GEOG103 Chapter 12 Lecture
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This document provides an overview of Australia, New Zealand, and the Pacific Islands region. It outlines the key environmental features and challenges of Australia, including shortage of arable land and irrigation needs. It also summarizes the early British settlement of Australia and migration patterns. For New Zealand, it notes the dominance of pastoral economy and dependence on trade. It characterizes the Pacific Islands as scattered with challenges including adaptation to the global economy given their remote locations.
GEOG103 Chapter 12 Lecture
- 1. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 12 Lecture World Regional Geography A Developmental Approach 11th Edition Australia, New Zealand, and the Pacific Islands
- 2. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter Learning Outcomes • Outline the environmental advantages and disadvantages of the Australian continent. • Explain the settlement history of Australia and New Zealand. • Compare the situation of Aborigines and Māoris in the contemporary societies of Australia and New Zealand. • Identify why Australia and New Zealand are among the most well-off and stable countries in the world. • Characterize the challenges facing the Pacific Islands. • Show how remoteness influences the region’s economic opportunities and choices. • Explain the importance of Australia’s growing relationship with it Asian neighbors.
- 3. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Map
- 4. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Map
- 5. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Regions
- 6. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Environment of Australia • Five natural regions 1.Humid highlands—The core 2.Mediterranean southwest and east—Most populated 3.Tropical savannas in northern fringe 4.Interior is desert (outback) and steppe. 5.Ancient rocks in West
- 7. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Environmental Challenges / Australia • Shortage of arable land (10%) • Most land requires irrigation for farming. • 5% used for food crops • 40% of country has ranching as its major economic use
- 8. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Early Settlement • Until 1788—Inhabited by aborigines • Numbered up to one million • 300 distinct “nations” • 1770—Captain James Cook sails by eastern shore. • 1778—First British ships disembark at Sydney Cove beginning “white” settlement.
- 9. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Australia • 3 million square miles • 21 million population
- 10. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Australia Migration • Immigration encouraged by Britain through land grants. • White Australia policy – Restricted Immigration Policy—Official term – Strong preference for people of British origin – Exclusion of non-whites – After WWII, amended to allow other European and Anglo-American settlers as long as they were white – Quietly shelved in 1970s
- 11. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Australia’s Minorities • New immigration policy focuses on economic and social skills. • Now a considerable Asian influx due to proximity • Aborigines – 450,000 or 2 percent of population – Heavily concentrated in Northern Territory – Movement now to big cities – Bottom of socioeconomic ladder – Government has not apologized for the “stolen generation.” – Aboriginal art has caught on as an economic development potential.
- 12. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Australian Economy • High standard of living • Well-developed and diversified export economy • Production of agricultural, mineral, and industrial goods • Agriculture • EU tariffs place some constraints on exports. • Manufacturing is a weaker link.
- 13. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Resources of Australia
- 14. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Australia Agriculture • Sheep and cattle farming • Wheat farming • Sugarcane on northern fringe
- 15. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Australia Trade
- 16. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Australia Trade
- 17. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Australia Tourism • In 1980s tourism began to grow behind services, mining, and agriculture • More than six million visitors per year • Sydney, Great Barrier Reef, and Uhuru are biggest draws
- 18. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Future of Australia • Has enjoyed remarkable economic growth in recent years • It has a small population relative to land size. • Isolation is another problem in the way of continued growth. • Possible ending of its association with the British monarchy
- 19. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. New Zealand • Two main islands • Located entirely in temperate zone • Formed from Ring of Fire • Discovered by Captain James Cook—1769 • 80% of population has European origins – British – German – Others
- 20. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. New Zealand Economy • Pastoral economy – Production of livestock and livestock products – One of the highest proportions of livestock (cattle and sheep) to human population • Heavy dependence on trade • Some coal, gold, natural gas, and iron ore— Much less than Australia • Extensive soil erosion
- 21. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. The Maori • Indigenous population • Polynesian group that has resided there for 1,000 years • Largest minority group at 14–15 percent • Long decline under European settlement after Treaty of Waitangi signed in 1840 • Upsurge since 1970s • Still socioeconomically marginal • See films Once Were Warriors and Whale Rider.
- 22. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Political Structure of Australia and New Zealand
- 23. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Population Density
- 24. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Pacific Islands
- 25. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Pacific Islands • Known as Oceania • Only 10.5 million population • Scattered islands (30,000 total) • Regional groupings – Melanesia—Islands from northern perimeter of Australia eastward – Micronesia (small islands)—Groups of islands north of Melanesia – Polynesia (many islands)—Largest grouping • From Hawaii to New Zealand • New Zealand, however, has begun to establish its own distinctive character in spite of Maori heritage.
- 26. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Pacific Islands • Twenty-three political entities • Four self-governing territories in free association with colonial rulers • Seven continuing dependencies of France • New Zealand • One U.S. state (Hawaii) • Mosaic of political structures is the result of the region’s complex colonial history and post-independence struggles
- 27. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Pacific Islands / Challenges • Adapting to global economy while being geographically distant • Low levels of health and income • Social inequities • Weak governments • Uncertain national identities
- 28. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Papua New Guinea • Covers parts of three large islands, as well as many smaller ones • Collection of many clans with over 700 languages • Population is indigenous Papuans and more recent arrivals • Most live in very rural settings • Rich resources that have not been used effectively
- 29. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Hawaii • 50th U.S. state • String of mountainous volcanic islands • Most transformed population that is struggling to keep Polynesian culture • Largely tourist in nature, although some manufacturing is occurring • Large population, especially in Oahu • Decent agricultural base • Increasing Asian presence in population
- 30. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Guam • Largest island in Micronesia • Transformed by foreign occupation • “Unincorporated” territory of the United States. • Large military presence • Popular tourist destination for Japanese who want to experience “America in Asia”
- 31. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. New Caledonia • Political and environmentally challenged • Located on the parts of multiple islands • Colonized by France in 1853 as a penal colony • Asian and Polynesian settlers came for large mining wealth
- 32. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Summary of Chapter • Australia, New Zealand, and the Pacific Islands are quite unlike any other world regions in the nature of their diversity – In Australia, there is far too much land with too little water. – In the Pacific Islands, there are vast amounts of water, but in most cases far too little land. – In New Zealand, where water exists in frozen, liquid, and thermal- heated states, paradise is threatened by tectonic hazards. • The region occupies a remote but strategically significant part of the planet. • Although far from the Western world in location, Australia and New Zealand are now Western in culture. • Past trade relationships with the United Kingdom were strong historically. Both Australia and New Zealand, however, are in the process of reorienting their economic relationships, largely toward the Pacific Rim.