Fluid power Engineering (Fluid coupling)
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1) The document discusses hydraulic couplings, which transmit power between two shafts without a direct mechanical connection using an oil-based fluid. It describes the construction of a hydraulic coupling using a pump impeller on the driving shaft and turbine runner on the driven shaft within a housing filled with fluid. 2) The document outlines the working principle of how rotation of the pump impeller by the driving shaft moves fluid to rotate the turbine runner and driven shaft. Key characteristics are also summarized, such as centrifugal loading, slippage between input and output speeds, soft starting and clutching, and rising torque capability. 3) A variety of industrial applications are listed where hydraulic couplings are useful due to requirements for variable speed, soft starts
Fluid power Engineering (Fluid coupling)
- 1. 1 BRANCH : MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SEMESTER : 5 SEM YEAR : 2015-2016 SUBJECT : FLUID POWER ENGINEERING PRESENTATION TOPIC : HYDRAULIC COUPLING SR NO. NAME ENROLMENT NO 1 NILRAJSINH VASANDIA 130454119006 (NEW) 130990119060 (OLD) 2 3 4
- 2. Outline of Presentation Hydraulic Coupling Video of Hydraulic Coupling Characteristics Application Reference 2
- 3. Fluid Coupling or Hydraulic Coupling Function : It is used for transmitting power or torque from one shaft to other shaft with help of an oil (fluid), without Mechanical connection between the two shafts. Construction : It consist of two rotating elements as radial pump impeller and radial flow reaction. The pump impeller is mounted on a driving shaft and turbine runner is mounted on a driven shaft. Both the impeller and the runner are identical in shape and they are enclosed in a single housing filled with fluid (oil). The function of oil is to transmit torque from pump impeller to the turbine runner and also provide lubrication, and stability. There is no direct contact between the driving and driven parts. 3
- 4. Working : When the driving shaft with pump impeller is rotated, the oil start moving from the inner radius to the outer radius of the pump impeller by centrifugal action. Due to centrifugal action and speed of the pump impeller, the pressure and kinetic energy of oil at the outer radius increases. This oil then enters the turbine runner at the outer radius of the runner & flows inwardly to the inner radius of runner. The oil, while flowing through the turbine runner exerts force on the runner blades & makes the runner to rotate. The magnitude of the torque increases with an increase in the speed of the driving shaft. The oil from the runner then flows back into the pump impeller, hence having a continuous circulation. In the actual practice, the speed of the driven shaft is always less than the driving shaft by 2% - 4% due to friction & turbulence loss in the impeller and runner passage, which is known as slip Efficiency is 98% 4
- 5. Video of Hydraulic Coupling 5
- 6. Characteristics CENTRIFUGAL LOADING: Fluid coupling has centrifugal loading characteristic in working condition or in other words the power output by fluid coupling is directly dependent on third power of the RPM1, and output torque is proportional to second power of RPM. SLIP: Slip is the difference between in input and output speed with respect to input speed. A fluid coupling cannot develop output torque when the input and output angular velocities are identical. Hence a fluid coupling cannot achieve 100 percent power transmission efficiency. Due to slippage that will occur in any fluid coupling under load, some power will always be lost in fluid friction and turbulence, and dissipated as heat. CLUTCHING AND DECLUTCHING: Fluid coupling provides soft start to machine. Fluid coupling has an additional chamber on casing that known as delay fill chamber. This chamber is connected to the circuit of the fluid coupling through some holes. Initially when fluid coupling at rest the major quantity of oil filled inside this chamber and some quantity of oil available in circuit. When prime mover shaft starts rotating the less fluid filled inside the circuit of the fluid coupling. That can supply very less power and the speed of fluid coupling increases the oil from delay fill chamber gradually comes into the circuit the power output of the fluid coupling. 6
- 7. RISING TORQUE: The fluid coupling allows to prime mover at rated speed and machine at overloaded speed. That means the fluid coupling takes power constant and by reducing output speed the torque increases. The fluid coupling can increase the torque up to 270% of the rated torque. DIRECTION OF ROTATION: The fluid coupling can be used bidirectional. The impellor of the fluid coupling is associated with the casing (housing) of the fluid coupling and the rotor is freely supported on bearing only hence the rotor has less inertia than impellor. The fluid couplings rotor and impellor can be mounted on vice versa. This is required when the prime movers starting torque is less and it can not sustain higher inertia at starting. SET OUTPUT POWER: The fluid coupling can set the output power by varying the quantity of oil filled inside the fluid coupling for a fixed input power. The quantity of oil once filled inside the fluid coupling can not be change in working condition; hence the fixed quantity of oil can transfer a fix maximum power for a particular input power. STALL SPEED: The stall speed is defined as the highest speed at which the impellor can rotate when the rotor is locked and maximum input power is applied. Under stall conditions all of the prime movers power would be dissipated in the fluid coupling as heat. 7
- 8. Applications Industrial: The fluid coupling is generally used where soft start and variable loading or variable speed required. These kinds of applications are generally works in power plants, refineries, coal mines, paper and pulp Power plant: In power plant there is various equipment which requires fluid coupling some of are as follows 1) Fans: Fans are the important equipment of the power plant, it required to operate at variable speed for variable power generation. Hence for the variable speed the fluid coupling is needed for the SA, PA, ID FD and other fans. 2) Pumps: Boiler is the important part of the power plant and it operates at very high pressure. For feeding of fresh water into the boiler high pressure pumps required and these high pressure pumps required very high torque for starting. Hence fluid coupling employed into them. 3) Mines: The fluid coupling used in conveyors in mines for moving raw material from mining point to transportation point. 8
- 9. 9 4) Refineries: The petroleum fluid has high viscosity and the viscosity of the petroleum fluid varies with the temperature. For transportation of petroleum special pumps required which can work with varies density of the fluid. So that the power and speed of the pump varies. So that fluid coupling employed for the varies power requirement. 5) Pulp industries: The pulp industries have to handle the slurry, the slurry has not the same density homogeneously and the pump which handles this slurry varies speed. For this variable speed and power requirement fluid coupling is useful for the application. 6) Automotive: The fluid coupling can work as a clutch in an automobile. Fluid coupling also used in heavy vehicle like trucks as a retarder unit. 7) Railways: in a railway locomotive the fluid coupling used in power transmission train for varying load and high torque required to pull the train. 8) Aviation: The most prominent use of fluid couplings in aeronautical applications was in the Wright turbo compound reciprocating engine, in which three power recovery turbines extracted approximately 20 percent of the energy or about 500 horsepower (370 kW) from the engine's exhaust gases and then, using three fluid couplings and gearing, converted low-torque high-speed turbine rotation to low-speed, high-torque output to drive the propeller.