Fttai 2020

FIRE TECHNOLOGY
AND ARSON
INVESTIGATION
1

Week 1
 Discussion of the Syllabus
 Self-Introduction
 Grading System
 House rules
 1st rule we pray in our opening and closing
 Creating of our GC
 -year/semester/course subject
2

Sample to be written in our
class card
 4G FIRE2020
 Gooco, Jose Melarte Jr. picture
 Espeleta St. Pantalan
 Poblacion, Muntinlupa City
 0961 1804687
3

Week 2
 Lecture,
 group discussion about fire, combustion,
pyrolysis, oxidation, fire
triangle/tetrahedron and principle of
extinguishment of fire
4

5
Fire has been both a help and a hindrance
to mankind throughout history. Fire has
heated our homes, cooked our food, and
helped us to become technologically
advanced. Fire, in its hostile mode, has also
endangered us for as long as we have used it.

FIRE
- Is a rapid, self-sustaining oxidation
process accompanied by the evolution
of heat and light of varying intensity.
- is an active chemical reaction that
takes place between fuel, heat and
oxygen in the form of light and
noticeable heat.
6

- Is a chemical reaction. It is the
rapid oxidation of a fuel producing
heat and light.
- It is an oxidation taking place with
a rate rapid enough to produce
heat and light.
- It’s a chemical process called
combustion, produces heat and
light
7

Technology
- is the branch of knowledge
that deals with industrial arts
and sciences. It is the
application of such knowledge
that is used to produce the
material necessity of society.
8

DISSECTING THE CHEMICAL
PROCESS OF FIRE
 OXIDATION
 PYROLYSIS
 COMBUSTION
9

 Oxidation An older meaning of oxidation
was when oxygen was added to
a compound. This was because oxygen
gas (O2) was the first known oxidizing
agent. While the addition of oxygen to a
compound typically meets the criteria of
electron loss and an increase in the
oxidation state, the definition of oxidation
was expanded to include other types of
chemical reactions
10

 Pyrolysis a thermochemical
decomposition of organic material at
elevated temperatures in the absence
of oxygen (or any halogen). It involves the
simultaneous change of chemical
composition and physical phase and is
irreversible. The word is coined from
the Greek-derived elements pyro "fire"
and lysis "separating".
11

 Combustion (or burning) is a chemical
process in which fuel reacts with
an oxidant to produce heat. The release of
heat can produce light in the form
of flame.
12

Flame. A hot glowing body of ignited gas
that is generated by something on fire
 Types of Flame
 1. Non-Luminous or Blue Flame- When the
supply of oxygen is sufficiently large, the
combustion is complete and fuel burns with blue
flame.
 2. Luminous Flame- when the supply the oxygen
is insufficient, the combustion is not complete
and in the flame some unburnt carbon particles
are formed.
13

ELEMENTS OF FIRE OR TRIANGLE OF
FIRE
14

Fuel
– is anything that will burn when heated with
sufficient oxygen.
Oxygen
– aids in combustion; comes from the
atmosphere we breath; the atmosphere
contains: 21% oxygen, 78% nitrogen and 1%
impurities.
Heat
– source of ignition

TRIANGLE OF FIRE
For many years, the fire
triangle (oxygen, fuel
and heat) was used to
teach the components
of fire. While this
simple example is
useful, it is NOT
technically correct.
16

TETRAHEDRON OF FIRE
- a geometric representation of what is
required for fire to exist, namely, fuel, an
oxidizing agent, heat, and an uninhibited
chemical reaction.
17

18
Fire Tetrahedron
For combustion to
occur, four
components are
necessary:
 Oxygen (oxidizing
agent)
 Fuel
 Heat
 Self-sustained
chemical reaction

19
Fire Tetrahedron
Each component of the tetrahedron
must be in place for combustion to
occur. Remove one of the four
components and combustion will not
occur. If ignition has already occurred,
the fire is extinguished when one of the
components is removed from the
reaction.
-

20
OXYGEN (Oxidizing Agent)
A colorless, odorless
gas and one of the
compositions of air
which is approximately
21% percent by
volume.

Oxygen sources: Oxygen Requirements
1. 21% of normal oxygen 1. 12% no fire
2. 78% nitrogen 2. 14% flash point
3. 1% other gases 3. 21% fire point
21

22
FUEL
Fuel is the material or substance
being oxidized or burned in the
combustion process.

Fuel sources
1. Solid
- Molecules are closely packed together
2. Liquid
- molecules are loosely packed
3. Gas
- molecules are free to move 24

25
HEAT
Heat is the energy component of
the fire tetrahedron. When heat comes
into contact with a fuel, the energy
supports the combustion reaction.

Heat
- is the energy component of fire
tetrahedron.
- Heat energy is measured in units of
Joules (J), however it can also be
measured in Calories (1 Calorie = 4.184 J)
and BTU's (1 BTU = 1055 J).
26

27
Temperature
- is a measure of the degree of molecular
activity of a material compared to a
reference point.
- Temperature is measured in degrees
Farenheit (melting point of ice = 32 º F,
boiling point of water = 212 º F) or
degrees Celsius (melting point of ice = 0 º
C, boiling point of water = 100 º C).

º C º F Response
37 98.6 Normal human oral/body
temperature
44 111 Human skin begins to feel pain
48 118 Human skin receives a first
degree burn injury
55 131 Human skin receives a second
degree burn injury
62 140 A phase where burned human
tissue becomes numb
72 162 Human skin is instantly destroyed
28

º C º F Response
100 212 Water boils and produces steam
140 284 Glass transition temperature of
polycarbonate
230 446 Melting temperature of polycarbonate
250 482 Charring of natural cotton begins
300 572 Charring of modern protective
clothing fabrics begins
600 1112 Temperatures inside a post-flashover
room fire
29

Types of Energy (common sources of
heat)
1. Chemical Energy
2. Electrical Energy
3. Nuclear Energy
4. Mechanical Energy
30

1. Chemical Energy
- it is the most common source of heat in
combustion reactions. When any
combustibles is in contact with oxygen
oxidation occurs. The reaction of this
process results in the production of heat.
ex. Heat generated from burning match,
self heating (spontaneous heating)
31

2. Electrical Energy
- electrical energy can generate
temperature high enough to ignite any
combustible materials near the heated area.
Ex.
1. over current or overload
2. Arcing
3. Sparking
4. static
5. Lightning 32

3. Nuclear Energy
- Nuclear heat energy is generated when
atoms either split apart (fission) or
combine (fusion)
Ex.
1. fission heats water to drive steam
turbines and produce electricity
2. solar energy is a product of a fusion
reaction
33

4. Mechanical Energy
- an energy created by friction and
compression
1. Heat of friction- is the movement of two
surfaces against each other, thus
produced sparks.
2. Heat of compression- heat is generated
when a gas is compressed in a container
or cylinder.
34

35
SELF-SUSTAINED CHEMICAL
REACTION
Combustion is a complex reaction
that requires a fuel (in the gaseous or
vapor state), an oxidizer, and a heat
energy to come together in a very
specific way. Once flaming combustion
or fire occurs, it can only continue when
enough heat energy is produced to
cause the continued development of
fuel vapors or gases. Scientists call this
type of reaction a “chain reaction”. A
chain reaction is a series of reactions
that occur in sequence with the result
of each individual reaction being added
to the rest.

