From qc circuit to qc hardware
- 1. 1 Wen-Sen Lu (呂文森) Rutgers University, PhD student; IBM Qiskit advocate Oct 2020 From quantum circuit to quantum hardware– proposal Qiskit © 2020
- 2. Talks settings 1. Length of talks: 30-45min talk, 15min Q&A 2. Number of talks: 2 3. Language: Mandarin/English 4. Platform: Webex > Zoom > others 5. Participants: 50+ Part 1 topics 1. States and gates in CC/QC hardware 2. From quantum gate to quantum computing 3. The idea of quantum readiness Part 2 topics 1. State of arts in QC hardware, pros/cons 2. Decompose transmon: Q states/RO/qubits 3. Qiskit Pulse for dispersive RO measurement 2 From quantum circuit to quantum hardware – proposal Qiskit © 2020 2020/8/28 - 量子邏輯閘講座
- 3. 3 Wen-Sen Lu (呂文森) Rutgers University, PhD student; IBM Qiskit advocate From quantum circuit to quantum hardware – week 1 Qiskit © 2020
- 4. 4 What do we mean by “states”? Qiskit © 2020 “2020/10/16 星期五晚上講座 - 量子通訊導論(1)” by Professor Tsung-Wei Huang https://medium.com/@twnolfetainerlolz/684468a37173 𝜓 = 1 2 + 𝜓 = Τ1ො𝑥 + 1ො𝑦 2 𝜓 ො𝑥 ො𝑦 𝜗 𝐵𝑙𝑜𝑐ℎ 𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 |𝜗 > = 𝑎1|1 > +𝑎0|0 > |𝜗 > = 𝑖 𝑎𝑖|𝑣𝑖 >
- 5. 5 What do we mean by “states”? Qiskit © 2020 “Mathematical tools” slides by Professor Tsung-Wei Huang https://medium.com/@twnolfetainerlolz/684468a37173 𝜓 = 1 2 + 𝜓 = Τ1ො𝑥 + 1ො𝑦 2 |𝜗 > = 𝑎1|1 > +𝑎0|0 > |𝜗 > = 𝑖 𝑎𝑖|𝑖 > 𝜗 𝐵𝑙𝑜𝑐ℎ 𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
- 6. 6 What do we mean by “states”? Qiskit © 2020
- 7. 7 What do we mean by “states”? Qiskit © 2020
- 8. 8 What ARE “classical states”? https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%89%A9%E5%8D%8A%E5%B0%8E%E9%AB%94%E5%A0%B4%E6%95%88%E9%9B%BB%E6%99%B6%E9%AB%94 https://www.rohm.com.tw/electronics-basics/memory/memory_what5 https://www.nature.com/articles/nature10012?page=7 1. Operate (運算) 2. Record (紀錄)
- 9. 1. Operate (運算) 2. Record (紀錄) 9 Why classical states are useful? https://tenor.com/view/coin-spin-gold-pixel-art-gif-16374894 Qiskit © 2020
- 10. 10 Evolve into quantum states (bits), qubit https://quantum-computing.ibm.com/ “Hey Wen-Sen, what is the status of our little coin?” “Hmmm, let me measure it.” “Hey Wen-Sen, anything new stuffs from using qubits?” “How about superposition & entanglement?” A B O 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 q0 q1 O1O2 0 0 00,11 0 1 01,10 1 0 00,11 1 1 01,10 Qiskit © 2020
- 11. 11 From bits to computation A B O 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 Qiskit © 2020 A B carry sum 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adder_(electronics) Adder Circuit (加法電路)
- 12. 12 From bits to computation A B O 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 Qiskit © 2020 A B carry sum 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adder_(electronics) Adder Circuit (加法電路) Quantum Algorithms
- 13. 13 The idea of quantum readiness Let’s recall what I learned during those good old days… ~25yrs https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallout_(video_game) http://www.littlefighter.com/index_b5.html
- 14. 14 The idea of quantum readiness ~25yrs Qiskit © 2020 https://www.wired.com/story/computer-science-graduates-diversity/
- 15. 15 Prepare future quantum workforce Qiskit © 2020 1. Lower the financial threshold → open source 2. Lower the technical threshold → cross-platform 3. Lower the mobility threshold → online 4. Lower the knowledge threshold → essential ideas 5. Lower the interest threshold → fun 2₡ PUSH TO REJECT
- 16. 16 How to lower the interest threshold? Qiskit © 2020
- 17. 17 Beyond fun Deepblue, AlphaGo MS Flight simulator, PeaceMaker Fold.it https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Blue_(chess_computer) https://store.steampowered.com/app/1250410/Microsoft_Flight_Simulator/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlphaGo http://www.peacemakergame.com/ https://fold.it/
- 18. 18 The good old days Pong by Atari, 1975 Starfox by Nintendo, 1990 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pong https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Fox_(1993_video_game)
- 19. 19Qiskit © 2020 Classical Binary operation Superposition Entanglement Building up intuition for quantum gate operations X gate Hadamard gate C-NOT gate https://github.com/wslu42/quantumFireman https://www.lexaloffle.com/pico-8.php
