1. I HISTORY OF LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS (LNG) INDUSTRY WHAT IS LNG DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LNG, LPG & NGLS DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LNG, CNG & PNG MAIN UNITS OF NATURAL GAS MEASUREMENTS LNG CHAIN AND COMPONENT OF LIQUEFACTION PLANT EGYPT ENERGY DEMAND AND NATURAL GAS RESERVE EGYPTIAN NATURAL GAS PIPELINE AND LNG EXPORT LNG MARKET STRUCTURE, IMPORT AND EXPORT LNG PEAK SHAVING AND BASELOAD PLANT LNG USES, ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATION LNG PROPERTIES REFERENCE
- 2. II
- 3. III Pretreatment INTRODUCTION 72 GAS-SWEETENING PROCESSES 72 SELECTION OF SWEETENING PRO 73 CHEMICAL ABSORPTION PROCESS IN NATURAL GAS SWEETENI 74 PHYSICAL ABSORPTION PROCESS IN NATURAL GAS SWEET 86 HYBRID PROCESSES 88 TROUBLESHOOTING OF ABSORPTION SWEETENING 88 THERMAL EFFECTS IN ABSORPTION 91 ADSORPTION PROCESS OF NATURAL GAS SWEETENING 93 NEW ACID GAS REMOVAL TECHNOLOGIES 95 ACID GAS DISPOSA 97 REFERENCE 98 INTRODUCTION 100 WATER CONTENT OF NATURAL GAS STREAMS 101 GAS HYDRATES 103 DEHYDRATION METHODS 105 REFERENCE 127 WHY MERCURY REMOVAL? 128 MERCURY SPECIES 128 MERCURY PROBLEMS OCCURRENCE 131
- 4. IV MERCURY-INDUCED CORROSION 131 HOW IS MERCURY MEASURED? 133 MERCURY REMOVAL METHODS IN GAS PLANTS 133 LOCATION OF REMOVAL FACILITIES 139 REFERENCE 141 WHY REMOVING NITROGEN FROM LNG? 142 NITROGEN REJECTION FOR GAS UPGRADING 142 WHY REMOVING NITROGEN FROM LNG? 143 NITROGEN REJECTION FOR GAS UPGRADING 143 REFERENCE 147 CONTAMINANT IN NATURAL GAS 148 LIQUEFACTION PRETREATMENT 148 COST 148 HOW IS MERCURY MEASURED?? 148 DEVELOPMENT IN PRETREATMENT 148 TECHNOLOGY SELECTION 148 INTRODUCTION 149 CONTAMINANTS IN NATURAL GAS 149 LIQUEFACTION PRE-TREATMENT 150 COST 158 DEVELOPMENTS IN PRE-TREATMENT 162 TECHNOLOGY SELECTION 163 CONCLUSION 163 REFERENCE 164
- 5. V INTRODUCTION 165 RETROGRADE CONDENSATION 165 PROCESS COMPONENTS 167 EXTERNAL REFRIGERATION 167 TURBOEXPANSION 172 HEAT EXCHANGE 176 NGL FRACTIONATION 181 SELECTION OF NGL RECOVERY PROCESSES 186 IMPROVEMENT OF HIGH HEATING VALUE 187 COMMERCIALISED LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS 187 NATURAL GAS LIQUEFACTION PROCESS 191 THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF LNG PROCESSES 192 IDEAL COOLING PROCESS 193 REAL COOLING PROCESSES 193 LIQUEFACTION CYCLES 193 JOULE-THOMSON CYCLES 194 EXPANDER CYCLES 197 CLOSED CYCLES 198 OPEN CYCLES 199 LNG TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW 200