Quiz 1
 I. IDENTIFICATION
 1. The material or substance being oxidized or burned in the combustion
process.
 2. The percentage of oxygen in Earth’s atmosphere.
 3. A hot glowing body of ignited gas that is generated by something on fire.
 4. The energy component of fire tetrahedron.
 5. A measure of the degree of molecular activity of a material compared to
a reference point.
 6. It is generated when atoms either split apart (fission) or combine
(fusion).
 7. A geometric representation of what is required for fire to exist, namely,
fuel, an oxidizing agent, heat, and an uninhibited chemical reaction.
 8. An energy created by friction and compression.
 9. It is a series of reactions that occur in sequence with the result of each
individual reaction being added to the rest.
 10. A type of flame when the supply of oxygen is sufficiently large, the
combustion is complete and fuel burns with color blue flame.
36

 II. ENUMERATION
 1. Give the three kinds of chemical reaction inside fire if
dissected.
 2. What are the two kinds of flames?
 3. What are the elements of fire triangle and fire
tetrahedron?
 III. Answer the following:
 1. Give the gas composition of earth’s atmosphere.
 2. Explain the packed molecules of the sources of fuel.
 3. Convert 1 calorie into joule and 1 BTU into joule.
37

Week 3
 Fire behavior
 Stages of fire
 Mode of heat transfer
 Unique events of fire
 Lecture discussion
 -Interactive discussion
 assessment
 Oral recitation
 Identification and
enumeration question
38

40
Fire Development
When the four components of
the fire tetrahedron come
together, ignition occurs. For a fire
to grow beyond the first material
ignited, heat must be transmitted
beyond the first material to
additional fuel packages.

41
Stages of Fire
 Ignition
 Growth
 Fully developed
 Decay

43
IGNITION
Ignition describes the period
when the four elements of the
fire tetrahedron come together
and combustion begins

44
GROWTH
Shortly after ignition, a fire
plume begins to form above the
burning fuel. As the plume
develops, it begins to draw or
entrain air from the surrounding
space into the column.

45
FLASHOVER 450-550 ᵒc
Flashover is the transition between the
growth and the fully developed fire stages
and is not a specific event such as
ignition. During flashover, conditions in
the compartment change very rapidly as
the fire changes from one that is
dominated by the burning of the materials
first ignited to one that involves all of the
exposed combustible surfaces within the
compartment.

46
FULLY DEVELOPED
The fully developed fire stage
occurs when all combustible
materials in the compartment are
involved in the fire.

47
DECAY
As the fire consumes the
available fuel in the
compartment, the rate of heat
released begins to decline.

3 STAGES OF FIRE- no need to be basis of
fire fighting but still use in board
1. Incipient phase
2. Free burning phase
3. Smoldering
48

1. Incipient phase
- initial stage of fire
Characteristics
- normal room temperature
- oxygen plentiful
- thermal updraft rise accumulates at
higher point
- temperature at 1000 F
- Producing (C02, CO, SO2, water and
other gases
49

2. Free-burning phase
- a phase of burning in which materials or
structures are burning in the presence of
adequate oxygen.
Characteristics
- fire has involved more fuel
- oxygen supply has depleted
- heat accumulates at upper area
- temperature exceeds 1,330 F
- Area is fully involved
50

3. Smoldering
- final phase of burning wherein flame
ceases but dense smoke and heat
completely fill the confined room.
51

53
Heat is by-product of combustion that
is of significant importance to the
firefighter. It is heat that causes fire to
sustain its combustion and, more
important, to extend. When heat given
off as a product of combustion is
exposed to an unheated substance,
certain changes occur that can make the
new substance a contributing factor in
extending a fire.

Conduction
- is heat transfer within solids or between
contacting solids.
Convection
- is heat transfer by the movement of
liquids or gasses.
Radiation
- is heat transfer by electromagnetic
waves. 54

55
CONDUCTION
When a hot object transfers its heat,
conduction has taken place. The transfer
could be to another object or to another
portion of the same object. As we have
discovered and will be constantly
reinforced about, combustion occurs on the
molecular level. When an object heats up,
the atoms become agitated and begin to
collide with one another. A chain reaction
of molecules and atoms, like a wave
energy, occurs and causes the agitated
molecules to pass the heat energy to areas
of non-heat.

57
CONVECTION
Air that is hotter than its surroundings
rises. Air that is cooler than its surroundings
sinks. Air is made up of many molecules
floating about freely. Even so, it still has
weight. Some molecules are made up of
the same element. For example, oxygen in
its natural state will combine with another
oxygen atom to form a stable oxygen
molecule. In a given volume, air at a given
temperature will have the same density.

59
When heated, as in conduction theory,
the molecules become agitated and begin
to collide with one another. In the process,
the molecules are demanding more space
to accommodate the vibrations and they
push into one another as they seek that
space. When that happens, the density of a
given volume is reduced and it weighs less.
Because it weighs less, it rises until it
reaches equilibrium-the level at which the
weight is the same as the surrounding
atmosphere.

60
RADIATION
The last form of
heat transfer occurs
by radiation. As we
have already seen,
heat energy can be
transmitted directly
when molecules
collide with one
another and cause the
waves of heat energy
to travel.

FLAME CONTACT
Heat may conducted from one body to
another by direct flame contact.
62

Unique Events in Fire
 Rollover
 Flashover
 Backdraft
 Let’s see what is in the video
63

Rollover
 Rollover (also known as flameover) is a
stage of a structure fire when fire gases in
a room or other enclosed area
ignite.[1] Since heated fire gases, the
product of pyrolysis, rise to the ceiling,
this is where a rollover phenomenon is
most often witnessed. Visually, this may
be seen as flames "rolling" across the
ceiling, radiating outward from the seat of
the fire to the extent of gas spread.
64

Flashover
 Flashover by definition is “the sudden involvement of a
room or an area in flames from floor to ceiling caused
by thermal radiation feedback.”1 Thermal radiation
feedback is the energy of the fire being radiated back to
the contents of the room from the walls, floor, and
ceiling. This radiation of energy to the contents of the
room will raise ALL the contents to their ignition
temperature. When the contents of the room suddenly
and simultaneously ignite, this is flashover. This simply
means that flashover is a temperature-driven event. It
requires that the fire’s energy be radiated back to the
contents to produce a rapid rise in temperature and
simultaneous ignition. Flashover indicates that the fire
has grown to the fully developed stage 66

Temperature Driven
Phenomenon
67

Backdraft
 A backdraft is a smoke explosion that can
occur when additional air is introduced
into a smoldering fire and heated gases
enter their flammable range and ignite
with explosive force. A backdraft is an
“air-driven event,” unlike a flashover,
which is temperature driven.
68

PROPERTIES OF FIRE
1. Physical properties
2. Chemical Properties
70

1. Physical properties
a. Specific gravity- the ratio of the weight of a
solid or substance to the weight of an equal
volume of water.
b. Vapor density- the weight of volume of
pure gas compared to weight of a volume of
dry air at the same temperature and
pressure.
c. Vapor pressure- the force exerted by the
molecules on the surface of the liquid at the
equilibrium.
71

d. Temperature- the measure of the
thermal degree of the agitation of molecules
of a given substance; the measure of the
molecular activity within the substance.
e. Boiling Point- the constant temperature
at which the vapor pressure of the liquid is
equal to the atmospheric pressure.
f. Ignition temperature- the minimum
temperature to which the substance in the
air must be heated in order to initiate or
cause self-contained combustion without
addition of heat from outside sources.
72

g. Fire point- the temperature at which the
material will give off ample vapors to keep
burning.
h. Flash point
- the temperature at which the material is
not hot enough to keep burning, but still
gives off enough vapors to cause a flame
across the surface.
i. Auto Ignition Point
i. - a minimum temperature wherein there
is no need for introduction of ignition to
have a continuous fire 73

2. Chemical Properties
a. Endothermic reaction- are changes whereby
energy is absorbed or is added before the
reaction takes place.
b. Exothermic reaction- reactions or changes
that releases or give off energy
74

