Introduction to programming concepts

Prepared By:
Mr. Richard R. Basilio
BSECE

 Introduction to Programming Concepts
 Hardware Concepts
 Software Concept
 Software Development Life Cycle
 Logic Formulation
 Programming Cycle
 Algorithm
 Pseudocodes
 Flowchart
 Flowchart Symbol

 By Wikipedia definition: A computer is a
programmable machine that receives input, stores
and manipulates data, and provides output in a
useful format.
 The two principal characteristics of a computer are:
 It responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-
defined manner.
 It can execute a prerecorded list of instructions (a
program).

 Modern computers are
electronic and digital.
 The actual machinery
-- wires, transistors,
and circuits -- is called
hardware; the
instructions and data
are called software.

 Personal Computer (PC): A small, single-user
computer based on a microprocessor. In
addition to the microprocessor, a personal
computer has a keyboard for entering data, a
monitor for displaying information, and a
storage device for saving data.

 Workstation : A powerful, single-user
computer. A workstation is like a personal
computer, but it has a more powerful
microprocessor and a higher-quality monitor.
 Minicomputer : A multi-user computer
capable of supporting from 10 to hundreds of
users simultaneously.

 Mainframe : A powerful multi-user computer
capable of supporting many hundreds or
thousands of users simultaneously.
 Supercomputer : An extremely fast
computer that can perform hundreds of
millions of instructions per second.

 Computers are made of the following basic
components:
 Case with hardware inside:
▪ Power Supply - The power supply comes with the case,
but this component is mentioned separately since there
are various types of power supplies.
▪ Motherboard - This is where the core components of
your computer reside which are listed below. Also the
support cards for video, sound, networking and more
are mounted into this board.

▪ Microprocessor - This is the brain of your computer. It performs
commands and instructions and controls the operation of the
computer.
▪ Memory - The RAM in your system is mounted on the
motherboard. This is memory that must be powered on to retain
its contents.
▪ Drive controllers - The drive controllers control the interface of
your system to your hard drives. The controllers let your hard
drives work by controlling their operation.

 Hard disk drive(s) - This is where your files
are permanently stored on your computer.
Also, normally, your operating system is
installed here.
 CD-ROM drive(s) - This is normally a read
only drive where files are permanently
stored. There are now read/write CD-ROM
drives that use special software to allow users
to read from and write to these drives.

 Floppy drive(s) - A floppy is a small disk
storage device that today typically has about
1.4 Megabytes of memory capacity.
 Monitor - This device which operates like a TV
set lets the user see how the computer is
responding to their commands.

 Keyboard - This is where the user enters text
commands into the computer.
 Mouse - A point and click interface for
entering commands which works well in
graphical environments.

 By Wikipedia definition:
Hardware is a general
term for the physical
artifacts of a
technology.
 It may also mean the
physical components of
a computer system, in
the form of computer
hardware.
 It is the tangible part of
a computer system.

 Usually the computing systems are complex
devices, dealing with a vast array of
information categories.
 The computing systems store, present, and
help us modify:
 Text
 Audio
 Images and Data
 Video

 The information can be represented in one or two ways:
analog or digital.
 Analog data – is a continuous representation, analogous to
the actual information it represents.
 Digital data - is a discrete representation, breaking the
information up into separate (discrete) elements.
 Computers cannot work with analog information directly,
so there is a need to digitize the analog information.
 This is done by breaking the analog information into
pieces and representing those pieces using binary digits.

 Digital signals are easier to transmit and offer
less room for errors to occur than to analog
signal.
 This leads to accurate data transmission that
in turn leads to faster transmission rates and
better productivity.

 The type of data that uses in computer
system is in digital form which is deals with
binary representation.
 Binary are also far more reliable when they
have to represent one out of two possible
values. The electronic signals are easier to
maintain if they carry only binary data.

 One bit can be either 0 or 1. Therefore, one
bit can represent only two outputs. To
represent more than two outputs, we need
multiple bits.
 Two bits can represent four outputs because
there are four combinations of 0 and 1 that
can be made from two bits: 00, 01, 10,11.