- 6. VI THREE MAIN PROCESSES 200 LNG PROCESS SYSTEMS 201 COMMON LNG PROCESS SYSTEMS 201 LNG LIQUEFACTION TECHNOLOGY 203 CLASSIFICATION OF LNG LIQUEFACTION TECHNOLOGY 203 PROPANE PRECOOLED MIXED REFRIGERANT (PPMR™)/C3 MR/APCI PROCESS 204 AP-XTM 206 CASCADE CYCLES 210 SINGLE MIXED REFRIGERANT LOOP PROCESS 222 LIQUEFIN™ PROCESS 225 DUAL MIXED REFRIGERANT (DMR) PROCESS 227 ASSUMPTIONS 229 LNG PROCESSES WITH A PHASE SEPARATOR 230 PRECOOLED LNG PROCESS WITH A PHASE SEPARATOR 231 LNG PROCESSES WITH TURBINE 232 COMPARISON OF LNG PROCESSES 234 OPTIMIZATION OF WORK REQUIRE 234 SUMMARY
- 7. VII CRYOGENIC ABOVEGROUND STORAGE 242 STEEL 243 CONCRETE 254 HYBRID CONSTRUCTION 256 CRYOGENIC IN GROUND STORAGE 256 CONVENTIONAL TANKAGE 256 FROZEN-EARTH CAVITIES 258 MINED CAVERNS 259 ROLLOVER 260 CAUSE OF ROLLOVER 261 PREVENTION OF ROLLOVER 264 INTRODUCTION 267 NATURAL GAS TRUCKING 267 LNG PIPELINES 269 MARINE TRANSPORT 274 RE –LIQUEFACTION CYCLE OF BOG IN SHIP 281
- 8. VIII INTRODUCTION 285 REGASIFICATION 286 INTERMEDIATE FLUID VAPORIZERS, IVS 289 ADVANTAGES OF INTERMEDIATE FLUID VAPORIZER 291 DISADVANTAGES OF INTERMEDIATE FLUID VAPORIZER 291 AMBIENT AIR VAPORIZERS, AAV 292 ADVANTAGES OF AMBIENT AIR VAPORIZER 294 DISADVANTAGES OF AMBIENT AIR VAPORIZER 294 OPEN RACK VAPORIZERS, ORV 295 ADVANTAGES OF OPEN RACK VAPORIZER 296 DISADVANTAGES OF OPEN RACK VAPORIZER 296 SHELL AND TUBE VAPORIZERS, STV 297 ADVANTAGES OF SHELL AND TUBE VAPORIZERS 298 DISADVANTAGES OF SHELL AND TUBE VAPORIZERS 298 SUBMERGED COMBUSTION VAPORIZERS, SCV 298 ADVANTAGES OF SUBMERGED COMBUSTION VAPORIZERS 299 DISADVANTAGES OF SUBMERGED COMBUSTION VAPORIZERS9
- 9. IX COMPRESSORS 303 GAS TURBINES 307 PUMPS 314 VALVES 321 TURBO EXPANDER 325 HEAT EXCHANGER 328 GLOBAL NATURAL GAS DEMAND 338 LNG COSTS 340 LNG PRICING 343 CURRENT PRICING TRENDS 355 FUTURE TRENDS AND KEY ISSUES 355 REFERENCE 356
- 10. X OVERVIEW OF EGYPTIAN LNG PLANTS 368 HYSYS MODELING AND ANALYSIS 371 UNIT 01 – PLANT FEED CONDITIONING 372 UNIT 14 – MERCURY REMOVAL 374 UNIT 12 – ACID GAS REMOVAL 376 UNIT 13-DEHYDRATION 379 ETHANE AND PROPANE STORAGE 392 CONDENSATE STORAGE DESCRIPTION 392 LNG STORAGE 393 LNG STORAGE DESCRIPTION 393 MDEA STORAGE 394 MDEA STORAGE DESCRIPTION 394 THERMAL ANALYSIS OF APCI CYCLE 395 EFFECT OF MR COMPOSITION ON PLANT EFFICIENCY 399 HYSYS DATA VALIDATION 401 SEGAS VS ELNG PLANT 405 PROJECT COMPARISON 405 PLANT OVERVIEW COMPARISON 407 PRETREATMENT COMPARISON 409 FRACTIONATION & NGL REMOVAL 415 LIQUEFACTION AND REFRIGERATION COMPARISON 417 SELECTION OF COOLING MEDIUM 426 CONCLUSION 427 PROJECT DEVELOPMENT AND EXECUTION 428 PLANT STARTUP & SHUTDOWN 432 AMINE SYSTEM START UP 432 DEHYDRATION SYSTEM START UP 435