Spontaneous Combustion
 Spontaneous combustion is described by the National
Fire Protection Agency (NFPA) as a byproduct of
spontaneous heating. This phenomena occurs when a
material increases in temperature without drawing heat
from its surroundings, an open flame for example. In
this instance, the material was the vapors from the oils
on the rags mixed with oxygen that caused a chemical
reaction called oxidation. Once the material reaches its
ignition temperature, spontaneous combustion or
ignition occurs. So the name spontaneous combustion is
a bit misleading because the fire doesn’t erupt out of
nowhere.
75

 Three elements are required: fuel, oxygen, and a source
of heat. When we think of a source of heat, we think
flames, but with spontaneous combustion, there is no
flaming ignition. The reason the pile of oily rags ignite is
because there is no way to dissipate the heat from the
chemical reaction. If the rags had not been in a pile, no
reaction would occur. There are many other common
household materials that are prone to spontaneous
combustion. They include, but not limited to: linseed oil,
coal, hay, and other agricultural products to name a
few. The most recorded and confirmed causes of
spontaneous combustion cases were from improper
disposal of oily rags (Evarts 2011).
76

c. Oxidation- a chemical change in which
combustible material and an oxidizing
material react
d. Combustion or flame- the manifestation of
fire is in its gas-phased combustion. A
matter that is produced by fire.
77

Material
auto-Ignition Temperature
Material F C
Gasoline 536 280
Kerosene 410 210
Turpentine 488 253
Paper 842 450
Wood 489 254
Coal 750 400
78

 Quiz 2
 Answer the following
 1. Explain the stages of fire created by
National Fire Protection Association.
 2. Define the three types of unique events
in fire.
 3. Discuss the mode of heat transfer.
79

Week 4
objectives
 Classification of fire
 -based on caused
 -based on burning fuel
 Fire extinguishment
 Principle of fire
extinguishment
activities
 -Lecture
 -discussion
80

CLASSIFICATION OF FIRE
I. Based on Cause
II. Based on Burning Fuel
81

I. Base on Cause
a. Natural fire/ providential
b. Accidental fire
c. Intentional Fire/Incendiary
d. Undetermined
82

a. Natural fire - it involve fires without
direct human intervention.
- Earthquake
- Typhoon
- Lightning
- Spontaneous combustion arising from the
storage of combustible materials in poorly
ventilated places.
- Explosion from petroleum products,
alcohol and other substances.
- Sun rays focused on glasses which may
serve as a convex lens.
83

B. Accidental fire
- Carelessly discarded cigarettes.
- Careless disposition of readily combustible
materials.
- Poorly managed or defective heating
facilities.
- Overheating, spark and electrical defects.
- Overload electric circuits/ Octopus
connections
- Children playing matches
- Use of candles 85

C. Incendiary Fire Cause
– is one deliberately set under
circumstances in which the person knows
that the fire should not be set.
D. Undetermined Fire Cause
– whenever the cause cannot be proven,
the proper classification is undetermined.
86

II. Classification of fire base on burning fuel
1. Class A
– ordinary solid materials such as wood,
paper, fabrics, etc. this will indicated deep
cited fire, leaves ashes and embers
(glowing coals) after burning.
2. Class B
– flammable liquids such as gasoline, lube
oil, kerosene, paint thinner, etc.
87

3. Class C
– electrical appliances. It causes electric
shock.
4. Class D
– metal fire such as magnesium (white
element burning with dazzling light), sodium
(a silver white metallic element), etc. This
creates violent reaction.
88

5. Class E
– flammable gases such as LPG, LNG,
etc. This will also creates violent reaction.
89

Fire Classes in the United Kingdom and
Europe
A – ordinary combustibles
B – flammable or flammable liquids
C – flammable gasses
D – combustible metals
E – (this class has stopped being employed
in Europe)
F – cooking oils and fats
90

Fire Classes in Australia and Asia
A – everyday combustibles
B – combustible or combustible liquids
C – combustible gasses
E – electrical equipment
F – cooking fats and oils
91

Fire Classes in the U.S.A.
A – regular combustibles
B – flammable liquids and gasses
C – electrical appliances
K – cooking oils and fats
92

BFP (Philippines)
 A-ash-common combustible
 B-boil-flammable liquid/solid
 C-current-electrical appliances
 D-ding(sounds of metal)-flammable metal
like magnesium
 K- kitchen-deep fat fryer/fat oils
93

 Class A- ASH- Common Combustible(
wood, paper, clothes) Water/Dry powder
 Class B- Boil- Flammable liquid/gas
foam/co2
 Class C- Current- Electrical Appliances- Dry
powder
 Class D- Ding as sound of Metal- Dry
Powder
 Class K- Kitchen- Wet Chemicals
95

Extinguishing Agent
1. Class A – water (all agents)
2. Class B – foam/carbon dioxide (all
agents)
3. Class C – carbon dioxide/powder (never
use water, soda acid and foam)
4. Class D – special powder
5. Class E – all agents
97

Extinguishment of fire using
fire extinguisher
98

Methods of Extinguishment
1. Cooling – heat absorption.
2. Separation – the removal of the fuel.
3. Smothering – by expelling oxygen
4. Inhibition or the interruption of chemical
chain reaction
101

Week 5
 With your interview assignment
 Group yourselves in to 5, demonstrate and
explain the strategies in fire fighting
 Every group allowed to use the projector
for video
103

Strategies Used in firefighting
1. Locate the fire
2. Confine the fire
3. Extinguish the fire
4. Exposures
104

Factors to be considered in extinguishment
1. Time
2. Weather (temperature, humidity, wind)
3. The fire ( ex. Extent, location, bldg
construction, contents involved)
4. Occupancy
5. ventilation (used for clearing the bldg of
smoke and gases)
109

Types of Ventilation
a. Vertical ventilation- it must be worked
from the top to bottom.
b. Cross or horizontal ventilation- use if
gases have not reached the higher level
through the opening of windows.
c. Mechanical force ventilation- a method
whereby a device such as smoke ejector is
utilized to remove faster excessive heat
and dense smoke.
112

Factors to determine the location for the
opening
1. Location of intensity of fire
2. Highest point on the roof
3. Direction of wind
4. Existing exposure
5. Extent of fire
6. Obstruction
113

Video watching
 Rescue
 Salvage
 Overhaul
114

ADDITIONAL BASIC TACTICS USED IN
EXTINGUISHING FIRE
1. Rescue- any action taken by the firefighters to
remove occupants/ persons from building/ hazards
to a safety place.
2. Overhaul- a complete and detailed checked of
the structures and materials involved in the fire to
make sure that every spark and ember has been
extinguished and to have assurance against re-
ignition.
3. Salvage- an action taken by the firefighters in
preventing excessive damage by fire, water with
the use of salvage cover or by removing materials
out from the burning building.
115

Rescue
 To show power point presentation in
rescue of DR. PAULITE
118

Week 6
 Ladders
 Hoses
 Fire engine
 Basic tools
 Lecture,
 Group discussion
119

Ladder operations
Types of ladder
1. Ground ladders (10 to 55 ft. long)
2. Aerial ladders
Purposes of ladders
a. for rescue
b. to stretch line into a fire building
c. Provide ventilation by giving access to places
that are hard to reach
120

Forms of ground ladders
a. Wall
b. Extension
c. Hook or straight ladder
d. Attic ladder
121

STRAIGHT LADDER/ LADDER
- 12 to 16 feet
- Most common 14 ft.
123

LADDER TERMINOLOGY
1. Bed - the lowest section of an extension
ladder
2. Fly - the top section of an extension
ladder
3. Butt- the bottom end of a ladder
4. Heel- the part of the ladder that touches
the ground
5. Halyard- a rope or cable used to raised
the fly ladder
127

6. Pawl or dog- the mechanism located
at the end of the fly ladder that locks to
the bed ladder
7. Rung- the cross member of the ladder
that is used for climbing
8. Top or tip- it is the top part of the ladder
9. Hooks- part of a ladder that is used to
hook over a roof peak, sills, or walls where
the heel does not rest on a foundation.
(roof type ladders
128

