Wrg 11e lecture_ch10
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This document provides an overview of East Asia, with a focus on China. It discusses China's physical geography, history, economic development since economic reforms in the late 1970s, including the transformation of its agriculture and growth of industry. It also describes China's population trends, urbanization, regional inequalities, use of special economic zones to attract foreign investment, and the roles of major cities like Beijing and Shanghai.
Wrg 11e lecture_ch10
- 1. Chapter 10 Lecture © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. World Regional Geography A Developmental Approach 11th Edition East Asia
- 2. Chapter Learning Outcomes • Compare and contrast the physical environments of countries in the region. • Understand the sources and causes of China’s environmental degradation. • Know how China’s agricultural economy has been transformed since the late 1970s reforms. • Recognize how the late 1970s reforms have developed China’s industrial economy. • Describe the different economic characteristics of China’s three primary and globalized urban-economic regions. • Explore how China’s rural and urban population contours have changed as a result of the late 1970s reforms. • Explain the success of both South Korea’s and Taiwan’s economic development strategies. • Identify the reasons for Japan’s past economic successes and for its current economic decline. • Outline the reasons for and impacts China and Japan’s population decline. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 3. Map © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 4. Political Units of East Asia © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 5. Size of East Asia compared to United States © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 6. Environmental Challenges • Environmental quality has suffered. – Large population density – Rapid economic growth • Clean freshwater is perhaps the biggest challenge facing the region. • Air pollution is the other major environmental problem. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 7. Population © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 8. China • Third largest country in the world • Similarities to United States – Similar east–west longitudinal pattern as forty-eight © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. U.S. states – Spatial distribution of landforms and climates • Low plains and mountains in East • Higher mountains in West
- 9. China • Not as much maritime air masses to bring rain to West as in United States • East more densely populated • Loess plateau—Most specialized region – Elevated tableland 4,000–5,000 feet above sea level – Between Ordos Desert and North China Plain • North China Plain—Extensive riverine surface built up from silt deposits • Sichuan Basin – One of the largest interior basins in China – Densely inhabited by an agricultural population – Cool, humid winters – Warm, humid summers • Three Gorges—Chang Jiang (“long river”) – Dam construction – Harness hydroelectric power © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 10. China • Yunnan Plateau – Elevations 5,000–9,000 feet – Dissected upland • Northeast Plain – Extensive rolling hill surface – Grain farming region • Two environmental zones 1. Tibetan Plateau—25 percent of China’s territory • Largest, most elevated plateau in the world • “Rooftop of the world” • Averages 13,200 feet 2. Tarim Basin—Internal drainage • Population distribution highly uneven • Reflects climatic patterns • Spatial variation in distribution of cultural minority groups © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 11. China / Population © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 12. Spatial Evolution of Chinese Political Territory © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 13. Chinese History • Shang (1766–1122 BC)—First Chinese dynasty • Zhou (1027–256 BC) – Replaced Shang – Infused tradition of Confucianism as opposed to legalism • Warring States Period (403–221 BC) • Qin (221–207 BC) – China became single state and culture – Imposed uniformity • Han (206 BC–220 AD) – Organizers of first true-scale East Asian empire – Dominated territory equivalent to present-day China – Concentration on the North – Construction of Grand Canal © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 14. Chinese History • Song, or Sung (AD 960–1279) – Distinctive period for economic development – Expanded use of early ripening rice varieties – Irrigation improvements – Better marketing and distribution systems – Lessons • Chinese are not static; internal forces typically force change. • Evidence is that Europe has not always been technologically superior. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 15. East Meets West • Eighteenth century brings meeting of East and West. • Arrival of Western traders signaled start of demise of world’s oldest culture. • Opium trade by British sparks a confrontation. • First Opium War—Humiliating Chinese defeat – Five coastal ports forced to be open to Western interests – These enclaves essentially became foreign-owned territories. • Westernizing influences – China as a market for manufactured goods – Railroads – Western medicine and banking – Victorian morality © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 16. New China • Boxer Rebellion (1900) – First expression of nationalism – Opposition to foreigners and Chinese doing business with foreigners • Nationalist movements in wake of collapse of Qing government in 1911 – Establishment of the Nationalist Party – Sun Yat-sen – Chiang Kai-shek replaces Sun in 1925. • Chinese Communist Party (CCP) established in 1921. – Mao Ze-dong emerged as leader in 1935. – Support from U.S.S.R. – Urban-based party • Civil war between Nationalists and CCP • 1949—Nationalists flee to Taiwan; Communists take over. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 17. China / Agriculture © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 18. China / Agriculture • Even in 1990s, still predominantly an agricultural country. • Yet 7 percent of world’s most arable land and only half considered of good quality • Three primary agricultural regions • Widespread use of agricultural intensification • Supplementary crops • Cultivated for commercial purposes – Vegetables – Soybeans – Fruit orchards © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 19. Post-Mao Agricultural Reform • Household responsibility system (1978) • Production contract • “Responsibility land” granted to peasant. • Household is obliged to produce a specific amount of grain or cotton sold to state at regulated price. • Once contract fulfilled, free to produce cash crops. • Peasants empowered • By 1991, production increased dramatically. – Greater use of fertilizers – Green Revolution hybrid varieties • Still some serious drawbacks • Underproduction of grains and cotton – Government prices favored vegetables and fruits. – Free markets increased. – Food consumption of more affluent created additional demands. