Human Resource Information Systems Basics Applications and Future Directions 4th Edition Kavanagh Test Bank

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Instructor Resource
Kavanagh and Johnson, Human Resource Information Systems: Basics, Applications, and Future Directions, 4e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
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and Future Directions 4th Edition Kavanagh Test Bank
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Chapter 2: Database Concepts and Applications in HRIS
Test Bank
Multiple Choice
1. One of the benefits of a relational database system is that
a. end users who generally had limited programming experience can still utilize the
query functionality
b. organizations can easily implement them
c. they are easy to maintain
d. they are a strategic HRM resource
Ans: A
Learning Objective: Understand what a relational database is and why it is better than
older database structures
AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Relational DBMSs
Difficulty Level: Medium
2. The employee’s name is an example of .
a. an entity
b. an attribute
c. an object
d. a primary key
Ans: B
Learning Objective: Know where data in a database are stored
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Entities and Attributes
Difficulty Level: Easy
3. Which of the following is NOT a shortcoming of early file-oriented database
structures?
a. data redundancy
b. poor data control
c. inadequate data manipulation capabilities
d. inability to resemble manual recordkeeping
Ans: D
Learning Objective: Identify problems with early database structures

Instructor Resource
Answer Location: Early DBMSs

Instructor Resource
4. When a(n) from one table is stored as an attribute of another table, that
attribute is called a(n) .
a. primary key; foreign key
b. object; entity
c. foreign key; primary key
d. entity; attribution
Ans: A
Answer Location: Relationships, Primary Keys, and Foreign Keys
5. HR metrics are
a. various measures of organizational performance
b. derived from organizational outcomes
c. used to improve organizational efficiency and effectiveness
d. all of these
Ans: D
Learning Objective: Understand the difference between operational databases and a
data warehouse
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Data Integration: Database Warehouses, Business Intelligence, and
Data Mining
Difficulty Level: Hard
6. is a broad category of business applications and technologies for creating
data warehouses and for analyzing and providing access to these specialized data to
help enterprise users make better business decisions.
a. Strategic planning
b. Business intelligence
c. Enterprise solution
d. Data intelligence
Ans: B
data warehouse
Data Mining
7. Queries are important because
a. they are a way to store data
b. they provide direction for strategic HR

Instructor Resource
c. they allow you to present questions to the DBMS in a language it understands
d. they allow you to manipulate information
Ans: C
Learning Objective: Know what a query is and discuss three different types of queries
Answer Location: Queries
8. The database design process
a. begins with determining what the users want
b. is a task that only upper management should manage
c. begins with a budget estimate
d. requires outside consultant services
Ans: A
Learning Objective: Discuss the key steps involved in designing a simple database in
Microsoft (MS) Access
Answer Location: Designing an MS Access Database
9. Information is the of data while knowledge is information that has been given
.
a. accumulation; structure
b. meaning; structure
c. interpretation; meaning
d. understanding; definitions
Ans: C
Learning Objective: Discuss the difference between data, information, and knowledge
Answer Location: Data, Information, and Knowledge
10. Functional units, management levels, and geographically dispersed locations may
all have the need to .
a. share data
b. limit attributes in the database
c. reduce database needs
d. limit query functionality
Ans: A
Learning Objective: Discuss three types of data sharing and why they are important
Answer Location: Relational DBMSs

Instructor Resource
11. The advent of the Internet and a standardized communication protocol have
contributed to
a. easier database programming
b. data sharing across geographically dispersed locations
c. the maximization of query functionality
d. the elimination of a centralized database
Ans: B
Answer Location: Data Sharing Across Locations
12. MS Access would be appropriate for an organization that
a. had a small database and limited knowledge of database programming
b. had a small database and extensive knowledge of database programming
c. had a large database and limited knowledge of database programming
d. had a large database and extensive knowledge of database programming
Ans: A
Answer Location: MS Access—An Illustrative Personal Database
13. Data processing systems that performed record-keeping functions that mimicked
existing manual procedures were called .
a. file-oriented data structures
b. small database structures
c. data warehouses
d. electronic data storage
Ans: A
14. Patterns in large data sets are identified through .
a. the creation of tables
b. data gathering
c. data mining
d. electronic data storage