10. Stops- made of metal or wood blocks
used to prevent the fly of an extension
ladder from extending out further from
the ladder.
11. Guides- light metal strips of an
extension ladder that guides the fly ladder
while it is being raised or lowered.
129

Hoses
 A fire hose (or firehose) is a high-
pressure hose that carries water or
other fire retardant (such as foam) to
a fire to extinguish it. Outdoors, it
attaches either to afire engine or a fire
hydrant. Indoors, it can permanently
attach to a
building's standpipe or plumbing system.
130

Yan ang binobomba ng firehose
132

Fire engine
 fire engine (also known in some territories as
a fire apparatus, fire truck, or fire
appliance) is a vehicle designed primarily
for firefighting operations. In addition, many fire
departments/fire services often employ their
vehicles for various other uses
including emergency medical services and
rescue purposes. The terms "fire engine" and
"fire truck" are often used interchangeably but in
North America represent different types of
vehicles.
133

Quiz 3
 IDENTIFICATION
 1. A rope or cable used to raise the fly ladder.
 2. The part of a ladder that is used to hook over a roof peak, sills, or walls where the heel does
not rest on a foundation.
 3. The part of the ladder that touches the ground.
 4. The lowest section of an extension ladder.
 5. The cross member of the ladder that is used for climbing.
 6. The mechanism located at the end of the fly ladder that locks to the bed ladder.
 7. This is made of metal or wood blocks used to prevent the fly of an extension ladder from
extending out further from the ladder
 .8. Firefighting tools that can hold pressurize water for fire fighting.
 9. A basic tool in firefighting that can help the breathing of firefighter in actual fire.
 10. Gives the protection of the lower part of the head or neck.
 II Answer the following
 1. Discuss the word fire engine.
 2. What are the four forms of ground ladder?
 3. Give the two types of ladder with it’s their definition.
136

Week 7
 Jigsaw puzzle(4 members each group)
 Main group (8 minute each topic)
 and expert group (5 minutes each topic)
 Group is to share through report in front 5
minute each
 In the end of the report, critical question
 Why is it that BFP is the responsible in
dangerous goods in the Philippines?
137

9 DANGEROUS
GOODS/HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
138

Hazardous materials can be silent killers.
Almost every household and workplace has
varying amounts of chemicals that, if spilled or
combined, will cause great harm and even
death. It is important that you have a basic
knowledge of how to recognize these
chemicals, where they may be found, and
what to do, or not do, about hazardous
material spills.


Ways that hazardous materials can
enter the body:
Inhalation; through breathing, most rapid way
Absorption;through skin or eyes
 Ingestion;swallowing
 Injection; penetrating skin

The key to dealing with hazardous material spills
is to remember S.I.N. (Safety, Isolation,
Notification).
Safety:
 Always assume that spilled chemicals
are extremely toxic
 Do not approach; stay at a safe
distance
 Mixtures of chemicals can be very
dangerous
- bleach mixed with ammonia creates poisonous
gas(es)

 Isolation:
 Close off room and/or
building
 Mark outside of building
143

 Notification:
 Notify Incident Commander
 & local emergency personal
144

 Hazardous Materials are an ever-
present danger:
 In the home or workplace
 On roadways
 In industrial or commercial
areas
145

 IN THE HOME OR WORKPLACE
 INVENTORY:
 Make a list of hazardous materials
 Read the labels on all products you purchase
 Segregate and store or dispose of properly
 Know what steps to take if chemicals are
spilled
 Secure and segregate all containers at work
146

 TYPICAL PLACES HAZARDOUS MATERIALS ARE
FOUND IN THE HOME:
Kitchen
 oven cleaners, drain cleaners, ammonia, bleach
Laundry
 bleach, spot removers, cleaners
Garage
 gasoline, solvents, pesticides, paints, paint
removers, thinners
147

 ASBESTOS:
Asbestos is one of the potential hazards that you may
encounter in a damaged building. Asbestos is a human
carcinogen, which can be found in a number of different
building materials throughout city and campus buildings.
The hazard presented by asbestos varies considerably
based upon the nature of the materials and the
likelihood of causing an airborne release of asbestos
fibers.
If left un-disturbed, a release is unlikely.
148

ON ROADWAYS
Hazardous materials transported on roadways must carry a
Department of Transportation (DOT) warning label on the package.
Vehicles transporting quantities of hazardous materials must have
DOT placards affixed to all sides of the vehicle. Bulk shipments,
such as in gasoline tanker trucks, will have a four digit numeric
code instead of the hazard class in the center of the placard. This
number can be referenced in the DOTs "Emergency Response
Guide Book" to determine the identity and the emergency handling
for the chemical involved.

DOT HAZARDOUS MATERIALS WARNING LABELS:
Color Coding of Labels and Placards:

Orange: Explosive
Red: Flammable Gas and Liquid
White: Poison
Black/White: Corrosive
Yellow: Oxidizer
Green: Non-flammable gas
Yellow/White: Radio Active

 Hazardous Materials by Class Numbers
Class 1: Explosive
Class 2: Gasses (Compressed, liquefied or dissolved under
pressure)
Class 3: Flammable Liquids
Class 4: Flammable Solids or Substances
Class 5: Oxidizers
Class 6: Poisonous or Infectious Substances
Class 7: Radioactive Substances
Class 8: Corrosives
Class 9: Miscellaneous Dangerous Substances
The class number is the number located on the bottom corner of the
label or placard.
152

IN INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL
FIXED SITES
Most buildings that contain hazardous
materials are identified by the National
Fire Protection Association 704
Diamond system, which is usually
located at the building entrance or in
the storage area.

 The 704 Diamond is divided into four quadrants.
Each quadrant of the diamond has a special
meaning and is color-coded. The top quadrant
is coded red for fire hazard, the right quadrant is
coded yellow for reactivity, the left quadrant is
coded blue for health hazards, and the bottom
quadrant is white and contains information
about special hazards of the particular chemical.
Each colored quadrant is also numbered for the
degree of hazard from zero to four, four being
the greatest hazard.
154

COMMON HAZARDOUS MATERIAL
LOCATIONS:
Industrial or manufacturing plants
 Shopping centers, supermarkets
 Dry cleaners
 Hardware stores
 Auto repair shops

 SIGNS OF HAZARDOUS MATERIAL SPILLS:
 Overturned containers with DOT label
especially on roadways
 Pungent or noxious odor you should never
intentionally get close enough to smell it
 Bubbling liquid
 Vapor anything that is letting off a vapor is
having a reaction and should be avoided
157

If you see one or more of these signs of a
hazardous materials spill on roadway or at a
fixed facility, take the following actions:
 Get uphill, and upwind, and a safe
distance away from the spill
 Evacuate the surrounding areas if
possible, but do not put your self in danger
of exposure to the spill
 Notify authorities as quickly as possible

 Hazardous Materials" is a very comprehensive
subject. The important concept to understand is
recognition. DOT placards are placed on
vehicles, DOT labels are placed on packages,
and the 704 Diamonds are placed on buildings
or storage areas containing hazardous materials.
Being able to recognize warning signs and being
able to recognize that there is a hazardous
condition present may save your life and the
lives of others.
159

 Remember, "Hazardous Materials" in the
home and workplace should be
segregated and stored in well-marked,
unbreakable containers. They should also
be stored in a low cabinet with an
earthquake-proof latch. Dispose of any
hazardous materials that are no longer
needed.
160

Questions
 1. Why do you think that hazardous
materials are on the concern with BFP?
 2. What are the very recommending
things that you can give about public
safety against hazardous materials?
161

Week 8
 Leading cause of fire
 Explain current statistics of fire in the
country
 Explanation of fire determination and the
most important thing why doing
experiments in the fire cause
determination (Own basis of explanation
in the event/ phenomena happen in fire
162

Leading Causes of Fire in the
Philippines
 Faulty Electrical wiring
 Open flames
 Smoking
 Fireworks
 Incendiarism
163


Faulty Electrical Wiring
There are different signs when electrical wiring becomes faulty. First is
when the house or establishment is too old. The electrical wiring can
become worn out due to time and age. Second, an overloaded circuit where
bulbs or lights start dimming and flickering.And third, when there is burning
smell with identifiable source. You should start searching and fixing faulty
electrical wiring.

