Greater than the sum of its parts?
Lessons from a collaborative, multi-actor,
scenario-based approach for securing
local tenure rights
Author:
Nining Liswanti, Esther Mwangi, Concepta Mukasa, Alejandra
Zamora, Tuti Herawati, Iliana Monterosso, Mani Ram
Banjade, Baruani Mshale, and Anne Larson
Session:
13-K: Land tenure and customary rights
14/July/2017, 14:00 - 15:30
Academiegebouw, Zaal 1636 (ground floor)
OUTLINE
• Current tenure problems
• Objectives
• Research Sites
• Methods
• Finding
- Drivers of tenure security/insecurity
- Actions to mitigate tenure insecurity
• Lessons
RESEARCH SITES
Uganda
IndonesiaPeru
CURRENT TENURE PROBLEMS
Unclear
ownership
DevelopmentBusiness
activities
Policy LU
(business &
political agenda)
Customary
forest
Degraded
customary forest
Resettlement
Encroachme
nt
Unclear
boundary
Law &
Regulations
Overlapping
authority
Peru
Uganda
Indonesia
KEY ISSUES ON REFORM IMPLEMENTATION
• Long customary system practices
• Limited coordination and participation among
stakeholders
• Lack of involvement and the role of various agencies at
local, provincial and national levels
• Overlapping claims that create negative implications on
how rights can be exercised and affect to tenure security
of communities
Participatory Prospective Analysis (PPA), a foresight approach used as an entry
point for engaging stakeholders (including especially local communities) to
identify key threats, to ensure local voices are accommodated and to learn how
various stakeholders perceived community rights and tenure security over land
and forestry.
OBJECTIVES
 identify drivers of tenure security/insecurity
 options for securing tenure rights of local communities,
 compare outcomes with varying composition of men and women
 establish feasible actions
TENURE REFORM TYPE IN EACH COUNTRY
Reform Type Peru Uganda Indonesia Total
State Land/Forest
designed to use by
community
- Collaborative Forest
Management
HKM, HTR, HD 11
State Land/Forest used
by company
- - Kemitraan
(Company/
FMU and community)
4
Land/Forest Owned by
Communities
Native commn.title
Peasant commn.title
Community Forestry Hutan Adat 22
Forest Own by
individual
Private Forest Owner
Association
Hutan Rakyat 4
Unrecognized
Community Land/Forest
Native Comm. not titled
Peasant Comm.not .titled
Customary system Hutan Adat
Not recognized yet
13
22 16 17 55
Source: COLUPSIA 2013
THE METHOD: PARTICIPATORY PROSPECTIVE
ANALYSIS
Five principal steps on PPA approach:
Step 1: Define the system
Step 2: Identify and define forces of
change
Step 3: Identify and select driving forces
Step 4: Build scenarios
Step 5: Elaborate a foresight-based
action plan
The force of change is a factor
influencing the forest land tenure
system, which has the capacity to
transform the system in the
future no matter in what
direction.
These factors can influence both
positively and negatively which
could be affected to the forest
and land tenure security or
insecurity in the past, at present,
or in the future.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ACROSS THE THREE COUNTRIES
SETTING
 Drivers of tenure security/insecurity
– Differences/similarities key forces of change
– Differences/similarities desired and undesired scenarios
– Differences/similarities between women only and mixed groups
 Actions to mitigate tenure insecurity
– Differences/similarities in types & sequencing of actions
– Differences/similarities in actors responsible for actions
SUMMARY PPA WORKSHOP IN THE THREE
COUNTRIES
Where
No. of
Workshop
When No participants
Indonesia 6 2015 (Nov/Dec) & 2016 (Jan/Feb/Aug/ Dec) 148
Peru 7 2016 (Mar/April/May/Sep/Oct) 222
Uganda 10 2015 (Jul/Nov/Dec) & 2016 (Jan) 115
Uganda (women) 3 2016 (Jun, Aug) 46
Peru (women) 1 2016 (Nov) 38
0
50
100
150
200
Indonesia Peru Uganda Uganda
(women)
Peru
(women)
100
163
97
48
59
18
46 38
Gender participation on PPA workshop
Men Women
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Indonesia Peru Uganda Uganda
(women)
Peru
(women)
Stakeholders composition in PPA workshop
Gov' officials Practitioners Communities
KEY FORCES OF CHANGE: SIMILARITIES
Peru Indonesia Uganda
Madre de Dios Loreto Maluku Lampung Kibaale Lamwo Masindi
Policy/
Government
consistency
policy; political
will regional
government
Priorities
government;
Regulations in
practices
Regional
government;
Local
Regulation
Dynamic SF
regulation
Political will;
Laws and
policies;
Political
interference
Forest
governance
Role of
government
Community
participation/
empowerment,
women
Empowered
community and
federations
Comm.
