Harmonic Mitigation in a Single Phase Non-Linear Load Using SAPF with PI Controller
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This paper discusses the use of a shunt active power filter (SAPF) with a PI controller to mitigate harmonics in single-phase non-linear loads, addressing power quality issues caused by harmonic distortion. The implementation of the SAPF is demonstrated through MATLAB/Simulink simulations, showing a significant reduction in total harmonic distortion (THD) for both current and voltage. The results indicate that the proposed method effectively enhances power quality and system efficiency.
![K. Hemachandran et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 10, (Part - 2) October 2015, pp.80-84
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Harmonic Mitigation in a Single Phase Non-Linear Load Using
SAPF with PI Controller
K. Hemachandran1
, S. Murugavel2
, Dr. B. Justus Rabi3
& Dr. R. Ramesh4
1
Research Scholar, EEE, Dr.M.G.R Educational & Research Institute University, Chennai, India
Student, ECE, Dr.M.G.R Educational & Research Institute University, Chennai, India
2
Principal, Shri Andal Alagar College of Engineering, Maamandur, India
3
Associate Professor, EEE, Anna University, CEG Campus, Chennai, India
Abstract
Power Quality is a major consideration in all office equipments, industries and residential home appliances.
Harmonics play a vital role in power quality issues. Aharmonic is generated and deteriorating the quality of power
due to non-linear load, which is connected to the electrical system. Based upon the load, there will be an increase
in harmonic voltage and currents in the system, which will affect the whole system. The limitations for harmonic
voltages and harmonic currents have defined in IEEE 519 and IEC standards. That limitation can be achieved by
using shunt Active Power Filters. This paper deals on shunt active power filter with PI controller. Shunt active
power filter (SAPF) is designed by employing voltage source inverter with pulse width modulation (PWM). For
R-L non linear load this harmonic mitigation is done. The MATLAB / SIMULINK model of this system is si-
mulated and results are obtained through THD analysis.
Keywords: Harmonics, Non-linear load, PI controller, Shunt Active Power Filter (SAPF).
I. INTRODUCTION
System performance can be achieved by using a
controller to convert and control power to nonlinear
loads. The non-uniform sinusoidal current waveform
was obtained by harmonics generated in the voltage
source. The distortion in voltage and current will af-
fect the total system efficiency. These will lead to
damage to the system components and failure of the
system. Non-linear loads create harmonic distortion.
These harmonic distortions can be eliminated using
harmonic filters. There are three types of harmonic
filters; they are passive, active and hybrid filters. The
selection of filter is based upon the problem.
A Passive filter is designed with only inductors,
capacitors and resistors, so that it is less expensive.
Based on the harmonic source present the design of
passive filter will change accordingly. Active filters
are easy to tune, and they are small with less weight
and can produce a high gain. Active filters contain
power electronic devices so that harmonics can be
distorted easily. In this paper, single phase active filter
is used to reduce the harmonics which are present in
the system [1], [2].
II. HARMONICS
Harmonics are integral multiples of some fun-
damental frequency that, when added together result
in a distorted waveform [4].
Fig 1. 3rd
Harmonic distorted waveform
The sinusoidal voltage source supplies smooth
sinusoidal waveform, but nonlinear loads will lead to
distorted waveform [2].
Fig 2. Pure sinusoidal waveform
Fig 3. Harmonic distorted waveform
III. FILTERS
A. Passive Filters
The passive filters are used in order to protect the
system by reducing the harmonic current to enter the
power system. The most common type of shunt pas-
sive filters used in harmonic reduction is the single
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/l510028084-151030050529-lva1-app6892/85/Harmonic-Mitigation-in-a-Single-Phase-Non-Linear-Load-Using-SAPF-with-PI-Controller-1-320.jpg)
![K. Hemachandran et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 10, (Part - 2) October 2015, pp.80-84
www.ijera.com 81 | P a g e
tuned filter (STF) which is either a low pass or band
pass filter [1], [2]. This type of filter is the simplest
form to design and less expensive.
Fig 4. Single Tuned Filter
The double tuned filter (DTF) can be used to filter
two harmonic sources simultaneously. DTF has a
few advantages such as only one reactor is subjected
to full- line voltage and smaller space needed.
Fig 5. Dobule Tuned Filter
B. Active Filters
It is made up of OP-Amps, resistors and capaci-
tors. Active filters are easy to adjust over a wide
frequency range without altering the desired response.