Open Flames
Types of open flames are unattended burning candles and kerosene lamps
as well as unattended stoves and oven. So the next time you’ll be in the
kitchen, don’t ever leave anything on fire while you’re cooking. Better have
someone to watch it for you or finish it immediately.
164


Smoking
Smoking is dangerous to one’s health but it is also dangerous to your own
safety at home or at work. Avoid smoking especially in places that can
easily catch fire such as in bed, curtains or basement. So do not smoke
when you are already sleepy or better smoke outside your house and make
sure you put off the fire properly.

Fireworks
The substances used in the fireworks are hazardous. These beautiful
pyrotechnic displays can be an ugly nightmare when it suddenly burns your
house. One must comply with fire safety precaution to avoid any accident.

Incendiarism (Arson)
It is an illegal burning of houses, buildings or other properties.
Unfortunately, some people intentionally burn their properties to collect
insurance while others do it for other personal reasons. Most of the
common materials used for this are bombs, certain chemicals, match and
gas.
165

 What can you share to prevent fire in your
area? Why?
167

Week 9
 Review all our lesson from week 1-8
 Be ready to our devastating exam
168

Week 10
 Lecture
 Jigsaw 4 members each group
 1. elements of arson
 laws in arson
 what constitute burning
 2. stages of consummation
 3. motives of arson
 Type of pyromaniacs
 4 prima facie evidence in arson
169

170
ARSON
INVESTIGATIVE
GUIDE
AND
PROCEDURES

ARSON
- Arson consists of the willful and malicious burning of all
kinds of buildings and structures including personal
properties.
INVESTIGATION
- it is an art that deals with the identity and location of the
offender and provides evidence of his guilt in criminal
proceedings.

172
A. Elements of Arson
1. Actual burning took place
2. Actual burning is done with malicious intent.
3. The actual burning is done by person(s)
legally and criminally liable.

173
LAW AND JURISPRUDENCE
The law on arson in the Philippines is covered by Articles
320 to 326 of the Revised Penal Code, as amended by PD
No. 1613, PD No. 1744, and Sec. 50 Rule VIII IRR of RA
6975 which provides that the Bureau of Fire Protection
(BFP) shall have the power to investigate all causes of fires
and, if necessary, file the proper complaint with the
City/Provincial prosecutor who has jurisdiction over arson
cases.

174
The Law of Arson
1. Article 320 – 326 of the Revised Penal Code
 Defines Arson its forms and penalties.
2. PD 1613 – Amending the Law on Arson.
 Defining the Prima Facie Evidence of Arson.
3. PD 1744 – Amending Article 320 of RPC.
 Imposing death penalty to arsonist.
*But after the EDSA Revolution 1, death penalty was
abolished by then President Corazon C. Aquino.

175
4. RA 7659 – An act to impose death penalty on certain
heinous crimes, amending for that purpose the Revised
Penal Code. As amended, other special laws, and for other
purposes.
5. RA 6975 Sec. 54 – Which provides that the Fire Bureau
shall have the power to investigate all causes of fires and if
necessary file the proper complaint with the City/Provincial
Prosecutor who has jurisdiction over the case.

What Constitutes Arson?
1. Burning
2. Willfulness – means intentional and implies that the act was
done purposely and intentionally.
3. Malice – denotes hatred or ill will or a desire for revenge.
Deliberate intention of doing unjustified harm for the
satisfaction of doing it.
4. Motive – is the moving cause which induces the
commission of a crime. Something that leads or influences
a person to do something.
5. Intent – is the purpose or design with which the act is done
and involves the will. An essential element of crime, motive
is not.

Why is Arson very hard to investigate?
Arson is one of the most difficult offenses to investigate
because the arsonists is able to set a fire and can escape
undetected. The fire can consume the scene and destroy much
physical evidence of the offense. Harder forms of evidence are
often buried in debris and grossly altered in appearance.
What Constitutes Burning?
 The mere fact that a building is scorched or discolored by heat
is not sufficient nor will bare intention or even an attempt to burn
a house amount to arson, if no part of it is burned.
 Yet, if there is actual ignition of any part of the building, arson is
committed, although there be no flame or the fire immediately
goes out of itself.

 To burn means to consume by fire and in the case of arson, if the
wood is blackened but no fibers are wasted, there is no burning,
yet the wood need not be in flame or blaze, and the burning of
any part, however, small is sufficient to constitute arson, and if
the house is charred in a single place so as to destroy the fibers
of the wood, it is sufficient to constitute arson.
What is Attempted Arson?
 In attempted arson, it is not necessary that there be a fire before
the crime is committed. No hard and fast rule is laid down by the
law as to the requirements for attempted arson. The peculiar
facts and circumstances of a particular case should carry more
weight in the decision of the case. Thus, a person intending to
burn a wooden structure, collects some rags, soaks them in
gasoline and places them beside the wooden wall of the building.
When he is about to light a match to set fire to the rags, he is
discovered by another who chases him away.

 The crime committed is attempted arson, because the
offender begins the commission of the crime directly by
overacts (placing the rags soaked in gasoline beside the
wooden wall of the building and lighting a match) but he does
not perform all the acts of execution (the setting of the fire to
the rags) due to the timely intervention of another who chases
away) the offender.
What is Frustrated Arson?
 In frustrated arson, the fact of having set fire to some rags and
jute sacks soaked in kerosene oil and placed near the partition
of the entire soil of an inhabited house, should not be qualified
as a consummated arson, in as much as no part of the house
had begun to burn, although fire would have started in the said
partition had it not been extinguished on time. The crime
committed was frustrated arson. US vs Severino Valdes

What is Consummated Arson?
 The offender did in fact set fire to the roof of the house and said
house was partially burned. The crime was consummated arson,
notwithstanding the fact that the fire afterwards extinguished for once
it has been started, the consummation of the crime of arson does not
depend upon the extent of the damage caused.
 Setting fire to the contents of a building constitutes the consummated
crime of setting fire to a building even if no part of the building was
burned.
Basis of Liability in Arson:
1. Kind and character of the building, whether of public or private
ownership.
2. Its location, whether in an uninhabited place or in a populated
place.
3. Extent of damage caused; and
4. The fact of its being inhabited or not.

Some of the Arson Evidence that the Investigator should
seek at the Fire scene are the following:
1. Unusually rapid spread of the fire.
2. Where it originates?
3. Separate fires – when two or more separate fires
break-out within a building, the fire is certainly
suspicious.
4. Unusual odors – the odor of gasoline, alcohol,
kerosene and other inflammable liquids are indicated
by their characteristics and oftentimes, arsonists are
trapped because of this tell tale signs.
5. Objects that appear to be foreign to the scene such
as cans, candles, matches, explosives, electrical
appliances such as irons, heating elements, clocks,
radios, flammables, trailers, etc. 181

6. Charring pattern may indicate fire characteristics. The fact that the
fire feeds on combustible while propagating itself, indicates that
the char will generally be deepest from where the fire originates.
When a fire is extinguished quickly, the charring is only slightly
below the surface. Fire burning for a longer period of time will
indicate a char that is deep and pronounced. These facts are
most apparent in the charring of wood as a fire burns.
The charring from fire on woods looks like the hide of a black
alligator. Fire extinguished quickly on wood will show a large
alligatoring pattern that has not penetrate the wood to any extent.
Fire burning for a long period of time on wood will show small
alligatoring pattern but the char will go deep into the wood.
The direction of fire can also be taken into consideration with
charring. The exposed side of combustible will have a deeper
char than the unexposed side.