- 20. 20 Witnessing the history “Now is a privileged time in the history of science and technology, as we are witnessing the opening of the NISQ era.” -- John Perskill, Caltech https://www.forbes.com/sites/moorinsights/2020/10/07/ionq-releases-a-new-32-qubit-trapped-ion-quantum-computer-with-massive-quantum-volume-claims/#61eaf3a33b39 https://www.ibm.com/blogs/research/2020/09/ibm-quantum-roadmap/ IonQ 22 out of 32bits, QV = 4e6 Google IBM Qiskit © 2020 1. Lower the financial threshold → open source 2. Lower the technical threshold → cross-platform 3. Lower the mobility threshold → online 4. Lower the knowledge threshold → essential ideas 5. Lower the interest threshold → fun
- 21. 21 Wen-Sen Lu (呂文森) Rutgers University, PhD student; IBM Qiskit advocate From quantum circuit to quantum hardware – week 2
- 22. 22 What are “classical states”? https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%89%A9%E5%8D%8A%E5%B0%8E%E9%AB%94%E5%A0%B4%E6%95%88%E9%9B%BB%E6%99%B6%E9%AB%94 https://www.rohm.com.tw/electronics-basics/memory/memory_what5 https://www.nature.com/articles/nature10012?page=7 1. Operate (運算) 2. Record (紀錄)
- 23. 23 What are the most natural “qubits”? Qiskit © 2020 NMR NV center Full photonics Surface ion trap
- 24. 24 So how can we build a universal quantum computer? 1. Atoms serve as bits 2. Coupling between bits 3. Gate-based logic (covered last time) https://tinyurl.com/yxc7uvyn https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8681202/ https://phys.org/news/2019-10-quantum-photonics.html https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/16/5/616/html https://www.news.ucsb.edu/2014/014074/superconducting-qubit-array-points-way-quantum-computers?utm_source=feedblitz&utm_medium=FeedBlitzEmail&utm_content=594480&utm_campaign=Web https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11128-019-2229-2 https://science.sciencemag.org/content/326/5949/113.abstract NMR NV center SET, Si ESR spin qubit Full photonics Surface ion trapTransmon Fluxonium
- 25. 25 The key to enable qc technologies: Artificial Atoms (A.A.), of all kinds. xx 1. Scalability 2. Design energy levels 3. Available tools (fab, meas/ctrl) SET, Si ESR spin qubit Surface ion trap Transmon Full photonics Fluxonium
- 26. 26 What is an atom? http://ne.phys.kyushu-u.ac.jp/seminar/MicroWorld2_E/2Part3_E/2P32_E/hydrogen_atom_E.htm http://ircamera.as.arizona.edu/astr_250/Lectures/Lecture_08.htm 25 Τ𝑟 𝑎0 𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑏 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 −13.6𝑒𝑉 𝐸1 𝐸2 𝐸3
- 27. 27 What is an artificial atom? http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/quantum/pbox.html 25 Τ𝑟 𝑎0 𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑏 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 −13.6𝑒𝑉 𝐸1 𝐸2 𝐸3 𝜑1 𝜑2 𝜑3 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑏𝑜𝑥 Hint Confinement: quantum dots
- 28. 28 How cool is that to be able to “design” an atom? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AeyO8V0YB9k https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride Cadmium telluride (CdTe) Under UVUnder visible lights 2nm <----------------------> 6nm
- 29. 29 How cool is that to be able to “design” an atom? https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338712228_OPTICAL_PROPERTIES_OF_QUANTUM_DOTS Cadmium telluride (CdTe) Under UV 2nm <----------------------> 6nm
- 30. 30 More than changing the color https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11128-009-0101-5 Cadmium telluride (CdTe) Si ESR spin qubit SC Charge qubit (SET) Under UV
- 31. https://tinyurl.com/y5nv436w http://antonpotocnik.com/?p=560257 https://science.sciencemag.org/content/326/5949/113 https://arxiv.org/pdf/1910.03769.pdf https://www.nature.com/articles/s41534-019-0231-2 31 How artificial an A.A. can be? 25 Τ𝑟 𝑎0 𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑏 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 −13.6𝑒𝑉 𝐸1 𝐸2 𝐸3 ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜓 𝑞𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠 ? ? 𝑏𝑖𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥𝑜𝑛
- 32. 32 Wen-Sen Lu (呂文森) Rutgers University, PhD student; IBM Qiskit advocate From quantum circuit to quantum hardware – week 3
- 33. 33 recap
- 34. 34 Take away from week 1 https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%89%A9%E5%8D%8A%E5%B0%8E%E9%AB%94%E5%A0%B4%E6%95%88%E9%9B%BB%E6%99%B6%E9%AB%94 https://www.rohm.com.tw/electronics-basics/memory/memory_what5 https://www.nature.com/articles/nature10012?page=7 1. Operate (運算) 2. Record (紀錄)
