Basic computer fundamentals

What Is a Computer?
 A computer is a programmable machine
with two principal characteristics:
• It responds to a specific set of instructions in a
well-defined manner.
•It can execute a prerecorded list of
instructions (a program).

Modern Computers Are
Electronic and Digital.
They Can Be
Described in Terms
Their Hardware and
Software.
THE MODERN COMPUTER

Hardware
Hardware refers to objects that
you can actually touch, like
disks, disk drives, display
screens, keyboards, printers,
boards, and chips.

Software
Software exists as ideas, concepts,
and symbols, but it has no substance.

Books provide a useful
analogy. The pages and the
ink are the hardware, while
the words, sentences,
paragraphs, and the overall
meaning are the software. A
computer without software
is like a book full of blank
pages -- you need software
to make the computer
useful just as you need
words to make a book
meaningful.

Computers Use Random
Access Technology - Data
Can Be Accessed in Any
Order at Any Time
Regardless of Storage
Position or Time of Creation.

The Language of Computers
 Binary: the digital language of computers.
This language is composed of an
alphabet containing only 2 “letters” known
as bits. Any work done on a modern
computer from word processing to digital
audio is translated to this language.

Digital Letters and Words
 Bit: the smallest form of information in the
language of computers. It is represented as
a zero or a one. A bit can be considered a
letter in the digital language of binary.
 Byte: a “word” of information in binary. It is
made of a number bits determined by the bit
rate. 8 bits is usually = 1 byte on modern
computers.

Bit Rate
 Bit rate: the number of “letters” or bits in
a digital word or byte. An example of a 16
bit digital word in binary could be
(01010101 10101010).

Example
 8 bits = 1 byte
 1024 bytes = 1 kilobyte (210)
 1024 kilobytes = 1 megabyte (220)
 1024 megabytes = 1 gigabyte (230)

Important Hardware
 CPU - abbreviation of central processing
unit, the CPU is the brains of the
computer. Sometimes referred to simply
as the processor or central processor, the
CPU is where most calculations take
place. In terms of computing power, the
CPU is the most important element of a
computer system.

Clock Speed
 Clock speed - also called clock rate, the
speed at which a microprocessor executes
instructions. Every computer contains an
internal clock that regulates the rate at which
instructions are executed and synchronizes
all the various computer components. The
faster the clock, the more instructions the
CPU can execute per second.

Bus
 A bus is a collection of wires through which data
is transmitted from one part of a computer to
another. You can think of a bus as a highway on
which data travels within a computer. There are
various types of busses, both internal and
external, that connect the hardware, inside and
outside, the computer.
 Like the CPU, busses have a clock speed. A
fast bus allows data to be transferred faster,
which makes applications run faster.

HARD DISK (Storage Device)
 The hard disk is a magnetic disk on which
you can store computer data. The term
hard is used to distinguish it from a soft,
or floppy, disk. Hard disks hold more data
and are faster than floppy disks. A hard
disk, for example, can store anywhere
from 10 to more than 100 gigabytes,
whereas most floppies have a maximum
storage capacity of 1.4 megabytes.

RAM Vs. ROM (Memory)
 Is an acronym for random access
memory, a type of computer memory that
can be accessed randomly; That is, any
byte of memory can be accessed without
touching the preceding bytes. RAM is the
most common type of memory found in
computers and other devices, such as
printers.

RAM Vs. Rom
 In common usage, the term RAM is
synonymous with main memory, the memory
available to programs. For example, a computer
with 300M RAM has approximately 2400 million
bytes of memory that programs can use. In
contrast, ROM (read-only memory) refers to
special memory used to store programs that
boot the computer and perform diagnostics. In
fact, both types of memory (ROM and RAM)
allow random access. To be precise, therefore,
RAM should be referred to as read/write RAM
and ROM as read-only RAM.

Important Software
 The operating system software is the
most important program that runs on a
computer. Every general-purpose
computer must have an operating system
to run other programs.

Peripherals
 Operating systems perform basic tasks,
such as recognizing input from the
keyboard, sending output to the display
screen, keeping track of files and
directories on the disk, and controlling
peripheral devices.

Applications
 Operating systems provide a software
platform on top of which other programs,
called application programs, can run. The
application programs must be written to
run on top of a particular operating
system. Your choice of operating system,
therefore, determines to a great extent the
applications you can run.

Connectivity
 USB
Short for universal serial bus, is an
external bus standard that supports
data transfer rates of 12 mbps
(megabits per second). A single USB
port can be used to connect up to 127
peripheral devices, such as mice,
modems, and keyboards.

Plug and Play
 USB also supports Plug-and-Play installation
and hot plugging. Also referred to as Hi-Speed
USB, USB 2.0 is an external bus that supports
data rates up to 480 Mbps. USB 2.0 is an
extension of USB 1.1. USB 2.0 is fully
compatible with USB 1.1 and uses the same
cables and connectors. (Two of the contacts
carry data — one for each direction; the other
two supply 5 VDC and a ground. Standard MIDI
cables carry information in only one direction on
a single data wire.)

A very fast external bus standard that supports
data transfer rates of up to 400Mbps (in 1394a)
and 800Mbps (in 1394b). Products supporting
the 1394 standard go under different names,
depending on the company. Apple, which
originally developed the technology, uses the
trademarked name FireWire. Other companies
use other names, such as i.link and Lynx, to
describe their 1394 products.
FIREWIRE

More Fire
 A single 1394 port can be used to connect up
63 external devices. In addition to its high
speed, 1394 also supports isochronous data --
delivering data at a guaranteed rate. This
makes it ideal for devices that need to transfer
high levels of data in real-time, such as video
devices. Like USB, 1394 supports both plug-
and-play and hot plugging, and also provides
power to peripheral devices.

Even More
 Like USB, FireWire lets you hook things up to a
computer. Unlike USB, however, FireWire will
run quite happily without a computer. That
makes it ideal for situations in which a computer
would be unnecessary, such as in permanent
audio installations like theaters or churches. It
also gives FireWire another advantage,
because devices can talk directly to each other
without having to go through a computer's
operating system.

The Mac Lab: Computer And
Peripherals
 Digidesign Mbox
 Korg X5D
 Iomega 250 Mb zip drive
 Midi to USB interface
 USB hub
 Keyboard / mouse

Digidesign Mbox
 USB digital interface for ProTools
software allows:
• Analog to digital conversion by way of
microphone, line and instrument inputs
• Digital to analog conversion to headphone
and line outputs
• Digital transmission by way of SPDIF
(Sony Phillips digital interface) input/output

Korg X5D
 Digital synthesizer

Iomega 250 Mb Zip Drive
 External Storage Device

Midi to USB Interface
 Converts midi messages to USB

USB Hub
 Provides multiple ports

Keyboard / Mouse
 USB data entry devices

THE MAC LAB SET UP
 COLOR CODE for diagram:
BLUE – USB
GREEN – MIDI
RED – AUDIO

Basic computer fundamentals

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Basic computer fundamentals