7. Evidence of forcible entry or lack of same may be
important depending on the circumstances at the time
of the fire.
If the investigator determines there was no forcible entry
and finds that the building was secured prior to
discovery of the fire, he can reasonably suspect there is
possibility that the person who sets the fire entered the
building with a key.
Doors and windows showing signs of forced entry may
point to arson preceded by burglary or arson by
someone without a key to the premises.

Motives of Arson
Motive
 Motive is the moving cause which induces a person to commit
a crime.
Is Motive Necessary to be Proven in Criminal Proceedings?
 No. motive is not necessary to be proven in criminal
proceedings but once motive is shown, then intent can easily
established.
 In the crime of arson, the distinction between motive and intent
is clearly defined. INTENT is a material element of arson while
motive is not. INTENT is the purpose of design with which the
act is done and involves the will while MOTIVE is what induces
the criminal.

Motive Can Be Established By:
1. Economic Gain
A. Insurance fraud with the assured directly benefiting:
1. Desire to move – the premises may no longer be
desirable because of the condition of the building, the fact
that the quarters are outgrown or because of the locality.
2. Disposing of Merchandise – the stocks on hand may have
lost value by reason of the seasonal nature of the business,
obsolesce, scarcity of materials necessary to complete the
contracts, overstock in the absence of expected order or a
changing market.
3. Property Transaction – the business itself may no longer
be desirable because of impending liquidation, settlement of
an estate of which it is a part, the need for cash, prospective
failure, the comparatively greater value of the land, or the
comparatively greater value of the insurance benefits.

B. Profit by the Perpetrator other than the assured:
1. Insurance agents wishing business
2. Insurance adjusters desiring to adjust a loss by securing a contract
3. Business competitors
4. Persons seeking jobs as protection personnel
5. Salvagers
6. Contractors wishing to rebuild or wreck
2. Concealment of Crime:
 the arsonists may set fire to a building in order to
conceal a projected or past crime. He may wish to
divert attention in order to loot the burning premises or
steal in other places. The burning may be for the
purpose of destroying evidences.

3. Punitive Measure:
 An arsonists may use fire as a means of punishing another
person for reason of jealousy, hatred or revenge.
4. Intimidation or Economic Disabling:
 The fire may be used as a weapon of the saboteurs, the
strikers or the racketeers to intimidate or to disable
economically as a step toward forcing submission to certain
demands.
5. Pyromania – is the uncontrollable impulse of a person to burn
anything without motivation. Pyromaniacs usually do not run
away from the scene of the crime, usually alone and feel
satisfied watching the flame.

Types of Pyromaniacs:
1. Abnormal Youth – Epileptics, imbeciles and morons may set
fire without knowing the seriousness of the act.
2. The Hero Type – a person may set fire on a building,
subsequently pretends to discover it and turn in the alarm so
that he will appear a hero to the public. A person may burn a
building and endeavor to achieve spectacular rescue in
order to attract the attention of spectators.
3. Alcoholics and Drug Addicts – persons who subject
themselves to intense artificial stimulants such as narcotics
sometimes develop a strong urge toward incendiaries.
4. Sexual Deviates – some sex perverts derive sexual
stimulation from setting a fire and watching the flame.
Frequently, he is chronic masturbator who stimulates and
enhances his sexual gratification by means of arson.

6. Public Disturbance: an offender may resort to arson as a
means of a public disturbance because a fire attracts
people and destruction causes confusion that gives rise to
attendant problems that divert police attention.
7. Vandalism – is a general term denoting intentional burning
to destroy properties.
In determining motive, a fire investigator concentrates on
three major factors:
1. Points of origin of the fire
2. Modus operandi of the arsonist
3. Identify of persons who might benefits from the fire.

Incendiary Materials
Incendiary materials are materials used to start a fire. They are
combustible; fuels.
1. Arson Chemicals (liquids) – are incendiary materials often
used by arsonists as accelerants. Possess excellent
properties. Examples: alcohol, benzene, petroleum ether,
gasoline, kerosene, naptha, turpentine.
2. Gases as acetylene, butane, CO, ethylene, hydrogen,
natural gas, propane, these are common gases resulting in
fires from explosion. These when mix with air possess
excellent in ignition properties and when present in an
enclosed area can lead to explosion.

3. Solids as chlorates, perchlorates, chromates,
bichromates, nitrates, permanganates – are typical
families of oxidizing agents which give off oxygen on
decomposition thus aiding in combustion.

192
Prima Facie Evidence of Arson
 If the fire started simultaneously in more than one
part of the building or establishment.
 If substantial amount of flammable substances or
materials are stored within the building not
necessary in the business of the offender nor for
household use.

193
 If gasoline, kerosene, petroleum or other flammable or
combustible substances or materials soaked therewith or
containers, thereof, or any mechanical electrical, chemical or
electronic contrivance designed to start a fire, or ashes or traces
of any foregoing are found in the ruins or premises of the burned
building or property.
 If the building or property is insured for substantially more than
its actual value at the time of the issuance of policy.
 If a demand for money or other valuable consideration was
made before the fire in exchange for the distance of the offender
or for the safety of the person or property of the victim.

194
 If during the lifetime of the corresponding fire
insurance policy more than two fire have occurred in
the same or other premises owned or under the
control of the offender and/or insured.
 If shortly before the fire a substantial of the effects
and stored in building or property had been
withdrawn from the premises except in the ordinary
course of business.

 1. What are the elements of Arson?
 2. Are you in favor or not for Attempted
Arson? Yes or No
 Why?
 3. Explain the motives of arson.
 4. Why do you think that PD 1613 prima
facie evidence of arson have been given?
195

assignment
 Be ready for recitation next meeting on
the definition of terms by the fire code of
the Philippines
196

Week 11
 activities
 Lecture
 Read-post-categorize
197

FIRE CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES
Republic Act No. 9514
- Approved on December 19, 2008
- Repealed PD 1185
- known as the "Revised Fire Code of the
Philippines of 2008".
198

Definition of terms
Abatement - Any act that would remove or neutralize a
fire hazard.
Administrator - Any person who acts as agent of the
owner and manages the use of a building for
him.
Blasting Agent - Any material or mixture consisting of a
fuel and oxidizer used to set off explosives.
Cellulose Nitrate Or Nitro Cellulose - A highly
combustible and explosive compound
produced by the reaction of nitric acid with a
cellulose material.
199

Cellulose Nitrate Plastic (Pyroxylin) - Any plastic
substance, materials or compound having cellulose
nitrate (nitro cellulose) as base.
Combustible, Flammable or Inflammable - Descriptive
of materials that are easily set on fire.
Combustible Fiber - Any readily ignitable and free
burning fiber such as cotton, oakum, rags, waste
cloth, waste paper, kapok, hay, straw, Spanish moss,
excelsior and other similar materials commonly used
in commerce.
Combustible Liquid - Any liquid having a flash point at
or above 37.8_C (100_F).
200

Corrosive Liquid - Any liquid which causes fire when
in contact with organic matter or with certain
chemicals.
Curtain Board - A vertical panel of non-combustible
or fire resistive materials attached to and
extending below the bottom chord of the roof
trusses, to divide the underside of the roof into
separate compartments so that heat and smoke
will be directed upwards to a roof vent.
Cryogenic - Descriptive of any material which by its
nature or as a result of its reaction with other
elements produces a rapid drop in temperature of
the immediate surroundings.
201