High input impedance prevents excessive loading of
the driving source, and low output impedance prevents
the filter from being affected by the load. The active
filters are used in a condition where the harmonic
orders change in terms of magnitudes and the phase
angles. In such conditions, it is feasible to use the
active elements instead of passive ones in order to
provide dynamic compensation [2], [3], [4]. There are
three types of configurations; they are series active
filter, shunt active filter and hybrid filter.
Fig 6. Current fed type AF
Fig 7. Voltage fed type AF
Fig 8. Series Type AF
Active filters can be used with passive filters
improving compensation characteristics of the passive
filter and avoiding the possibility of the generation of
series or parallel resonance in the power system. The
combination of both active and passive filter is known
as a hybrid filter [1].
IV. SELECTION OF FILTERS
Fig.9 gives a proper selection of active filter for
all power quality disturbances. Since nowadays many
industries are manufacturing active filters [1], [2].
Fig 9. Selection of Filters for Harmonic
AF Configuration with higher number of “X” is more
preferred](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/l510028084-151030050529-lva1-app6892/85/Harmonic-Mitigation-in-a-Single-Phase-Non-Linear-Load-Using-SAPF-with-PI-Controller-2-320.jpg)
![K. Hemachandran et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 10, (Part - 2) October 2015, pp.80-84
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V. CONTROL SCHEME
It contains two main components, Fig.10 show
that they are power electronic controller and PI Con-
troller. The power Electronic controller is nothing, but
a voltage type inverter which uses a capacitor with a
regulated DC voltage [5]. PI Controller is used for
determining the desired reference signal, and gene-
rating the gating pulse to active shunt filter [4], [5].
Fig 10. Block diagram
VI. Simulation
Fig11. Single Phase Non-linear load circuit
Fig 12. Non-linear load with SAPF and PI Controller
Table 1.System Parameters
COMPONENTS RANGE
Line Voltage 230 V, 50 Hz
Non-Linear Load 10Ω, 100mH, 10Ω,
100mH
Filter impedance 1Ω, 2.5mH
DC side capacit-
ance
1400µf
Power Converter 4 IGBT
The Table.1 shows that The non-linear load consists of
an AC-DC rectifier, and is designed using an IGBT
with two RL load which are connected parallel where
R1 and R2 are 10 ohms and L1 and L2 are 100mH.
VII. RESULTS
I have used FFT analysis to measure the THD of
Load current and voltage before and after applying the
filter from the circuit fig.11 and fig.12.[6], [7].
Fig13. Output waveform of load current without
SAPF and PI Controller
Fig14. Output waveform of load current with SAPF
and PI Controller](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/l510028084-151030050529-lva1-app6892/85/Harmonic-Mitigation-in-a-Single-Phase-Non-Linear-Load-Using-SAPF-with-PI-Controller-3-320.jpg)
![K. Hemachandran et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 10, (Part - 2) October 2015, pp.80-84
www.ijera.com 83 | P a g e
Fig 15. Load current THD using FFT analysis without
SAPF and PI controller
Fig 16. Load current THD using FFT analysis with
SAPF and PI Controller
Fig.13 shows the non-linear load current without
SAPF and PI Controller. In Fig.15 the total current
harmonic distortion is 62.45 % of the fundamental [6],
[7] and [8].
Fig.14 shows the non-linear load current with
SAPF and PI Controller, and in Fig.16 the total current
harmonic distortion is reduced to 6.68 %.Reduction in
current harmonic orders is given below in Table.2.
Table 2.THD table for current harmonic mitigation
Funda-
mental
har-
monic
% of THD
Before mitigation
62.45 %
% of THD
After mitigation
6.68%
H3 56.58 0.98
H5 16.81 1.75
H7 15.28 0.40
H9 7.84 0.83
H11 7.22 0.57
H13 4.38 0.27
Fig 17. Load voltage THD using FFT analysis without
SAPF and PI controller](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/l510028084-151030050529-lva1-app6892/85/Harmonic-Mitigation-in-a-Single-Phase-Non-Linear-Load-Using-SAPF-with-PI-Controller-4-320.jpg)
![K. Hemachandran et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 10, (Part - 2) October 2015, pp.80-84
www.ijera.com 84 | P a g e
Fig 18. Load voltage THD using FFT analysis with
SAPF and PI controller
Fig.17 shows that the non-linear load voltage
THD without SAPF and PI controller is 4.75 % of the
fundamental harmonics [6], [7] and [8].
Fig.18 shows the non-linear load voltage THD
with SAPF and PI controller is reduced to 1.54 %.