knowledge,
awareness;
Empowered
Indi. women
Economic
options by
community
Comm.
awareness &
attitude;
Comm.
participation
in FM
Community
awareness
& capacity
building
Comm.
participation
in FM (icld.
role of
women)
Knowledge
and
skill/capacity
Operational &
technical
capacity comm.
and institutions
Management
capacity of
GORELOR & loc.
authorities
Comm.
knowledge,
awareness and
empowerment
Cap. building
stakeholders;
Harvesting &
processing
technologies
Community
awareness
and cap.
building
Budget/
financial
resources
Financial
resources
Regional gov.
budgets
Regional gov.
budget
Access to
financial
resources
Customary/
tenure rights
Customary
rights and
institution
Community
tenure rights
to forest
resources
Extent of
property
rights
KEY FORCES OF CHANGE:
DIFFERENCES
Peru
 Monitoring and control of the three government offices
 Transfer of functions, Bureaucracy, Education policy
Indonesia
 Tourism potential, Land Conversion and Spatial
planning
 Economic options created by communities to improve
livelihoods, Human resources capacities, The clarity of
stakeholder roles including community awareness
Uganda
 Migration and resettlement policy
 Cultural factors, Involvement of NGOs, Fires, Market
forces, Corruption and bribery
Land use change
 Oil, gas & other industries, Cultural institutions, norms
and beliefs
COMPARISON FORCES OF CHANGE: WOMEN ONLY AND
MIXED GROUP
SIMILARITIES DIFFERENCES
WOMEN & MIXED GROUP WOMEN GROUP MIXED GROUP
Kibale  Political influence
 Population dynamics
 Enforcement of forest
policies, laws and
property rights
 Technical capacity
 Markets and Industrialization
 Level of security
 Influence of NGOs
 Access to financial resources
 Level of awareness
 Access to forest benefits
 Extent of property rights
 Forest governance
 Community participation in FM
Lamwo  Forest Governance
 Cultural institution
 Market forces
 Capacity building /awareness
 Role of NGOs
 Forest fire
 Women’s capacity
 Implementation gov policies
 Level awareness
 Attitude community
 Equity in land ownership
Masindi  Women role in NRM
 Participation in forest
management
 Access to finances
resources
 Community awareness
 Men’s support
 Domestic relations
 Access to land
 Political influences
 Cultural norms and beliefs
 PES
 Private sector involvement
 Oil and gas industry
 Role of government agencies
SCENARIOS: SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES
MALUKU COLLABORATION
(GOVERNMENT)
EMPOWERED
WOMEN
COMMUNITY
DEPENDENCE
PRIVATE SECTOR
AUTHORITY
LAMPUNG REGIONAL
GOVERNMENT
COLLABORATION
(FMU)
COMMUNITY
RESTRICTION
CONFLICT
KIBALE COLLABORATION
(GOVERNMENT)
KINGDOM
AUTORITY
COMMUNITY
UNCOMPLIANT
CONFLICT POLITICIANTS
CONTROLS
LAMWO GOVERNMENT
AUTHORITY
PRO COMMUNITY
(NGO)
COMMUNITY
UNCOMPLIANT
CONFLICT
MASINDI MWE AUTORITY
(GOVERNMENT)
EMPOWERED
WOMEN
NO AUTORITY
LEADERSHIP
PRIVATE SECTOR
AUTORITY
MADRE DE
DIOS
COORDINATION
(GOVERNMENT)
PRO COMMUNITY
(NGO)
GOVERNMENT
(CENTRAL/
REGIONAL
DUAL
GOVERNMENT
AUTORITY
LORETO COORDINATION
(GOVERNMENT)
GOVERNMENT
INTEREST
NO
COORDINATION
(GOVERNMENT)
SUPPORT
COMMUNITY
(REGIONAL
COMPARING DESIRED SCENARIOS ACROSS
COUNTRIES
QUESTIONS DISIRED SCENARIOS
What are they envision on multi-stakeholder
collaboration?
cooperation, coordination and collaboration
What are they envision on who take the lead? Central and Regional government
What are they envision on the role of customary
authorities?
Strong customary leader, community
empowerment, good capability and
leadership
What are they envision on substance/content of
local tenure rights
Sustainable use of resources, economic gain,
titling process, claim the rights, traditional
community are recognized and respected,
define the rights clearly for women
What are they envision on technical/
implementation issues.