Damper - A normally open device installed inside
an air duct system which automatically closes to
restrict the passage of smoke or fire.
Distillation - The process of first raising the
temperature in separate the more volatile from
the less volatile parts and then cooling and
condensing the resulting vapor so as to produce
a nearly purified substance.
Duct System - A continuous passageway for the
transmission of air.
Dust - A finely powdered substance which, when
mixed with air in the proper proportion and
ignited will cause an explosion.
202

Electrical Arc - An extremely hot luminous bridge
formed by passage of an electric current across a
space between two conductors or terminals due to
the incandescence of the conducting vapor.
Ember - A hot piece or lump that remains after a
material has partially burned, and is still oxidizing
without the manifestation of flames.
Finishes - Materials used as final coating of a surface
for ornamental or protective purposes.
Fire - The active principle of burning, characterized
by the heat and light of combustion.
203

Fire Trap - A building unsafe in case of fire because it will
burn easily or because it lacks adequate exits or fire
escapes.
Fire Alarm - Any visual or audible signal produced by a
device or system to warm the occupants of the building or
fire fighting elements of the presence or danger of fire to
enable them to undertake immediate action to save life
and property and to suppress the fire.
Fire Door - A fire resistive door prescribed for openings in
fire separation walls or partitions.
Fire Hazard - Any condition or act which increases or may
cause an increase in the probability of the occurrence of
fire, or which may obstruct, delay, hinder or interfere with
fire fighting operations and the safeguarding of life and
property.
204

Fire Lane - The portion of a roadway or publicway that
should be kept opened and unobstructed at all times
for the expedient operation of fire fighting units.
Fire Protective And Fire Safety Device - Any device
intended for the protection of buildings or persons to
include but not limited to built-in protection system
such as sprinklers and other automatic extinguishing
system, detectors for heat, smoke and combustion
products and other warning system components,
personal protective equipment such as fire blankets,
helmets, fire suits, gloves and other garments that
may be put on or worn by persons to protect
themselves during fire.
205

Fire Safety Constructions - Refers to design and
installation of walls, barriers, doors, windows, vents,
means of egress, etc. integral to and incorporated into
a building or structure in order to minimize danger to
life from fire, smoke, fumes or panic before the
building is evacuated. These features are also
designed to achieve, among others, safe and rapid
evacuation of people through means of egress sealed
from smoke or fire, the confinement of fire or smoke
in the room or floor of origin and delay their spread to
other parts of the building by means of smoke sealed
and fire resistant doors, walls and floors. It shall also
mean to include the treatment of buildings
components or contents with flame retardant
chemicals. 206

Flash Point - The minimum temperature at which
any material gives off vapor in sufficient
concentration to form an ignitable mixture with
air.
Forcing -A process where a piece of metal is heated
prior to changing its shape or dimensions.
Fulminate - A kind of stable explosive compound
which explodes by percussion.
Hazardous Operation/Process - Any act of
manufacturing, fabrication, conversion, etc., that
uses or produces materials which are likely to
cause fires or explosions.
207

Horizontal Exit - Passageway from one
building to another or through or around a
wall in approximately the same floor level.
Hose Box - A box or cabinet where fire
hoses, valves and other equipment are
stored and arranged for fire fighting.
Hose Reel - A cylindrical device turning on
an axis around which a fire hose is wound
and connected.
208

Hypergolic Fuel - A rocket or liquid propellant which
consist of combinations of fuels and oxidizers
which ignite spontaneously on contact with each
other.
Industrial Baking And Drying - The industrial process
of subjecting materials to heat for the purpose of
removing solvents or moisture from the same,
and/or to fuse certain chemical salts to form a
uniform glazing the surface of materials being
treated.
Jumper - A piece of metal or an electrical conductor
used to bypass a safety device in an electrical
system.
209

Occupancy - The purpose for which a building or
portion thereof is used or intended to be used.
Occupant - Any person actually occupying and
using a building or portions thereof by virtue
of a lease contract with the owner or
administrator or by permission or sufferance of
the latter.
Organic Peroxide - A strong oxidizing organic
compound which releases oxygen readily. It
causes fire when in contact with combustible
materials especially under conditions of high
temperature.
210

Overloading - The use of one or more electrical
appliances or devices which draw or consume
electrical current beyond the designed capacity
of the existing electrical system.
Owner - The person who holds the legal right of
possession or title to a building or real
property.
Oxidizing Material - A material that readily yields
oxygen in quantities sufficient to stimulate or
support combustion.
211

Pressurized Or Forced Draft Burning
Equipment - Type or burner where the fuel
is subjected to pressure prior to discharge
into the combustion chamber and/or which
includes fans or other provisions for the
introduction of air at above normal
atmosphere pressure into the same
combustion chamber.
Public Assembly Building - Any building or
structure where fifty (50) or more people
congregate, gather, or assemble for any
purpose.
212

Public Way - Any street, alley or other strip of land
unobstructed from the ground to the sky, deeded,
dedicated or otherwise permanently appropriated for
public use.
Pyrophoric - Descriptive of any substance that ignites
spontaneously when exposed to air.
Refining - A process where impurities and/or
deleterious materials are removed from a mixture in
order to produce a pure element of compound. It
shall also refer to partial distillation and electrolysis.
Self-Closing Doors - Automatic closing doors that are
designed to confine smoke and heat and delay the
spread of fire.
213

Smelting - Melting or fusing of metallic ores
or compounds so as to separate impurities
from pure metals.
Sprinkler System - An integrated network of
hydraulically designed piping installed in a
building, structure or area with outlets
arranged in a systematic pattern which
automatically discharges water when
activated by heat or combustion products
from a fire.
214

Standpipe System - A system of vertical pipes
in a building to which fire hoses can be
attached on each floor, including a system
by which water is made available to the
outlets as needed.
Vestibule - A passage hall or antechamber
between the outer doors and the interior
parts of a house or building.
Vertical Shaft - An enclosed vertical space of
passage that extends from floor to floor, as
well as from the base to the top of the
building.
215

Quiz
 Define in your own words compromising to a right
grammar the following:
 1. Jumper
 2. pyrophoric
 3. smelting
 4. Vestibule
 5. Standpipe system
 6. hose box
 7. fire lane
 8. Fire trap
216

 9. abatement
 10. duct system
 11. damper
 12. electrical arc
 13. ember
 14. occupancy
 15. overloading
217

Week 12
 In the end students
be able to discuss fire
scene investigation
 Activity
 1. group discussion
 2. lecture
 3. video watching
218

I. RECORDING
b. Audio, Video Utilization
c. Sketch Preparation
1. Rough Sketch
2. Progression Sketch
a. Photograph
1. Crowd
2. Vehicles
- make and color
- speedometer reading
- key position
- plate number
3. Color of Flames and Smoke

II. INFORMATION GATHERING
a. Noting Characteristics of the Fire:
1. Rapidity of the spread of flame.
2. Color of the Smoke and Flames.
3. Identifiable Odors
4. Area of origin

b. Taking Notes on the Following:
1. Unnatural state of the premises.
2. Obstacle on entry point.
3. Door and window locked.
4. Fire alarm or other fire protection
equipments disconnected/sabotage.
5. Artificial drafts by making opening.
6. Block entrance.
7. Contents of the building.

c. Interview and Elicitation
1. Witnesses - Discoverer of fire
2. Fire Victims
3. Responding Firefighter as to
area of origin.
4. Neighbors
- Outside the Involved Building
- Inside the Involved Building

1. Useful Technique
Observation of the direction of
spread of the flames. The fire then
can be traced backward to its
starting point and other observable
fire pattern.
a. Locate the lines or area of
demarcation. The boarding defining
the differences in certain heat
and smoke effects of the fire upon
various materials.
III. FINDING THE AREA OF ORIGIN

1. Useful Technique
b. Surface effects - depth of
charring, pattern of allegation:
spalling and clean burn.
c. Penetration of Horizontal
Surfaces (patterns such as V, U,
inverted V & U and saddle burn).
d. Loss of Materials -
consumption of combustible
materials/melting.