- 35. 35 Take away from week 1 A B O 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 Qiskit © 2020 A B carry sum 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adder_(electronics) Adder Circuit (加法電路) Quantum Algorithms
- 36. 36 Take away from week 2 1. Atoms serve as bits 2. Coupling between bits 3. Gate-based logic (covered last time) https://tinyurl.com/yxc7uvyn https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8681202/ https://phys.org/news/2019-10-quantum-photonics.html https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/16/5/616/html https://www.news.ucsb.edu/2014/014074/superconducting-qubit-array-points-way-quantum-computers?utm_source=feedblitz&utm_medium=FeedBlitzEmail&utm_content=594480&utm_campaign=Web https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11128-019-2229-2 https://science.sciencemag.org/content/326/5949/113.abstract NMR NV center SET, Si ESR spin qubit Full photonics Surface ion trapTransmon Fluxonium
- 37. 37 Take away from week 2 http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/quantum/pbox.html 25 Τ𝑟 𝑎0 𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑏 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 −13.6𝑒𝑉 𝐸1 𝐸2 𝐸3 𝜑1 𝜑2 𝜑3 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑏𝑜𝑥 Hint Confinement: quantum dots
- 38. Qiskit © 2020 38 The missing pieces in week 2 1. Particle-wave duality 2. Idea of wave package and probability wave 3. Hamiltonian 4. Schrodinger equation 5. Apply Schrodinger equation to particle in a box 6. Other potentials (design a Hamiltonian)
- 39. Qiskit © 2020 39 From particle-wave duality to wave packet https://www.mindnetwork.us/wave-particle-duality.html
- 40. Qiskit © 2020 40 From particle-wave duality to wave packet https://www.mindnetwork.us/wave-particle-duality.html Criteria?
- 41. Qiskit © 2020 41 From particle-wave duality to wave packet http://ivanik3.narod.ru/KM/JornalPape/Difr2Schelyah/ElectronJonsson.PDF 0.9μm
- 42. Qiskit © 2020 42 So how do we describe a wave packet then? What have we used to describe a classical particle? 𝑥, 𝑡 Kinematics F = ma Newtonian mechanics Hamiltonian mechanicsE = K + U x(t) 𝑥, 𝑡, or K U
- 43. Qiskit © 2020 43 So how do we describe a wave packet then? What would you use to describe a quantum particle? 𝜑(𝑥, 𝑡) Wave function Hamiltonian operatorℋ = 𝐾 + 𝑈 Schrodinger equation (T.I.)ℋ 𝜑 = 𝐸 𝜑 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger_equation 𝑥, 𝑡 E = K + U
- 44. Qiskit © 2020 44 So how do we describe a wave packet then? https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger_equation 25 Τ𝑟 𝑎0 𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑏 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 −13.6𝑒𝑉 𝐸1 𝐸2 𝐸3 𝜑1 𝜑2 𝜑3 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑏𝑜𝑥 𝜑(𝑥, 𝑡) U
- 45. 45 How cool is that to be able to “design” an atom? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AeyO8V0YB9k https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride Cadmium telluride (CdTe) Under UVUnder visible lights 2nm <----------------------> 6nm
- 46. 46 How cool is that to be able to “design” an atom? https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338712228_OPTICAL_PROPERTIES_OF_QUANTUM_DOTS Cadmium telluride (CdTe) Under UV 2nm <----------------------> 6nm
- 47. Qiskit © 2020 47 Design your Hamiltonian https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger_equation 𝜑1 𝜑2 𝜑3 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑏𝑜𝑥 𝜑(𝑥, 𝑡) U ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑜𝑛
- 48. 48 Wen-Sen Lu (呂文森) Rutgers University, PhD student; IBM Qiskit advocate From quantum circuit to quantum hardware – future materials
- 49. 49 Visualize with Hamiltonians https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/logic/logic_5.html ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑜𝑛
- 50. 50 Visualize with Hamiltonians ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜓 𝑞𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠 ? ? 𝑏𝑖𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥𝑜𝑛
- 51. 51 What we need to know about SC artificial atoms? https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/logic/logic_5.html ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑜𝑛 So…where is the atom??!! Josephson energy (washboard) Level spacing and MW/Tc etc Linear circuit energy Limitations and solutions