Budget, knowledge, skill and capacity, skill
ANALYSIS OF ACTIONS FOR SECURING TENURE
 Policy and governance
 The community Participation/Empowerment (women)
 Knowledge, skills & capacity
 The customary/tenure rights
 Gender inequality
 There were context-based driving forces which varied across the regions, e.g. forest fires,
education policy or the influence of oil and gas companies.
CONCLUSION
 PPA was done across different countries and the threats to tenure security which
identify from force of change are varied across countries
 The action plan used as a basis of collaboration and negotiation and help to alleviate
the problem across regions where the policy makers and development actors should
focus on. Prioritize given to similar factors affecting reform implementation
 These actions will take a multi-dimensional shape because tenure security is a multi-
dimensional thing, and will range from policy improvements, to strengthening
capacities of implementing agents to strengthening community participation to
addressing gender inequalities.
 PPA bringing together different stakeholders to construct possible future
scenarios of forest tenure security
 PPA provide greater voice to communities and help policy makers to
better understand the viewpoints of other stakeholders
 It is neither Top-down nor Bottom-up approach and allows for different
voices though the rules and facilitation.
CONCLUSION
Thank You …
http://www.cifor.org/gcs-tenure/

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Greater than the sum of its parts? Lessons from a collaborative, multi-actor, scenario-based approach for securing local tenure rights

  • 1. Greater than the sum of its parts? Lessons from a collaborative, multi-actor, scenario-based approach for securing local tenure rights Author: Nining Liswanti, Esther Mwangi, Concepta Mukasa, Alejandra Zamora, Tuti Herawati, Iliana Monterosso, Mani Ram Banjade, Baruani Mshale, and Anne Larson Session: 13-K: Land tenure and customary rights 14/July/2017, 14:00 - 15:30 Academiegebouw, Zaal 1636 (ground floor)
  • 2. OUTLINE • Current tenure problems • Objectives • Research Sites • Methods • Finding - Drivers of tenure security/insecurity - Actions to mitigate tenure insecurity • Lessons
  • 4. CURRENT TENURE PROBLEMS Unclear ownership DevelopmentBusiness activities Policy LU (business & political agenda) Customary forest Degraded customary forest Resettlement Encroachme nt Unclear boundary Law & Regulations Overlapping authority Peru Uganda Indonesia
  • 5. KEY ISSUES ON REFORM IMPLEMENTATION • Long customary system practices • Limited coordination and participation among stakeholders • Lack of involvement and the role of various agencies at local, provincial and national levels • Overlapping claims that create negative implications on how rights can be exercised and affect to tenure security of communities Participatory Prospective Analysis (PPA), a foresight approach used as an entry point for engaging stakeholders (including especially local communities) to identify key threats, to ensure local voices are accommodated and to learn how various stakeholders perceived community rights and tenure security over land and forestry.
  • 6. OBJECTIVES  identify drivers of tenure security/insecurity  options for securing tenure rights of local communities,  compare outcomes with varying composition of men and women  establish feasible actions
  • 7. TENURE REFORM TYPE IN EACH COUNTRY Reform Type Peru Uganda Indonesia Total State Land/Forest designed to use by community - Collaborative Forest Management HKM, HTR, HD 11 State Land/Forest used by company - - Kemitraan (Company/ FMU and community) 4 Land/Forest Owned by Communities Native commn.title Peasant commn.title Community Forestry Hutan Adat 22 Forest Own by individual Private Forest Owner Association Hutan Rakyat 4 Unrecognized Community Land/Forest Native Comm. not titled Peasant Comm.not .titled Customary system Hutan Adat Not recognized yet 13 22 16 17 55
  • 8. Source: COLUPSIA 2013 THE METHOD: PARTICIPATORY PROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS Five principal steps on PPA approach: Step 1: Define the system Step 2: Identify and define forces of change Step 3: Identify and select driving forces Step 4: Build scenarios Step 5: Elaborate a foresight-based action plan The force of change is a factor influencing the forest land tenure system, which has the capacity to transform the system in the future no matter in what direction. These factors can influence both positively and negatively which could be affected to the forest and land tenure security or insecurity in the past, at present, or in the future.
