2. Notice how the computer
uses a different ways to
connect certain devices.
The computer monitor uses
a wire to connect to the
computer unit while the
mouse wirelessly connects
to the laptop, etc.
Depending on the situation,
computers use different
connection methods to do
their tasks.
3. A Computer system, on it’s own,
communication through what is called a
system bus. A system bus is a pathway
composed of cables and connectors used to
carry data from a computer’s peripheral
devices - monitor, keyboard, mouse, etc. – to
the CPU and the main memory.
SYSTEM BUS
6. - DATA BUS
A Data Bus can transfer data to and from
the memory of a computer, or into or out of
the CPU. Examples of pieces of information
that traverse the data bus include files
transferred from a flash drive to the
computer’s hard drive and a document sent
to the printer for printing.
7. - ADDRESS BUS
The Address Bus is used by the CPU to
specify a physical address for instructions,
files, and other devices within the computer
unit, there are typically 6 to 8 ports. The
Address Bus is responsible for checking
which of the USB ports has a printer
connected to it, along with the mouse,
keyboard, speakers, and sometimes even
external drives.
8. - CONTROL BUS
A Control Bus is used by CPU’s to communicate
with other devices within the computer system.
As the Address Bus carries the actual data being
processed, the control bus carries the commands
or instructions from the CPU. It also send status
signals from the devices, identifying if it is ready
or not. The typical read or write commands are
identified through the control bus.
9. Example if one tries to save a file to flash drive
that is already removed from computer, the
computer will notify the user with an error saying
that the folder is no longer existing.
Because the original destination or location can
no longer be sent through the address bus
because of the connection. Therefore the CPU
sends a halt instruction via the control bus,
stopping the data to be sent through the data
bus, often sees an error messages prompt.
- CONTROL BUS
10. The amount of data sent throughout the system
bus depends on the size of the bus. Latest
computer systems use 64-bit bus; however, the
majority still use a 32-bit computing size for their
computer systems. However, that the mentioned
computing size is on a hardware level. Having an
operating system or software application that is
32-bit or 64-bit is different. The Hardware is
different from the software.
- CONTROL BUS
12. Enables communication between internal
devices:
- RAM
- Video Card
- INTERNAL BUS
Allows communication between external devices:
- Mouse
- Keyboard
- EXTERNAL BUS
15. The next step in knowing how a computer is
able to connect to other devices is to
understand how a computer connects to
another computer. Earlier, computer
peripherals using a wired or wireless
connections are mentioned. It is also similar
when a computer wants to connect another
computer – with or without wires.
16. COMPUTER NETWORK SYSTEMS
Computers are able to communicate with one
another over networks. A computer network is an
interconnection of two or more computers. This
interconnections gives these computers the
capability to share information and resources.
There are several types of networks, mostly
depending on the number of computers in it, how
they are used, and what type of technology is
used in its connectivity.
17. PERSONAL AREA NETWORK (PAN)
Personal Area Network (PAN) is a type of
connection which is often limited to an individual
person and his or her personal devices. Normally,
these devices must be within the range of 10
meters with each other. For example, a person
traveling with a laptop, a smartphone, and a
portable printer could interconnect the devices
without having to plug anything in, using some
form of wireless technology.
18. LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)
A Local Area Network (LAN) connects a group of
computers and devices within a specific area, like a
building or campus, allowing them to share resources
and communicate. LAN’s are commonly used in schools
and offices to manage and secure information. For
examples, schools use LAN’s to enable students to
access the internet for research while restricting access
to inappropriate sites through the campus server. This
setup ensures that only authorized users can connect
and that network usage complies with organizational
policies.
19. WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)
Wide Area Network (WAN) may be less restrictive
than LAN as rules and policies may differ within
its coverage. A WAN may be made of several
LAN’s and PAN’s. This is why WAN is considered
synonymous to the internet.
20. METHODS OF COMMUNICATION
There are many different types of
connection media that are used in
contemporary society to connect computer
networks to one another. Connections are
often categorized generally into two – wire
communication and wireless
communication.
21. WIRED COMMUNICATION
Different types of cables are used to
connect to a given network. There are
coaxial cables, fiber-optic cables, Ethernet
cables and traditional telephone lines.
These will be discussed at length in later
chapters. This chapters focuses on a stand-
alone computer systems and the types of
wired connections that are available
22. Computer systems have different
connections which usually depend on the
motherboard’s form factor. Popular wired
connections nowadays include the
following:
WIRED COMMUNICATION
23. UNIVERSAL SERIAL BUS (USB)
Universal Serial Bus (USB)
is connection or interface
that allows the computers
to communicate with
systems peripherals such
as keyboard, mouse,
printer, etc. as well as
other devices like digital
cameras and portable
fans.
25. FIREWIRE
It is a type of connector
that can transmit data to
and from devices which
have typical high data
rates,, such as external
hard drives. The transfer
speed of a Firewire is
faster than that of a USB.
26. ETHERNET CABLE
An Ethernet Cable
transmits signals
between a computer and
network devices such as
a router, switch, or other
computers.
32. VIDEO GRAPHICS ARRAY
The 15-pin Video Graphics
Array (VGA) connector
has been provided on
many video cards,
computer monitor, laptop
computers, and
projectors. It is now
slowly being phased out
in favor of the faster and
more compact HDMI
connector.
33. SERIAL
An RS-232 serial
connection was once a
standard feature of a
personal computer used
for connections to
modem, printer, mouse,
and other peripheral
devices. Now, it has been
replaced by USB
connections.
34. PARALLEL
Similar to the serial
connection, parallel
connections used before
to connect other
computer peripherals
such as printers. It has
also been replaced since
then by the USB
connectors.
35. PERSONAL SYSTEM/2 (PS/2)
The PS/2 is a 6-pin
connector used to
connect the mouse and
keyboard to a computer. It
is color-coded to identify
which peripheral will be
connected to which port.
Purple is for keyboard and
Green is for the mouse.
36. AUDIO JACKS
The Audio Jacks are the
3.5 mm jacks used for
microphone (as input) and
speakers (as output). It
uses color codes as well
to indicate the type of
input and output lines.
37. Pink: Mic in
Blue: Line in
Green: Front speakers out
Black (or dark blue in some
older boards) Rear speakers
out
Orang: Center/Subwoofer out
Gray: Middle speakers out
These connections are now
being replaced by USB and
HDMI connections.
AUDIO JACKS
39. WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
Wireless communication include microwave,
satellite, cellular, and radio transmission such as
WiFi connectivity. Wireless technologies differ
hugely from one another, but the most popular
types are Bluetooth and Wi-Fi. The Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), a
professional technical association with members
all across the globe, identified standard 802.11
for Wi-Fi and 802.15 for Bluetooth in the wireless
standards.
40. Wi-Fi
Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) uses radio waves to wirelessly
transmit information across a network. Wi-Fi’s signals
are transmitted in frequencies of between 2.5 and 5
gigahertz (GHz), which are the higher than radio and TV
signals to avoid interface. Wi-Fi is often used in schools,
companies, and business establishments, among others.
This is to provide network connections to multiple users
without the need for cables. Majority of Wi-Fi users use
mobile devices, such as tablets, laptops and
smartphones to connect via an access point or Wi-Fi
hotspot.
41. Bluetooth
Bluetooth uses radio waves to connect to other
devices. The connection via Bluetooth is called
pairing. Once paired, devices are able to send
and receive information provided they are within
a given range which is typically 10 meters.