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 20. Economic Growth of China • Policy to promote regional self-sufficiency through spatially equitable distribution of manufacturing • Reasonably successful • Global economy made China a richer nation. – Brought inequities – Some regions benefited greater than others. • Mineral resource endowment and distribution – Full complement of mineral resources for industrial goals • World’s largest coal producer • Second largest consumer of oil • Must import vast quantities • Third in global production of iron ore • First in tin • Third in lead and zinc © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 21. China / Industry • Early development in heavy industry – Iron and steel – Chemicals – Electricity generation – Textiles • All state-owned enterprises (SOEs) • Due to military relations, new industrial development needed interior location in order to avoid external attack • Late 1970s—Dramatic change in industrial policy • Increases levels of financial aid decision-making decentralization • Transition from rigid central planning to free-market principles • Rapid growth of town and village enterprises (TVEs) © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 22. China / Economy • Northeast has fared the worst. • Bohai Sea Rim – Includes Beijing and Tianjin – Accounts for 14 percent of national population – 19 percent of national GDP • Southeast—Most changed region • Chang Jiang River area—Dominant economic region in East • Shanghai since the early 1990s – Government decision as a counterweight to Guangdong – Foreign investment – Other cities have prospered in its shadow. • Suzhou • Wuxi • Ningbo © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 23. Mineral Resources of China © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 24. China / Inequalities in the System • Factors – FDI – Private domestic investment – TVE economic impact • Winners – Coastal towns • Foreign manufacturing facilities are located • Far outstripped other areas – Domestically owned modern industries favored by government investment – Specialty crop farmers cater to affluent urban markets. • Core-periphery relationship between interior and coastal provinces is emerging. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 25. China / Inequalities in the System © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 26. China / Urbanization and Migration • Communist restriction on movement to urban centers – Reduced unplanned growth – Enabled avoidance of squatter settlement development • Urban places viewed with contempt and distrust. – Breeding grounds for more educated and commercially oriented capitalist urban classes – Antiurban bias exhibited in Cultural Revolution • Loosening of population movement restrictions brought migration to cities (floating population). • Urban housing – Private ownership very small – Some movement away from state-run, toward market principles © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 27. China / Urban Growth © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 28. China / Special Economic Zones © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 29. China / Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) & Special Economic Zones (SEZ) • Open door policy – Recognized benefits of FDI – Win–win • 1979—SEZs – Originally centered in Eastern seaboard cities • Zhuhai • Shenzhen • Shantou • Xiamen • Hainan Island (1988) • In many ways, like modern-day treaty ports © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 30. China and Hong Kong © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 31. Beijing and Shanghai • Two largest cities • Both megacities with over 10 million population • Beijing – Dates back to thirteenth century – Traditionally typified conservative orderly and inward nature of Chinese culture – Forbidden City – Tiananmen Square – Political center of Middle Kingdom – Some light and heavy industry • Shanghai – Represents outward/commercial nature of Chinese – Characteristic of a southern Chinese village – Roots as a fishing village – Leading industrial center • Chemical • Textile • Metal – Food processing – Pudong—Financial district © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 32. Mongolia © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 33. Mongolia • Physically isolated and landlocked • Three times the size of California • Historically known as home of pastoral nomadic empires such as those controlled by Genghis Khan and Kablal Kahn • Stagnate economy until the 2000s where mineral resources have been opened for development © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 34. The Two Koreas © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 35. The Two Koreas • Politically divided • North Korea – Insulated/insular society and economy – Communist system • South Korea – Economic development through foreign relations – Democratic system © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 36. Taiwan © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 37. Taiwan • Chinese Nationalists fled to island in 1949 after communists took over mainland. • People’s Republic of China (PRC) still considers Taiwan a “province.” • Not recognized around the world as a separate country • Noises of independence declaration © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 38. Japan • Land of contrasts (contradictions between history and modernity) • Nature versus cluttered environment • Traditional dress contrasting with urbanity • Economic contrasts © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 39. Japan © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 40. History of Japan • Jomon culture—Earliest known culture • Yayoi culture – Replaced Jomon some 2,300 years ago – Introduced religion that eventually developed into Shintoism • Yamato period – 1,700 years ago – Introduced great transformation of Japanese culture and politics • Nara and Heian periods – 700 to 1100s – Chinese influences began to mature. • Bakafu—“behind the scenes” rulers between 1100s and 1800s • Tokugawa Period – Shogunate (military dictatorship) – Highly centralized administrative structure – Elevated levels of economic development – Urbanization and interaction with settlements increased © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 41. Japan and Foreign Influence • 1543—Portuguese were first Europeans to arrive. – Spanish, Dutch, and English followed over the next year. – Impressed with Japanese technological and cultural achievements – Japanese attracted to guns, tobacco, and Chinese luxuries. • 1600s – Increasing suspicions of Westerners and Western religion – 1640—Spanish and Portuguese expelled. – Dutch, English, and Chinese confined to areas around the port of Nagasaki. • 1853—Isolation ends with arrival of American Commodore Perry in Tokyo. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 42. History of Japan / First Transformation • Zaibatsu – Large industrial and financial cliques that provided an effective means of marshalling private capital for investment – Fueled Meiji Restoration economic transformation • Military victories at end of nineteenth century – Victory over China (1895) – Victory over Russia (1905) • Experiences with colonization through mid-1940s – Taiwan (1895) and Korea (1911) – SE Asia and parts of Pacific – Short-lived and brutal © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 43. History of Japan / Second Transformation • Economic development in the wake of defeat in World War II – Amounted to a sped-up repeat of the Rostow model – Allies’ imposition of political structure – American investment • Aspects of Japan Model reemerged – Keiretsu – Breakup of zaibatsu reconstituted – Played a major role in post-WWII growth • Bureaucratic capitalism – Influence of governmental ministries – Especially Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry (METI) • Tiered economic structure • By 1980s, became largest single source of FDI. • Population stabilization © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 44. Modern Japan • Government guidance, not control • Competent bureaucracy • Proper sequencing of the development process • Focus on comparative advantage and regional specialization • Wise investment of surplus capital • Development of infrastructure • Emphasis on education • Upgrading of labor force • Population planning • Powerful force in twentieth century as other Asian states attempted to do the same thing • Twentieth century adaptations to unique state conditions; it might better be termed the “East Asian Model.” © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 45. Japan / Landforms • Occupies a small, but geologically active, portion of the Pacific Ring of Fire • Mountains are rugged with steep slopes, but not by world standards. – Most peaks are below 6,000 feet. – Ten are higher than 9,000 feet. • Fifty-four volcanoes • Rest of area are flat surfaces found either as terraces at the downside slope of mountains or along relatively narrow coastal plains. • Tokyo occupies the Kanto Plain. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 46. Japan / Urban-Industrial Regions • Levels of urbanization increased post-WWII • Tokaido Megalopolis – Largest concentration of urban-industrial activity – Island of Honshu – Tokyo–Yokohama (Keihin) – Nagoya (Chukyo) – Osaka–Kobe–Kyoto (Hanshin) • Industrialization provided major stimulus for urbanization. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 47. Tokyo • Imperial capital • Seat of Japanese government • Center of media and advertising • Country’s dominant financial and corporate center • Home to greatest number of universities • Home of Tsukuba Science City, the first and largest of Japan’s many planned research nodes or “tecnhopoles” • Asian Pacific Rim economic hub • One of three command centers of global finance (along with New York and London) • A growing megacity (8.6 million) © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 48. Resources of Japan • Severely lacking resources • Must import everything needed for energy production and industrial development (except hydropower) • Only 17.5 percent self-sufficient in 2005 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 49. Japan / Environmental Challenges • Location and insularity – NE corner of Asian region – Little smaller than California – Island country off a large continental mainland (often compared to Great Britain in this vein) – Archipelagic country—Main body is composed of four large islands. • Climate – Varied due to long size, mountains, and surrounded by water – Monsoon climate a little different from the rest of East Asia due to more northern location and maritime environment © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 50. Japan / Environmental Challenges • Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant – In the late afternoon of March 11, 2011, Japan experienced the world’s worst nuclear disaster since the 1986 Chernobyl accident in Ukraine. – An earthquake registering 9.0 on the Richter scale occurred 43 miles (69 kilometers) off the coast of northeastern Honshu. – This was the most powerful earthquake experienced in Japan and the fifth most powerful in the world since 1900. – Tsunami waves generated by the earthquake flooded three reactors of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant complex © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 51. Japan / Economic Challenges • Urban challenges – Increasing urban populations – Infrastructure challenges – Housing • Pollution of the environment – Intensified environmental pollution – In 1970s, created their own Environment Agency (similar to Environmental Protection Agency) in reaction to protests about increasing environmental challenges. • Regional imbalances – Economic development has favored the Pacific side. – Tokyo served as a primate city. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 52. Japan / Population Challenges © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 53. Summary of Chapter • While the countries of East Asia are characterized by export-led economies that are in some form government-administered, each has experienced very different development trajectories. • China has grown into the world’s second largest economy. China assumed the rank of a global economic power as a result of its late 1970s reform policies that reduced the commanding role of the state in economic growth. • Although the globalization of China’s economy has brought many material benefits, lingering problems call into question the durability of this economic success. • China’s neighbors have experienced different economic growth trajectories. • Japan was the first non-Western country to industrialize based on its own distinctive model of modernization and development. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.