  • 9. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ACROSS THE THREE COUNTRIES SETTING  Drivers of tenure security/insecurity – Differences/similarities key forces of change – Differences/similarities desired and undesired scenarios – Differences/similarities between women only and mixed groups  Actions to mitigate tenure insecurity – Differences/similarities in types & sequencing of actions – Differences/similarities in actors responsible for actions
  • 10. SUMMARY PPA WORKSHOP IN THE THREE COUNTRIES Where No. of Workshop When No participants Indonesia 6 2015 (Nov/Dec) & 2016 (Jan/Feb/Aug/ Dec) 148 Peru 7 2016 (Mar/April/May/Sep/Oct) 222 Uganda 10 2015 (Jul/Nov/Dec) & 2016 (Jan) 115 Uganda (women) 3 2016 (Jun, Aug) 46 Peru (women) 1 2016 (Nov) 38 0 50 100 150 200 Indonesia Peru Uganda Uganda (women) Peru (women) 100 163 97 48 59 18 46 38 Gender participation on PPA workshop Men Women 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Indonesia Peru Uganda Uganda (women) Peru (women) Stakeholders composition in PPA workshop Gov' officials Practitioners Communities
  • 11. KEY FORCES OF CHANGE: SIMILARITIES Peru Indonesia Uganda Madre de Dios Loreto Maluku Lampung Kibaale Lamwo Masindi Policy/ Government consistency policy; political will regional government Priorities government; Regulations in practices Regional government; Local Regulation Dynamic SF regulation Political will; Laws and policies; Political interference Forest governance Role of government Community participation/ empowerment, women Empowered community and federations Comm. knowledge, awareness; Empowered Indi. women Economic options by community Comm. awareness & attitude; Comm. participation in FM Community awareness & capacity building Comm. participation in FM (icld. role of women) Knowledge and skill/capacity Operational & technical capacity comm. and institutions Management capacity of GORELOR & loc. authorities Comm. knowledge, awareness and empowerment Cap. building stakeholders; Harvesting & processing technologies Community awareness and cap. building Budget/ financial resources Financial resources Regional gov. budgets Regional gov. budget Access to financial resources Customary/ tenure rights Customary rights and institution Community tenure rights to forest resources Extent of property rights
  • 12. KEY FORCES OF CHANGE: DIFFERENCES Peru  Monitoring and control of the three government offices  Transfer of functions, Bureaucracy, Education policy Indonesia  Tourism potential, Land Conversion and Spatial planning  Economic options created by communities to improve livelihoods, Human resources capacities, The clarity of stakeholder roles including community awareness Uganda  Migration and resettlement policy  Cultural factors, Involvement of NGOs, Fires, Market forces, Corruption and bribery Land use change  Oil, gas & other industries, Cultural institutions, norms and beliefs
  • 13. COMPARISON FORCES OF CHANGE: WOMEN ONLY AND MIXED GROUP SIMILARITIES DIFFERENCES WOMEN & MIXED GROUP WOMEN GROUP MIXED GROUP Kibale  Political influence  Population dynamics  Enforcement of forest policies, laws and property rights  Technical capacity  Markets and Industrialization  Level of security  Influence of NGOs  Access to financial resources  Level of awareness  Access to forest benefits  Extent of property rights  Forest governance  Community participation in FM Lamwo  Forest Governance  Cultural institution  Market forces  Capacity building /awareness  Role of NGOs  Forest fire  Women’s capacity  Implementation gov policies  Level awareness  Attitude community  Equity in land ownership Masindi  Women role in NRM  Participation in forest management  Access to finances resources  Community awareness  Men’s support  Domestic relations  Access to land  Political influences  Cultural norms and beliefs  PES  Private sector involvement  Oil and gas industry  Role of government agencies
  • 14. SCENARIOS: SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES MALUKU COLLABORATION (GOVERNMENT) EMPOWERED WOMEN COMMUNITY DEPENDENCE PRIVATE SECTOR AUTHORITY LAMPUNG REGIONAL GOVERNMENT COLLABORATION (FMU) COMMUNITY RESTRICTION CONFLICT KIBALE COLLABORATION (GOVERNMENT) KINGDOM AUTORITY COMMUNITY UNCOMPLIANT CONFLICT POLITICIANTS CONTROLS LAMWO GOVERNMENT AUTHORITY PRO COMMUNITY (NGO) COMMUNITY UNCOMPLIANT CONFLICT MASINDI MWE AUTORITY (GOVERNMENT) EMPOWERED WOMEN NO AUTORITY LEADERSHIP PRIVATE SECTOR AUTORITY MADRE DE DIOS COORDINATION (GOVERNMENT) PRO COMMUNITY (NGO) GOVERNMENT (CENTRAL/ REGIONAL DUAL GOVERNMENT AUTORITY LORETO COORDINATION (GOVERNMENT) GOVERNMENT INTEREST NO COORDINATION (GOVERNMENT) SUPPORT COMMUNITY (REGIONAL
  • 15. COMPARING DESIRED SCENARIOS ACROSS COUNTRIES QUESTIONS DISIRED SCENARIOS What are they envision on multi-stakeholder collaboration? cooperation, coordination and collaboration What are they envision on who take the lead? Central and Regional government What are they envision on the role of customary authorities? Strong customary leader, community empowerment, good capability and leadership What are they envision on substance/content of local tenure rights Sustainable use of resources, economic gain, titling process, claim the rights, traditional community are recognized and respected, define the rights clearly for women What are they envision on technical/ implementation issues. Budget, knowledge, skill and capacity, skill
  • 16. ANALYSIS OF ACTIONS FOR SECURING TENURE  Policy and governance  The community Participation/Empowerment (women)  Knowledge, skills & capacity  The customary/tenure rights  Gender inequality  There were context-based driving forces which varied across the regions, e.g. forest fires, education policy or the influence of oil and gas companies.