 If you have an understanding of the number
systems, you will understand the following topics in
computer science:
 You will understand how to calculate network addresses
 You will understand how to read memory address
locations in core dumps
 You will understand the color definitions in web and
application programming
 You will understand many other concept

 There are different types of number system
that used by computer systems.
Number System Bases Symbol
Binary 2 0-1
Decimal 10 0-9
Octal 8 0-7
Hexadecimal 16 0-9, A-F

Introduction to programming concepts

 There are may ways on how the computer
can represent a character and symbol. Some
common types of codes are:
 ASCII (American Standard Code for Information
Interchange)
 EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal
Interchange)
 UNICODE

 Acronym: American
Standard Code for
Information Interchange.
 is a character-encoding
scheme based on the
ordering of the English
alphabet.
 ASCII codes represent text in
computers, communications
equipment, and other
devices that use text.

 Extended Binary Coded
Decimal Interchange Code
(EBCDIC) is an 8-bit
character encoding (code
page) used on IBM
mainframe operating
system.
 EBCDIC was devised in 1963
and 1964 by IBM and was
announced with the release
of the IBM System/360 line
of mainframe computers.

 Unicode is a computing
industry standard for the
consistent representation
and handling of text
expressed in most of the
world's writing systems.
 The origins of Unicode date
back to 1987, when Joe
Becker from Xerox and Lee
Collins and Mark Davis from
Apple started investigating
the practicalities of creating a
universal character set

 Bits and Bytes both measure amounts of
data. However, they are typically used in two
different contexts.
 Bits, kilobits (Kbps), and megabits (Mbps) are
most often used to measure data transfer
speeds.
 This may refer to how fast you are downloading a
file, or how fast your Internet connection.

 Bytes, on the other hand, are used to
measure data storage.
 The other important difference is that bytes
contain eight bits of data.
 Therefore, a 240Kbps download is only
transferring 30KB of data per second.

 It is important to know that bytes are
abbreviated with a capital B, where as bits use
a lowercase b.
 Therefore, Mbps is megabits per second, and MBps
is megabytes per second. So 8Mbps is equal to
1MBps.

 In the cases when used to describe data
storage bits/bytes are calculated as follows:
 1 byte = 8 bits
 1 kilobyte (K / Kb) = 2^10 bytes = 1,024 bytes
 1 megabyte (M / MB) = 2^20 bytes = 1,048,576 bytes
 1 gigabyte (G / GB) = 2^30 bytes = 1,073,741,824 bytes
 1 terabyte (T / TB) = 2^40 bytes = 1,099,511,627,776 bytes
 1 petabyte (P / PB) = 2^50 bytes = 1,125,899,906,842,624 bytes
 1 exabyte (E / EB) = 2^60 bytes = 1,152,921,504,606,846,976
bytes

 The term "nibble"
originates from the fact
that the term "byte" is a
pun on the English word
"bite".
 A nibble is a small bite,
which in this context is
construed as "half a bite".
 A value represented by 4
bits is referred to as a
"nibble”.
 A word consists of 16
bits.

 A prefix is an affix which is
placed before the stem of a
word.
 The International System of
Units (SI) specifies a set of unit
prefixes known as SI prefixes or
metric prefixes.
 An SI prefix is a name that
precedes a basic unit of measure
to indicate a decimal multiple or
fraction of the unit. Each prefix
has a unique symbol that is
prepended to the unit symbol.

 Digital electronics represent
signals by discrete levels,
rather than by a continuous
range. In most cases these
states are represented by two
voltage levels: one near to
zero volts and a higher level
near the supply voltage.

 A digital circuit is often constructed from
small electronic circuits called logic gates.
Each logic gate represents a function of
Boolean logic. A logic gate is an arrangement
of electrically controlled switches.

 This model of the typical digital computer is often
called the von Neumann computer.
 Programs and data are stored in the same memory:
primary memory.
 The computer can only perform one instruction at a time.

Primary Memory

Input CPU Output
Units (Central Processing Unit) Units

 Input/Output (I/O): Refers to the process of
getting information into and out of the
computer.
 Input: Those parts of the computer receiving
information to programs.
 Output: Those parts of the computer that provide
results of computation to the person using the
computer.
 Floppy disk drives and Hard disk drives.