Reduction in voltage harmonic orders is given below
in Table.3
Table 3.THD table for voltage harmonic mitigation
Funda-
mental
harmonic
% of THD
Before mitigation
4.75 %
% of THD
After mitigation
1.54%
H3 4.30 1.51
H5 1.28 0.26
H7 1.16 0.17
H9 0.60 0.07
H11 0.55 0.05
H13 0.33 0.03
VIII. Conclusion
Thus, a single phase shunt active power filter with
PI controller is used for reducing the current
harmonics and voltage harmonics in the non-linear
load. Single phase electrical systems, where the
non-linear load can be a high speed printer or DC
Motor or Induction Motor any other industrial
equipment. This proposed control scheme will be very
effective in harmonic mitigation.
References
[1] B.Singh, K.Al-Haddad and A.Chandra, “ A
Review of Active Filter for Power Quality
Improvements”, IEEE Trans. On Industrial
Electronics, Feb.1999, pp.60-971.
[2] Joao L. Afonso, Mauricio Aredes, Edson
Watanabe, Julio S. Martins, “Shunt Active
Filter for Power Qaulity Improvement” In-
ternational conference UIE, Lisboa, Portugal,
November 2000.
[3] Muthazhagi,M. ; EEE Dept., Mepco Schlenk
Eng. Coll., Sivakasi, India ; Kumar, N.S,
“Comparison of controllers for power quality
improvement employing shunt active filter”
IEEE, 2012
[4] K.Sarasvathi, R.Rajalakshmi, “Applications
of Shunt active filter for multiple non-linear
loads “ International Journal of Advanced
Engineering Applications, Vol.1, Iss.2,
pp.27-36 (2012).
[5] Uma P BalaRaju, Bala Krishna Kethineni,
Rahul H Shewale, Shiva Gourishet-
ti”Harmonic effects and its mitigation tech-
niques for a non-linear load” International
Journal of Advanced Technology & Engi-
neering Research (IJATER), may 2012.
[6] Anil Bharti, Rajat Varshney, Dr
S.K.Srivastva, “A Study of PI Controller
Based Unified Power Quality Conditioner”
in International Journal of Advanced Re-
search in Computer Science and Software
Engineering, sept 2012.
[7] K.Hemachandran, Dr.B.Justus Rabi and
Dr.S.Darly (2014), “Mitigation of Harmonics
using Active Shunt Filter with PEMFC”,
Asian Journal of Applied Sciences,(ISSN:
2321 – 0893), Volume 02 – Issue 06, De-
cember 2014, pp-837-845.
[8] K.Hemachandran, Dr.B.Justus Rabi and
Dr.S.Darly ”Reduction of Harmonics Ex-
ploitation FPGA Based Shunt Active Filter
with PEMFC, International Journal of Ap-
plied Environmental Sciences, (ISSN:
0974-0260), Volume10 – Issue 03, 2015,
pp-951-966.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/l510028084-151030050529-lva1-app6892/85/Harmonic-Mitigation-in-a-Single-Phase-Non-Linear-Load-Using-SAPF-with-PI-Controller-5-320.jpg)
Harmonic Mitigation in a Single Phase Non-Linear Load Using SAPF with PI Controller
- 1. K. Hemachandran et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 10, (Part - 2) October 2015, pp.80-84 www.ijera.com 80 | P a g e Harmonic Mitigation in a Single Phase Non-Linear Load Using SAPF with PI Controller K. Hemachandran1 , S. Murugavel2 , Dr. B. Justus Rabi3 & Dr. R. Ramesh4 1 Research Scholar, EEE, Dr.M.G.R Educational & Research Institute University, Chennai, India Student, ECE, Dr.M.G.R Educational & Research Institute University, Chennai, India 2 Principal, Shri Andal Alagar College of Engineering, Maamandur, India 3 Associate Professor, EEE, Anna University, CEG Campus, Chennai, India Abstract Power Quality is a major consideration in all office equipments, industries and residential home appliances. Harmonics play a vital role in power quality issues. Aharmonic is generated and deteriorating the quality of power due to non-linear load, which is connected to the electrical system. Based upon the load, there will be an increase in harmonic voltage and currents in the system, which will affect the whole system. The limitations for harmonic voltages and harmonic currents have defined in IEEE 519 and IEC standards. That limitation can be achieved by using shunt Active Power Filters. This paper deals on shunt active power filter with PI controller. Shunt active power filter (SAPF) is designed by employing voltage source inverter with pulse width modulation (PWM). For R-L non linear load this harmonic mitigation is done. The MATLAB / SIMULINK model of this system is si- mulated and results are obtained through THD analysis. Keywords: Harmonics, Non-linear load, PI controller, Shunt Active Power Filter (SAPF). I. INTRODUCTION System performance can be achieved by using a controller to convert