Instructor Resource
Ans: C
data warehouse
Data Mining
15. Business intelligence (BI) applications include .
a. the activities of decision support systems
b. query and reporting
c. forecasting
d. all of these
Ans: D
data warehouse
Data Mining
16. A(n) allows you to ask a question based on one or more tables in a
database.
a. action query
b. question query
c. cross-tab query
d. select query
Ans: D
17. A shortcoming of hierarchical and network database systems was that
a. only very knowledgeable technical staff members could interact with the database
effectively
b. relationships between records were explicitly maintained
c. it replaced file-oriented structures
d. it was electronically stored data
Ans: A

Instructor Resource
True/False
1. An attribute is a characteristic of the entity in a relational database.
Ans: T
Answer Location: Key Relational Database Terminology
2. Data mining involves visually analyzing large data sets to identify recurring
relationships.
Ans: F
data warehouse
Data Mining
3. A data warehouse is a special type of database that is optimized for reporting and
analysis and is the raw material for management’s decision support system.
Ans: T
data warehouse
Data Mining
4. Attributes represent a single data element or characteristic of the data table.
Ans: T
Answer Location: Tables
5. A foreign key represents the primary key from another table that is stored as an
attribute in another table.

Instructor Resource
Ans: T
Answer Location: Relationships, Primary Keys, and Foreign Keys
6. Relational database data is stored in tables where each table represents one “entity”
in the real world, and the information associated with that “entity” is stored in that table.
Tables are related to each other through a common attribute or key.
Ans: T
7. Tables are used to store information about entities. Multiple tables are created for
each entity.
Ans: F
8. One of the benefits of a relational database system is that end users who generally
had limited programming experience can still utilize the query functionality.
Ans: T
9. The employee’s name is an example of an object.
Ans: F
Answer Location: Entities and Attributes

Instructor Resource
10. MS Access would be appropriate for an organization that had a small database and
limited knowledge of database programming.
Ans: T
Answer Location: MS Access—An Illustrative Personal Database
11. The advent of the Internet and a standardized communication protocol have
contributed to easier database programming.
Ans: F
12. The database design process begins with determining what the users want.
Ans: T
Learning Objective: Discuss the key steps involved in designing a simple database in
Microsoft (MS) Access
Answer Location: Designing an MS Access Database
Essay
1. What are some examples of how an organization might use the data-sharing ability of
a relational database system?
Ans: Examples can come from (1) data sharing between functional units, (2) data
sharing between management levels, and (3) data sharing across geographically
dispersed locations.
Answer Location: Relational DMBSs
2. Provide some examples of actions that might be performed as a result of an action
query.

Instructor Resource
Ans: Actions include updating data in the table (e.g., increasing the base salary of all
employees who were rated above average in the latest performance rating), deleting
records from the table (e.g., removing employees from the employees table if they no
longer work at the company), or inserting records (e.g., the query may add a new set of
benefits to the benefits table).
3. What is meant by a cross-tab query?
Ans: A cross-tab query performs calculations on the values in a field and displays the
results in a datasheet. The reason it is called cross-tab is that it tabulates the data for a
set of descriptor attributes, contrasting them or crossing them in a table format.
4. Compare the typical users of an action query with those of a cross-tab query.
Ans: Action queries improve the operational efficiency of managing and maintaining a
database and are important to the operational staff but of less interest to HR managers
and executives. Cross-tab queries provide the information that managers and
executives expect.
5. What are the implications for databases and data sharing in today’s global
environment?
Ans: In today’s global environment, access to data from any physical location in the
world is increasingly important. Computer networks are created that provide instant
access to these operational data, allowing real-time managerial decision capability
regardless of physical location.
A centralized database allows a company to confine its data to a single location and,
therefore, to more easily control data integrity, updating, backup, query, and control
access to the database. A company with many locations and telecommuters, however,
must develop a communications infrastructure to facilitate data sharing over a wide
geographical area. The advent of the Internet and a standardized communication
protocol made the centralized database structures and geographically dispersed data
sharing feasible.