  • 17. CONCLUSION  PPA was done across different countries and the threats to tenure security which identify from force of change are varied across countries  The action plan used as a basis of collaboration and negotiation and help to alleviate the problem across regions where the policy makers and development actors should focus on. Prioritize given to similar factors affecting reform implementation  These actions will take a multi-dimensional shape because tenure security is a multi- dimensional thing, and will range from policy improvements, to strengthening capacities of implementing agents to strengthening community participation to addressing gender inequalities.
  • 18.  PPA bringing together different stakeholders to construct possible future scenarios of forest tenure security  PPA provide greater voice to communities and help policy makers to better understand the viewpoints of other stakeholders  It is neither Top-down nor Bottom-up approach and allows for different voices though the rules and facilitation. CONCLUSION

Editor's Notes

  • #6: Many indigenous people are expect to have have full rights Policy on reform implementation is from central In many cases, this is due to overlapping and conflicting mandates
  • #14: Again, the slide is too busy. YWhat do you want the viewer to get out of this? you need to point it out since the slide has a lot on it. it seems to me that the top three drivers mentioned by women only and mixed groups are more or less the same in each district. so both men and women view [NAME THEM] as important factors influencing tenure security. in terms of differences, you need to state what is specific to women only and what is specific to men only. perhaps you can indicate that across all the three districts there was nothing that cut across that could be attributed only to women or though it does seem as though market access and NGO presence seems to be key for women at least in 2 of the districts. Might want to say why.
  • #16: access, management, ownership, withdrawal, exclusion, alienation are these similiarites across countries in what the desired scenarios envision? i dont understand this slide. are these similarities? in what? Again too much text which is very hard to follow for someone reading/listening Collaboration: Peru: the communication and coordination (within and) between the government agencies and communities Indonesia: In Indonesia (especially Lampung) the collaboration is widened to consider all stakeholders in relation to forest management Uganda: involving all the stakeholders in policy and law formulation and coordination working mechanism Who take Lead: NGO in Uganda Customary people in Indonesia In Peru, the content of the rights are not specifically defined but there is land tenure security and communities are able to use the resources in a sustainable way and make economic gains, e.g. in Madre de Dios the fact that communities have been able to complete their recognition/titling processes. They are also able to claim their rights and they are being heard. In Indonesia, the traditional communities are recognized and respected. In Lampung region, the community support is not limited to granted rights but it also includes incentives to business activities. In Uganda, there seem to be full forest tenure security and clearly defined rights for women. In Lamwo, the cultural institutions are the ones giving the full rights. In Peru, Madre de Dios, budget is not specifically mentioned but the government is said to have capacity according to it functions so it probably means there is enough budget, knowledge, capacity etc. In Loreto, the institutions have enough budget, skills, knowledge etc. In Indonesia, there is adequate budget for the communities and capacity building/empowerment. In Uganda, there is adequate or even increased (Masindi) budget and skilled and enough workers in forestry sector.
  • #17: the action plans are different from each country and there are many context and region specific actions. action plans are expected to be integrated into national or regional development program. Policy and governance: occurs in all regions: Addressing political will and interference, mismatch between national policy and local realities, roles of government agencies. Knowledge, skills & capacity:mentioned in 5/7 regions operational and technical capacity of communities management capacity of local authorities, human resources The community Participation/Empowerment (women) is also common in 6/7 regions (MdD). Community need to take in to account in decision-making. In negative scenarios, communities have little or no attention, which leads to conflicts.