and control power to nonlinear loads. The non-uniform sinusoidal current waveform was obtained by harmonics generated in the voltage source. The distortion in voltage and current will af- fect the total system efficiency. These will lead to damage to the system components and failure of the system. Non-linear loads create harmonic distortion. These harmonic distortions can be eliminated using harmonic filters. There are three types of harmonic filters; they are passive, active and hybrid filters. The selection of filter is based upon the problem. A Passive filter is designed with only inductors, capacitors and resistors, so that it is less expensive. Based on the harmonic source present the design of passive filter will change accordingly. Active filters are easy to tune, and they are small with less weight and can produce a high gain. Active filters contain power electronic devices so that harmonics can be distorted easily. In this paper, single phase active filter is used to reduce the harmonics which are present in the system [1], [2]. II. HARMONICS Harmonics are integral multiples of some fun- damental frequency that, when added together result in a distorted waveform [4]. Fig 1. 3rd Harmonic distorted waveform The sinusoidal voltage source supplies smooth sinusoidal waveform, but nonlinear loads will lead to distorted waveform [2]. Fig 2. Pure sinusoidal waveform Fig 3. Harmonic distorted waveform III. FILTERS A. Passive Filters The passive filters are used in order to protect the system by reducing the harmonic current to enter the power system. The most common type of shunt pas- sive filters used in harmonic reduction is the single RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
- 2. K. Hemachandran et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 10, (Part - 2) October 2015, pp.80-84 www.ijera.com 81 | P a g e tuned filter (STF) which is either a low pass or band pass filter [1], [2]. This type of filter is the simplest form to design and less expensive. Fig 4. Single Tuned Filter The double tuned filter (DTF) can be used to filter two harmonic sources simultaneously. DTF has a few advantages such as only one reactor is subjected to full- line voltage and smaller space needed. Fig 5. Dobule Tuned Filter B. Active Filters It is made up of OP-Amps, resistors and capaci- tors. Active filters are easy to adjust over a wide frequency range without altering the desired response. High input impedance prevents excessive loading of the driving source, and low output impedance prevents the filter from being affected by the load. The active filters are used in a condition where the harmonic orders change in terms of magnitudes and the phase angles. In such conditions, it is feasible to use the active elements instead of passive ones in order to provide dynamic compensation [2], [3], [4]. There are three types of configurations; they are series active filter, shunt active filter and hybrid filter. Fig 6. Current fed type AF Fig 7. Voltage fed type AF Fig 8. Series Type AF Active filters can be used with passive filters improving compensation characteristics of the passive filter and avoiding the possibility of the generation of series or parallel resonance in the power system. The combination of both active and passive filter is known as a hybrid filter [1]. IV. SELECTION OF FILTERS Fig.9 gives a proper selection of active filter for all power quality disturbances. Since nowadays many industries are manufacturing active filters [1], [2]. Fig 9. Selection of Filters for Harmonic AF Configuration with higher number of “X” is more preferred
- 3. K. Hemachandran et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 10, (Part - 2) October 2015, pp.80-84 www.ijera.com 82 | P a g e V. CONTROL SCHEME It contains two main components, Fig.10 show that they are power electronic controller and PI Con- troller. The power Electronic controller is nothing, but a voltage type inverter which uses a capacitor with a regulated DC voltage [5]. PI Controller is used for determining the desired reference signal, and gene- rating the gating pulse to active shunt filter [4], [5]. Fig 10. Block diagram VI. Simulation Fig11. Single Phase Non-linear load circuit Fig 12. Non-linear load with SAPF and PI Controller Table 1.System Parameters COMPONENTS RANGE Line Voltage 230 V, 50 Hz Non-Linear Load 10Ω, 100mH, 10Ω, 100mH Filter impedance 1Ω, 2.5mH DC side capacit- ance 1400µf Power Converter 4 IGBT The Table.1 shows that The non-linear load consists of an AC-DC rectifier, and is designed using an IGBT with two RL load which are connected parallel where R1 and R2 are 10 ohms and L1 and L2 are 100mH. VII. RESULTS I have used FFT analysis to measure the THD of Load current and voltage before and after applying the filter from the circuit fig.11 and fig.12.[6], [7]. Fig13. Output waveform of load current without SAPF and PI Controller Fig14. Output waveform of load current with SAPF and PI Controller