Instructor Resource
6. What were the benefits of relational database systems versus traditional file-oriented
data structures?
Ans: Relational database systems eliminated the shortcomings of traditional file-
oriented structures including (1) data redundancy—an employee’s name and address
could be stored in many different files; (2) poor data control—if you had access to the
file, you had access to all of the data in the file, which may not be desirable because
you may want to restrict the data viewed by a particular user; (3) inadequate data
manipulation capabilities—it was very difficult to combine the data across files and to
easily update and to add new data; and (4) excessive programming effort—any change
in the data required extensive changes in the programming that accessed the data.
Perhaps, the most significant difference between a file-based system and a relational
database system is that data are easily shared.
7. What is meant by business intelligence?
Ans: Business intelligence is a broad category of business applications and
technologies for creating data warehouses and for analyzing and providing access to
these specialized data to help enterprise users make better business decisions. BI
applications include the activities of decision support systems, query and reporting,
statistical analysis, forecasting, and data mining.
data warehouse
Data Mining
8. What are decision support systems, and what role do they play?
Ans: Decision support systems are software applications that use databases, primarily
data warehouses, to assist senior managers and business professionals in making
business decisions.
Answer Location: Data Sharing Between Different Levels

Instructor Resource
9. What is meant by a hierarchical database?
Ans: A hierarchical database is a database where the relationships among the data are
created between sets of data based on where the data are stored in a record.
10. What critical role does N-tier architecture provide to large, multinational companies?
Ans: N-tier architectures represent the software and hardware configuration in which
databases and applications are distributed among many different computers around the
world.
Answer Location: Data Sharing Between Different Levels

Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content

“If a person goes to a show he goes to laugh and not to cry, for he
has so many troubles at his home.”
“I like love-making picture best. It is exciting when two men want
to marry the same girl.”[23]
A study of moving pictures has been made in other cities by
women, and all over the country they are giving serious attention to
the problem of securing the exhibition of high grade films only. Upon
the suggestion of club women, the Board of Education of Parsons,
Kansas, has undertaken to give two free moving-picture exhibits each
month to the school children. The films are selected by the
superintendent of schools assisted by the manager of the theaters
and the subjects are confined to history, geography and science.
The Mayor of Wichita, Kansas, has asked the club women to appoint a board of
three members to serve without pay as censors of moving-picture shows,
inspectors of theaters, reading rooms and street cars. Suggestions for correction of
evils will be received and acted upon by the Mayor. The board is to be permanent.
[24]
In Pittsburg, Kansas, the club women are working out a censorship plan for
moving-picture shows, which is proving successful. Mayor Graves appointed a
commission of women, headed by Mrs. Harvey Grandle, president of the Pittsburg
Federation of Clubs, which confers with the managers of all five- and ten-cent
vaudeville and moving-picture shows. A most cordial spirit of coöperation is
reported upon the part of these managers, in eliminating all films depicting scenes
of crime, drinking scenes, and suggestive “love scenes.” If all mayors would
appoint similar commissions, whose work would be as successful, it would not be
long before the manufacturers of moving-picture films would take the hint, and
cease to put out films of the tabooed classes. Wichita is working out a similar plan
through a commission, and this seems the most practical plan. A commission,
being clothed with authority, is received with courtesy and acting in coöperative
not antagonistic spirit, receives the assistance of the managers. Local federations
or clubs should make it a point to bring this work before their city council or city
commission.[24]
The American Club Woman declares that “women’s clubs are
wisely deciding to coöperate with the film companies to make them a
good influence upon the millions of young people who patronize
them. The censorship plan is proving successful in many cities.

Volunteer boards of club women who serve without a salary, find
that it is not difficult to secure the rejection of pictures which create a
bad impression. Some tact is useful in persuading the managers of
moving-picture shows to use the right kind of films. Censorship is
rather a formidable term, but is robbed of many of its terrors to
managers, when they find that the approval of the censors means
increased business for clean shows.”
The women do not always agree, however, as to the kind of film
that should be shown. New York last winter witnessed a quarrel
among women and also among men as to whether white slave films
should be exhibited or prohibited. “Do they suggest or do they
warn?” is the issue that must be settled by the stronger combatants,
for this is destined to be an issue of increasing insistence.
That the municipality cannot be oblivious to the fact that its
restrictive measures may increase evils elsewhere, is shown by Mrs.
Bowen, of Chicago, who says in a report:
There should be a state or national censorship committee for motion pictures.
The motion pictures of Chicago are very well censored, and something like one
hundred and twenty-six miles of films have been condemned and permission to
exhibit them refused. In consequence, they have been sent outside the city, all over
the state, and many of the pictures exhibited in the small towns are bad—the rest
of the state suffering for the virtues of Chicago! A state law should be enacted
providing that all moving pictures should be shown in well-lighted halls, and the
posters and advertisements outside all theaters and throughout the city should be
censored and passed upon by the same committee which censors the moving
pictures.
Women play a large part in the work of the National Board of
Censorship of Motion Pictures established by the People’s Institute
of New York. In addition to the members of the Censoring
Committee which includes many women, the National Board has
some 300 correspondents in different parts of the country who are
more or less officially identified with it and who work with women’s
clubs, civic and social organizations, in addition to mayors, license
bureaus, and others. The work of the national association is,
therefore, fairly equally distributed between men and women.

