Grammar Inversion part II_Introduction to TOEFL TEST

SUPER QUICK REVIEW ON WEEK-2
ADDRESSING MULTIPLE CLAUSES:
● KEYPOINT: 2 clauses – 1 connector
Add one connector for one added clause!
● Clause connectors (coordinating,
subordinating, paired conjunctions).
● Noun clause: it is used as a
subject/object
● Adjective clause: describes a
noun/pronoun and is placed directly
after it

DISCUSSING LAST
WEEK’S ASSIGNMENT!

WEEK 3 FOCUSES ON:
REDUCED
CLAUSE
(including adverb
clause)
Another way to
use dependent
clauses
PASSIVE-ACTIVE
MEANINGS
How to form and
use the clauses
PARALLEL
STRUCTURE
A good sentence
has parallel
clauses (and parts
of them)
COMPARATIVES
SUPERLATIVES
How to form and
use them, plus the
irregular –er, -er
1 2 3 4

1
PASSIVE
vs.
ACTIVE
Sometimes we need to make
sense of a clause:
Does it make sense if the subject
does the action?
OR should it receive the action?

THE FORM
Active:
Ronny delivers the package →
Passive:
The package is delivered (by Ronny) →
THE LOGICAL MEANING
Ronny DOES the delivery.
It is logical for the person to
do this activity.
The package is THE OBJECT.
It RECEIVES the action
(being delivered).
PASSIVE CLAUSE: Subject + ‘be’ verb + V3 (past participle)

A FEW NOTES ON ‘PASSIVE’
1. Sometimes ‘by’ is omitted and we need to observe the
meaning (logic) of the sentence → is it possible for the
SUBJECT to do the action? Should the subject receive the
action instead?
2. Check whether the sentence use the correct form of
passive:
➢ The poem was written by a famous artist (correct)
The poem was writing* by a famous artist (incorrect)
➢ The poem will be written by a famous artist (correct)
The poem will written* by a famous artist (incorrect)

EXERCISE: Correct? Incorrect?
1. During the lightning storm, he struck the head by a
falling tree.
2. The exam began just a few minutes ago and I was
late for it.
3. I found out that the real estate agent had already
been leased the villa.
4. After the old radiator had be replaced, the travelers
continued their cross-country trip.

02
REDUCED
CLAUSE
Adjective and adverb clause
can appear in a complete or
reduced form

COMPLETE FORM
1. The woman who is waving
to us is the tour guide
2. The letter which was written
last week arrived today
3. I haven’t read the article
that appears in today’s
paper
REDUCED FORM
→ The woman waving to us is
the tour guide
→ The letter written last week
arrived today
→ I haven’t read the article
appearing in today’s paper
COMPLETE AND REDUCED ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

REDUCED ADJECTIVE CLAUSE: HOW AND WHEN?
❖ To form a reduced adjective clause, we need to:
1. Omit the connector and be-verb, OR (samples no.1 and 2 in the previous slide)
2. If there is no be-verb, omit the connector and change the main verb into the
-ing form (sample no.3 in the previous slide)
❖ An adjective clause can appear in a reduced form ONLY IF THE CONNECTOR IS
FOLLOWED DIRECTLY BY A VERB. Take a look at the following samples:
1. The woman who is waving is our tour guide (reducible)
The woman that I just met is our tour guide (irreducible)
2. The letter which was written last week arrived yesterday (reducible)
The letter that you sent me arrived yesterday (irreducible)

❖ Some reducible adjective clauses are separated from the rest
of the sentence with commas. They can also appear AT THE
FRONT OF THE SENTENCE, for examples:
1. The White House, which is located in Washington, is the
president’s home.
2. The White House, located in Washington, is the president’s
house.
3. Located in Washington, the White House is the president’s
house.
REDUCED ADJECTIVE CLAUSE: HOW AND WHEN?

1. We will have to return the merchandise purchased
yesterday at the shop.
2. The children sat in the fancy restaurant found it
difficult to behave.
3. The brand new BMW, purchasing a week ago, was
destroyed in the accident.

