Syntax

Dra. ROSARIO MARIA BURNEO MASTER OF ARTS ESCUELA : Lenguas NOMBRES: FECHA : SYNTAX

ENGLISH SYNTAX SECOND BIMESTER UNITS 4, 5 AND 6

Dear students: Please study hard and keep in mind that you are great and smart students and the best human beings in the whole world.

MODIFICATION Modification is the use of words or structures to give more information about the person, thing, action or quality being modified. Traditionally, modification relations are classified in two categories: adjectives and adverbs. Adjectives modify nouns. While adverbs might modify verbs, adjectives and other adverbs

ADJECTIVES The category “adjective” is an open class. It means that there are many adjectives in English. Adjectives can be compared and intensified. Adjectives are “content words”

TYPES OF ADJECTIVES This category includes: Typical adjectives (tall), Present participles forms (charming), which describe ongoing situations; and, Past participles forms (broken), which describe resultant states.

TYPES OF ADJECTIVES Also nouns might function as adjectives. They are called Denominal adjectives. The history class is tomorrow Prenominal adjectives go before the noun they modify. They can modify almost any noun in English. I bought an old house

PREDICATE ADJECTIVES Predicate adjectives follow copula verbs. Your career is important. Peter is handsome This frog is beautiful

Types of adjectives Postnominal adjectives occur after the noun they modify. Typical adjectives and Prepositional Phrases appear in postnominal position. - The people present were happy - The girl in blue is my sister

COPULA VERBS A copula verb links a subject to a complement in a sentence. The verb BE is usually known as a copula, but some linking verbs (become, look, seem, feel) also perform this function. My children are very young He feels tired

ADJECTIVE COMPLEMENTS Adjective complements complete the meaning of some adjectives like fond, aware, etc. Mike is fond of his profession Prepositional phrases function as adjective complements

ADVERBIALS The term ‘adverbial’ includes all structures functioning as adverbs. PPs, typical adverbs, adverb phrases and clauses might function as adverbials. Adverbs tell you where, when, how long, how, why, how often, to what extent, and under what condition something happens.

LOCATIVE ADVERBS Locative adverbs: adverbs of place adverbs of direction My history book in on that desk (place) They walked down this street (direction)

Temporal Adverbs Adverbs of point on time indicate when an event occurs. They can show: a. Specific time frame. Our class is at 5 p.m. b. Time frame bound on one side You must be back at noon

Temporal Adverbs c. Time frame bound on both sides. The meeting is from 10 to 12 d. Vague time frame (not specific). We plan to visit Chile someday

Temporal Adverbs Adverbs of frequency specify how often an event occurs. He visits us twice a year Adverbs of duration indicate for how long an event lasts. They will be here for two weeks

Temporal Adverbs Time relationship adverbs communicate a time in relation to some other time. I lost my cell phone again

Adverbs of Manner and Means Adverbs of manner indicate how something is done The President acted very coldly Steven learns math easily Adverbs of means indicate by what method something is done They usually indicate the instrument used to do something I cut my finger with a knife

Adverbs of Reason/purpose Adverbs of reason and purpose indicate why something happens. Elizabeth killed herself for love (reason) Bob studied hard for the context (purpose)

CLAUSES A clause is a syntactic structure larger than a phrase. It has two main constituents: a noun phrase that functions as the subject, and a verb phrase that functions as the predicate. word: people phrase: these people clause: these people live in a small town

Constituents A constituent is a string of words grammatically structured and which expresses meaning. Noun phrases, verbs phrases, prepositional phrases, adjectival phrases and adverbial phrases are regarded as constituents. Besides, single words in subject, object, predicate and complement position are seen as constituents.

Constituents… A constituent has these characteristics: - It behaves distributinally. For example, a noun phrase can appear in subject or object position. The students are in class (NP subject)

Constituents… - A constituent can be coordinated with another similar structure. For example, two noun phrases can be joined by the conjunction AND. I live here and my brother lives next door

Constituents… It can be replaced by a proform. Martha said that she will cook dinner, and so she will I like this car because it is fast

Constituents... - It can be omitted under appropriate discourse conditions. A constituent can be omitted to avoid repetition. Who took the money? Bob did (took the money)

OPERATIONS TO JOIN CLAUSES : coordination and suordination Coordination joins two or more structures of the same type to form a conjoined structure. - Conjunction (and) - Disjunction (but) - Alternation (or)

Correlative Conjunctions Correlative Conjunctions (both…and, …) might express conjunction, disjunction and alternation. Both Mike and Peter are good friends Either Mike or Vincent will pay the bill Not you but your sister broke the cup

Conjunctive Adverbs Conjunctive Adverbs (therefore, however..) link clauses where one is the consequence of the other, or they occur at the same time. They are regarded as discourse markers We are poor; therefore, we have to work harder

Subordination Subordination joins a dependent clause to an independent clause. Mike looked up when he heard my voice Independent clauses can stand alone as full sentences. Dependent clauses cannot stand alone because they depend on another clause to have full meaning. Some workers expected their boss to join them

RELATIVE CLAUSES Relative clauses are noun clauses that may refer to noun phrases in different positions: WHO refers to people and replaces NPs in subject position. The doctor who is in your office is very upset WHICH refers back to noun phrases functioning as subjects, but naming things. The car which caused the accident broke down

Continues… THAT refers to people and things, and it refers back to the subject. The house that is on sale is old The girl that lives next door is very nice

Finite and Non-finite Clauses Also we can distinguish finite and non-finite clauses. Finite clauses contain tensed verbs or modals. Non-finite clauses have verbs not marked for tense

RESTRICTIVE AND NONRESTRICTIVE RELATIVE CLAUSES Restrictive relative clauses are noun clauses functioning as adjectives. The bus which caused the accident broke down Non restrictive relative clauses are set off by commas. Doctor Bush, who is an old man, is in the hospital

THAT CLAUSES & RELATIVE CLAUSES That clauses fill noun phrase slots. They function as nouns. Martha told Sam that her doctor is good Relative clauses function as adjectives and they are embedded into noun phrases. The car that you sold is n the yard

OTHER TYPES OF CLAUSES Infinitival Clauses Robert wants to be happy I would prefer for the boys to finish their studies Indirect Questions The librarian asked which books Sam took

ADVERBIAL CLAUSES Adverbial clauses are introduced by words like: after, before, because, if, unless… Marie went to Quito after she finished classes.

THE EXTERNAL SYNTAX OF CLAUSES The external syntax refers to the function clauses perform in sentences. Clauses as complements of verbs: I asked which car he bought Clauses as complements of adjectives Michael is eager to come home

FUNCTIONS OF CLAUSES Clauses as complements of prepositions. Results depend on how data is processed.

FUNCTIONS OF CLAUSES Clauses as complements of nouns Mike’s eagerness to win the game is amazing Clauses as subjects That Sam bought a new house surprised me

TRANSFORMATIONS Syntactic Rules to build base structures:. - Phrase Structure Rules - The Lexicon - Lexical Insertion Rule

Operations used to apply transformations * movement * insertion * deletion * copying

STRUCTURAL DESCRIPTION AND STRUCTURAL CHANGE Structural description refers to any string of words that can be analyzed (NP + VP + NP) Structural Change to the transformations that can be applied to a basic structure. Deletion, insertion, copying and movement are the types of structural change.

TRANSFORMATION RULES NP-Aux. Inversion Rule WH-Movement Negative Insertion Rule Passive Transformation Rule VP deletion Existential Construction Tag Question Rule

BE HAPPY THANK YOU GOD BLESS YOU

Syntax

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