- 4. K. Hemachandran et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 10, (Part - 2) October 2015, pp.80-84 www.ijera.com 83 | P a g e Fig 15. Load current THD using FFT analysis without SAPF and PI controller Fig 16. Load current THD using FFT analysis with SAPF and PI Controller Fig.13 shows the non-linear load current without SAPF and PI Controller. In Fig.15 the total current harmonic distortion is 62.45 % of the fundamental [6], [7] and [8]. Fig.14 shows the non-linear load current with SAPF and PI Controller, and in Fig.16 the total current harmonic distortion is reduced to 6.68 %.Reduction in current harmonic orders is given below in Table.2. Table 2.THD table for current harmonic mitigation Funda- mental har- monic % of THD Before mitigation 62.45 % % of THD After mitigation 6.68% H3 56.58 0.98 H5 16.81 1.75 H7 15.28 0.40 H9 7.84 0.83 H11 7.22 0.57 H13 4.38 0.27 Fig 17. Load voltage THD using FFT analysis without SAPF and PI controller
- 5. K. Hemachandran et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 10, (Part - 2) October 2015, pp.80-84 www.ijera.com 84 | P a g e Fig 18. Load voltage THD using FFT analysis with SAPF and PI controller Fig.17 shows that the non-linear load voltage THD without SAPF and PI controller is 4.75 % of the fundamental harmonics [6], [7] and [8]. Fig.18 shows the non-linear load voltage THD with SAPF and PI controller is reduced to 1.54 %. Reduction in voltage harmonic orders is given below in Table.3 Table 3.THD table for voltage harmonic mitigation Funda- mental harmonic % of THD Before mitigation 4.75 % % of THD After mitigation 1.54% H3 4.30 1.51 H5 1.28 0.26 H7 1.16 0.17 H9 0.60 0.07 H11 0.55 0.05 H13 0.33 0.03 VIII. Conclusion Thus, a single phase shunt active power filter with PI controller is used for reducing the current harmonics and voltage harmonics in the non-linear load. Single phase electrical systems, where the non-linear load can be a high speed printer or DC Motor or Induction Motor any other industrial equipment. This proposed control scheme will be very effective in harmonic mitigation. References [1] B.Singh, K.Al-Haddad and A.Chandra, “ A Review of Active Filter for Power Quality Improvements”, IEEE Trans. On Industrial Electronics, Feb.1999, pp.60-971. [2] Joao L. Afonso, Mauricio Aredes, Edson Watanabe, Julio S. Martins, “Shunt Active Filter for Power Qaulity Improvement” In- ternational conference UIE, Lisboa, Portugal, November 2000. [3] Muthazhagi,M. ; EEE Dept., Mepco Schlenk Eng. Coll., Sivakasi, India ; Kumar, N.S, “Comparison of controllers for power quality improvement employing shunt active filter” IEEE, 2012 [4] K.Sarasvathi, R.Rajalakshmi, “Applications of Shunt active filter for multiple non-linear loads “ International Journal of Advanced Engineering Applications, Vol.1, Iss.2, pp.27-36 (2012). [5] Uma P BalaRaju, Bala Krishna Kethineni, Rahul H Shewale, Shiva Gourishet- ti”Harmonic effects and its mitigation tech- niques for a non-linear load” International Journal of Advanced Technology & Engi- neering Research (IJATER), may 2012. [6] Anil Bharti, Rajat Varshney, Dr S.K.Srivastva, “A Study of PI Controller Based Unified Power Quality Conditioner” in International Journal of Advanced Re- search in Computer Science and Software Engineering, sept 2012. [7] K.Hemachandran, Dr.B.Justus Rabi and Dr.S.Darly (2014), “Mitigation of Harmonics using Active Shunt Filter with PEMFC”, Asian Journal of Applied Sciences,(ISSN: 2321 – 0893), Volume 02 – Issue 06, De- cember 2014, pp-837-845. [8] K.Hemachandran, Dr.B.Justus Rabi and Dr.S.Darly ”Reduction of Harmonics Ex- ploitation FPGA Based Shunt Active Filter with PEMFC, International Journal of Ap- plied Environmental Sciences, (ISSN: 0974-0260), Volume10 – Issue 03, 2015, pp-951-966.