2. Interview first responding
firefighters fire victims, witnesses
and neighbors who can attest to
some previous information.

quiz
 Discuss the duty of the first responder.
 How are you going gather initial
information and what initial information
should be gathered by the investigator?
 Write the way to look for the area of
origin.
227

Week 13
 Organization
 And basic stages
 In search operations
 Preparation/ team briefing
 Secure and protect scene
 Lecture
228

ORGANIZATION
AND BASIC STAGES
IN SEARCH OPERATIONS

I. Preparation
A. Team Briefing
1. Materials requirement
of involved members
2. Discussed search
pattern use:
 strip
 double strip
 wheel
 spiral
 zone

3. Assignment / role of
individual team
members.
4. Set up command post
5. Organize communication
with services auxiliary.
6. Coordination with other
agencies.
I. Preparation
A. Team Briefing

a. Determine the extent to
which the scene has been
protected.
b. Check the adequate scene
security.
c. Take extensive notes, do
not rely on memory.
II. Secure and Protect the
Scene

d. Keep a record of persons/
individual who enters &
leave.
e. Established frame of
minutes to take control of
scene regardless of
circumstances observed
on arrival
II. Secure and Protect the
Scene

quiz
 How to do preparation in search process
in fire cases?
 What are the methods of search? Make a
drawing and explanation.
234

Week 14
 Organization
 Preliminary survey
 Photography of the scene
 Lecture
235

a. Accomplished a
cautious walk through
the scene.
b. Acquire preliminary
photograph.
c. Delineate extent of the
search area.
III. Initiates Preliminary
Survey

d. Determine personnel
and equipment needs.
e. Identify and protect
transient physical
evidence.
f. Develop general theory
of the crime.
Survey

g. Record vehicles
identification number,
key position and
odometer reading.
h. Concentrate on most
transient evidence and
work to the least
transient form of
physical evidence.
Survey

i. Focus first on the easily
accessible areas in open
view and progress
eventually to possible
outer view locations, look
for a purposively hidden
items.
j. Consider whether the
evidence appears to have
been moved inadvertently.
Survey

k. Evaluate whether or not
the scene and evidence
appears unintentionally
contrived.
l. Two basic search
approaches:
1. "Cautious" search of visible
areas, taking steps to avoid
evidence loss or contamination.
2. After the "cautious“ search, a
vigorous search for hidden
concealed areas.
Survey

a. Begin photography as
soon as possible.
b. Document the
photographic effort with a
photographic logbook.
c. Insure that a progression
of overall, medium and
close-up view of the
scene is establish.
IV. Depict Scene
Photographically

d. Use recognize scale device
for size determination when
applicable.
e. When scale device is used
first take photograph with
out the inclusion of the
device.
f. Photograph evidence in
place before its collection
and packaging.
IV. Depict Scene
Photographically

g. Be observant on
photographs areas
adjacent to the crime
scene – points of entry,
exits, windows.
h. Photograph items,
places, etc to collaborate
the statement of
witnesses, victims, and
suspects.
IV. Depict Scene
Photographically

i. Prepares photographic
sketch and photo
logbook.
j. Do not hesitate to
photograph something
which has no apparent
significant at that time, it
may later prove to be a
key element in the
investigation.
IV. Depict Scene
Photographically

 How to do initial survey of fire scene?
 What photographical process needed in
Fire cases?
245

Week 15
 Organization
 Sketch of the scene
 We are going to sketch as assessment
246

The diagram establishes
permanent record of items
condition and distance/ size
relationship - diagram
photographs.
V. Prepare Sketch of the Scene

 Case Identifier
 Location
 Date/Time
 Scale or Scale Disclaims
 Compass Orientation
 Measurements
 Key of Legends
 Sketch Preparer
a. Typical Materials on rough
sketch (not drawn to
scale)

 Layout basic perimeter
 Set forth fixed objects,
furniture, etc.
 Insert evidence as it is
recovered
 Record appropriate
measurements
 Set forth key/ Legends
compass orientation
 Others
b. General Progression of
Sketches

c. Number designation on
sketch should be
coordinated with same
number designation on
evidence log.
d. Insure that enough room
is allowed to include all
pertinent information and
measurement.

 Draw a rough sketch and observed proper
way to draw a sketch.
251

Week 16
 Organization
 Collect and preserve evidence
 Lecture
252

a. Collect evidence in
accordance with standard
practice.
b. Use specialized search
patterns (strip, double
strip, zone, wheel)
VI. Collect and Preserve
Evidence

c. Photograph all items
before collection and
enter notation in
photographic logbook.
d. Mark evidence location in
diagram sketch.
Evidence

e. Have at least 2 persons:
Evidence
 See evidence in place
before collection;
 Observe it being collected;
 Tag zeal evidence;
 Place identifying marks on
evidence container and
document the proceeding
by photograph.
f. Do not handle evidence
excessively after recovery.

g. If feasible, have one
person as an evidence
custodian to prepare
evidence chain of custody,
and evidence log.
h. Seal all evidence
containers at the crime
scene.
Evidence

i. The best container for
physical evidence such
as debris with possible
flammable accelerants is
clean can, or jar and
thus, evidence plastic
container can do.
Evidence

j. Do not forget entrance/
exit areas at the scene to
obtain appropriate and
substantial known
standards.
k. Do not over documented
the physical evidence.
Evidence

Collection of Liquid Samples
for Accelerant Testing
 Liquid accelerants may
be collected with
a. New syringe
b. Siphoning device
c. Evidence container
itself
d. Sterilize cotton balls or
gauge pads may also
be used to absorbed
the liquid

Where liquid accelerants are
believed to have become
trapped in porous materials
such as concrete floor
a. Lime
b. Diatomaceous
earth
c. flour

a. Scooping
b. Sawing
c. Scraping
d. Core drilling
Collection of liquid
evidence absorbed by
solid materials including
soils and sand

Collecting of Solid samples
for accelerant testing
 Solid accelerant may be
common household materials
and compounds or dangerous
chemicals. When collecting
solid accelerants:
a. The fire investigator must
ensure that the solid
accelerant is maintained in
physical state in which is
found
b. Some incendiary materials
remain Corrosive and Reactive
c. Ensure the corrosive nature of
these residue does not attack
the packaging container

Collection of Gaseous
samples.
 Method of Collection:
a. Use of commercially available
mechanical sampling device
b. Utilization evacuated air
sampling cans. These cans are
specifically designed for taking
gaseous samples
c. Use of clean glass bottled filled
with distilled water. Distilled
water use as it has had most of
the impurities removed from it.
This method simply require the
investigator poured the distilled
water out of its bottle in the
atmosphere to be sampled. As
distilled water leaves the bottle
it is replaced by the gaseous
sample

Guide on Interpreting the Damage on
Electrical Wire
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2

Collection of Electrical
Equipments and Components
 Before wires are cut, a photograph should be taken of the
wires, and the both ends of the wire should be tagged and
cut so that they can be identified as one of the following:
a. The device or appliance to which it was attached or from
which it was severed
b. The circuit breaker or fuse number or location to which the
wire was attached or from which it was severed
c. The wire’s path or the route it took between the device
and the circuit protector
 Electrical switches, receptacles, thermostats, relays,
junction boxes, electrical distribution panels, and similar
equipment and components are often collected as physical
evidence.

 What are the procedure in collecting and
preservation of fire case evidence?
266

Week 17
1. Xplorabs- internet based fire investigation
2. Your complete fire cause determination
should be submitted to
3. josemelarteiiigooco@yahoo.co.nz
267

Fttai 2020

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