 Display monitors: Hi-resolution monitors come in
two types:
▪ Cathode ray tube (CRT) - Streams of electrons make
phosphors glow on a large vacuum tube.
▪ Liquid crystal display (LCD) - A flat panel display that
uses crystals to let varying amounts of different colored
light to pass through it.
▪ Developed primarily for portable computers.
 Audio Output
 Disk Output (CD-R, CD-RW)

 The Central Processing Unit ( CPU)
 Often referred to as the “brain” of the computer.
 Responsible for controlling all activities of the computer
system.
 The three major components of the CPU are:
1. Arithmetic Logic Unit (Computations performed)
Accumulator (Results of computations kept here)
2. Control Unit (Has two locations where numbers are kept)
Instruction Register (Instruction placed here for analysis)
Program Counter (Which instruction will be performed next?)
3. Instruction Decoding Unit (Decodes the instruction)
 Motherboard: The place where most of the electronics
including the CPU are mounted.

 Primary storage or memory: Is where the
data and program that are currently in
operation or being accessed are stored during
use.
 Consists of electronic circuits: Extremely fast and
expensive.
 Two types:
▪ RAM (non-permanent)
▪ Programs and data can be stored here for the computer’s use.
▪ Volatile: All information will be lost once the computer shuts down.
▪ ROM (permanent)
▪ Contents do not change.

 Software consists of computer programs.
 The process of writing (or coding) programs called
programming.
 Individual who perform this task are called
programmers.
 Computer programs include documentation,
which is written descriptions of the function
of the program.

 There are two major types of software.
 System Software – is set of instructions that
serves primarily as a intermediary between
computer hardware and application programs,
and may also be directly manipulated by
knowledge users.
 Application Software – is a set of computer
instructions that provide more specific
functionality to a user.

 Is the class of programs that control and support
the computer software and its information-
processing activities.
 System software an be grouped into two major
functional categories :
 System control programs
▪ It control the use of hardware, software, and data resource of
a computer system.
▪ The main system control is the operating system that
provides an interface between the user and the hardware.
 System support programs
▪ It supports the operations, management, and users of a
computer system providing a variety of support services.

 Application software includes:
 Proprietary application software
▪ Addresses a specific or unique business need of a
company. Such specific software programs developed
for a particular company by a vendor are called contract
software.

 Off-the-shelf application software
▪ Can be purchased, leased or rented from a vendor
includes the special purpose programs or packages such
as inventory control or payroll.
▪ General purpose, off-the-shelf application programs that
supports general types of the processing are referred to personal
application software.
▪ Personal application software is designed is to help individual
users increase their productivity.

 Support Module
 An auxillary set of instructions used in conjunction
with the main software program.
 Data Module
 Contains data (not supplied by the user) necessary
for the execution of certain tasks.

 A computer program (also a
software program, or just a
program) is a sequence of
instructions written to
perform a specified task for
a computer.

 Computer programming (often shortened to
programming or coding) is the process of
designing, writing, testing, debugging /
troubleshooting, and maintaining the source
code of computer programs.

 SDLC is a methodolgy that is typically used to
develop, maintain and replace information
system for improving the quality of the
software design and development process.
 Software development is an intricate process
that requires a lot of planning,
implementation and testing.

 What is the importance of SDLC?
 The software development life cycle (SDLC) is a
pre-set framework that is used by all software
development companies for through
understanding and developing effective
information systems and software.

 SDLC involves five phases. Each plays an
important role in creating a good system. The
said phase are:
 Planning – This phase includes the information
about the requirement for the proposed system.
This is also known as feasibility phase.

 Analysis – The main goal in this phase is to
identify the requirements for new software or
simply change several aspect in the current
working software.
▪ The activities performed by the analyst during this
phase are:
▪ Study the current software
▪ Determine software requirement
▪ Write requirement report

 Design – During this phase, the developer
of the software translates the result of the
previous phase into actual design or
specifications of the software.
▪ The activites performed in this phase are:
▪ Identify potential solutions
▪ Evaluate solutions and select best
▪ Select hardware and software
▪ Develop application specification
▪ Obtain approval implement the new software

 Implementation – During this phase,
implementing the software will include several
phase:
▪ Coding – Creation of the actual program
▪ Testing – Both programmer and analyst submit the
software to various “quality testing” to discover if there
are any bugs within the software
▪ Installation – after coding and testing is done, the actual
software must be installed and slowly or completely
replace the old software

 Maintenance – This phase is used to make
necessary patches ato remove found errors.
▪ This is where the software is systematically
repaired and improved based on errors or
possible new requirement found.

 The waterfall SDLC suggest that prior to
proceeding to the next phase, the current
phase should be finished first.

Introduction to programming concepts

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Introduction to programming concepts