COMPLETE FORM
1. Although he is unwell, the speaker will
present at the seminar
2. When you are ready, you can begin your
speech
3. Although he feels unwell, the speaker
will present at the seminar
4.When you deliver a speech, you should
speak loudly and clearly.
REDUCED FORM
→ Although unwell, the speaker will
present at the seminar
→ When ready, you can begin your
speech
→ Although feeling unwell, the speaker
will present at the seminar
→ When delivering a speech, you should
speak loudly and clearly
COMPLETE AND REDUCED ADVERB CLAUSE

❖ To form a reduced adverb clause, we need to:
1. Omit the subject and be-verb (sample no.1 and no.2 in the
previous slide)
2.If there’s no be-verb, omit the subject and change the main
verb into the –ing form (sample no.3 and no.4 in the previous
slide)
❖ Special cases: Some connectors make adverb clauses reducible
ONLY IF THE VERB IS IN THE PASSIVE FORM, such as:
once, until, as, where, wherever.
Once you submit your thesis, you will graduate (irreducible)
Once it is submitted, your thesis will be reviewed (reducible)
REDUCED ADVERB CLAUSE: HOW AND WHEN?

1. The ointment can be applied where needed
2. He had to learn how to clean and cook since left home
3. You should negotiate a lot before buy a new car
4. Once purchased, the shoes cannot be returned

03
PARALLEL
STRUCTURE
“Good English” requires balanced
and even sentence structure

THE GRAMMATICAL FORMS
❑ I like to swim and running (incorrect)
I like to swim and to run (correct)
I like swimming and running (correct)
❑ I don’t care about what you say or stupid
things (incorrect)
I don’t care about what you say or what
she says (correct)
❑ The students are in the classroom and
happy (incorrect)
The students are in the classroom and in
front of the building (correct)
COORDINATING CONNECTOR
❑ She works as a nanny, a housekeeper,
and in a restaurant (incorrect)
She works as a nanny, a
housekeeper, and a waitress.
(correct)
PAIRED CONNECTOR
❑ According to the syllabus, you
can either write a paper or you
can take an exam (incorrect)
According to the syllabus, you
can either write a paper or take
an exam (correct)
PARALLEL STRUCTURE: HOW?

1. She was both surprised by and pleased with the presentation
2. What came after the break was even more boring than had
come before
3. Sam is always good-natured, generous, and helps you
4. He would find the missing keys neither under the bed or
behind the sofa
5. Either you have to finish the project, or the contract will be
cancelled

04
COMPARATIVE
AND
SUPERLATIVE
The form, uses,
and irregular structure

COMPARATIVE
FORM: ‘more’ adj / adj-er than …..
Harry is taller than Ron
Harry is more hardworking than Ron
USE: The comparative is used to
compare two equal things
Harry is the more hardworking of the
class (incorrect)
SUPERLATIVE
THE FORM AND USE
FORM: ‘the most’ adj / the adj-est
of/in/at/on/among
Harry is the tallest student in the room
Ron is the most clever guy in the class
USE: The superlative is used to
show which one of many in some
way is the most outstanding
Harry is the most hardworking than his
brother (incorrect)
(more/the most → long adj ; -er/the -est → short adj)

THE IRREGULAR –ER, -ER STRUCTURE
An irregular comparative structure in the TOEFL test consists
of two parallel comparatives introduced by THE, separated by
a comma.
▪ The harder he tried, the further he fell behind.
▪ The older the children are, the more their parents expect from them.
▪ The greater the experience, the higher the salary.
▪ The more children you have, the bigger the house you need.
This type of sentence MAY OR MAY NOT include a verb.

1. The hotter the food is harder it is to eat.
2. The more you say, the worst the situation will be.
3. If you run faster, the more quickly you’ll arrive.
4. The harder you serve, the easier it is to win the point.
5. The more time they have to play, the happier the
children are.

QUESTIONS?
NEXT WEEK:
going deeper into parts of
speech

Grammar Inversion part II_Introduction to TOEFL TEST

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