It is not the pictures themselves that are necessarily the worst
feature of the motion-picture theater, as the Board brings out and as
social workers generally emphasize. The lack of ventilation, the fire
hazard, the lack of protection for boys and girls are evils comparable
with indecent films. On all those aspects of the problem of the
people’s theater, groups of earnest men and women are working,
securing ordinances, acting as inspectors and policewomen, and
seeking to educate the patrons to demand decencies.
The standard for censorship set up by the Board is thus stated:
“Broad problems, such as the effect of scenes of violence on the
juvenile mind, still rest in an astonishing obscurity. It is impossible
to get either from the lips of psychologists or from the penal statistics
of the country, any conclusive verdict on this subject. In the same
way, it is hard to distinguish between the immediate effect of a vulgar
picture on the audience, which may be presumed to be degrading,
and the ultimate effect which may, through reaction, be that of
exciting the audience to a permanent disgust with vulgarity in all
forms. In matters of this kind, the Board acts on the general
assumption of all its members, which are general assumptions of
people at large.”
The National Board does not and cannot relieve any community of
its local responsibility. As “the motion-picture theater is essentially a
form of public service which is licensed by the community for public
welfare, the same kind of scrutiny should be applied to it that is
applied to any public service monopoly, news-stand privilege or park
concession.”
A compilation of material from all parts of the country as to
existing laws and the methods used in regulating motion-picture
theaters in America and Europe has been made by the National
Board and these form a partial basis for general facts and principles
set forth in a Model Ordinance devised by it with detailed
suggestions applicable in all the cities of the country. This work of
securing adequate legislation is often taken up locally by women’s
clubs. For example, the Wisconsin Federation of Women’s Clubs
vigorously supported a bill in the legislature, providing for a
censorship of moving-picture films throughout the state.
Charlotte Rumbold is the intermediary between the National
Board of Censorship of Picture Films and the St. Louis Police Court.

A volunteer committee of which she was chairman made the St.
Louis inspection of picture shows and dance halls. Officers of the
Good Citizenship Club of Boise, Idaho, a women’s association, act as
an advisory committee with the Law Enforcement League and
Ministerial Association in censoring movies.
Private enterprise joins with public-spirited women in securing
model motion-picture shows. In Boston, Josephine Clement is the
manager of the Bijou Dream Motion Picture Theater and has had five
years’ experience in providing the public with a model theater. Plans
for similar theaters are afoot in two cities. Mrs. Clement declares
from her experience that they are self-supporting and a great deal
more satisfactory to the owner than those which invite constant
interference.
Motion-picture films are really receiving more attention than the
plays and comic operas and vaudeville shows which are supported by
people who care less for the movies. Thus the percentage of
innocuous films probably is lower or is becoming lower than the
percentage of innocuous plays in other theaters.

The Drama
Women are working on the elevation of the drama generally, too.
Sometimes they may be excessively Puritanical in this endeavor;
again they see in the presentation of such plays as “Damaged Goods”
by Brieux the highest use to which the stage can be put. This
difference of opinion is bound to exist but the important thing is to
have women care what is produced, as the first step toward superior
drama.
Investigation of five- and ten-cent theaters in Chicago by the
Juvenile Protective Association and the presentation of complaints to
the building department, the Board of Health, the Chief of Police and
the State Factory Inspector have led to important changes in the
physical conditions of this grade of theaters in Chicago. Mrs. Bowen
of this Association finds that one grave evil in connection with these
theaters is their location, which takes many boys and girls and men
and women into sections where they would probably not otherwise
go and brings them thus into close contact with disorderly houses,
saloons, and boarding houses. The phrase in Chicago “A Five-Cent
Theater Hotel” has become current because of the general location of
these theaters in transient rooming houses. The menace of this thing
to young girls may readily be imagined. Mrs. Bowen and her
association approve of an ordinance licensing the place rather than
the person who operates it, as is now done in many places with dance
halls. They would also prohibit amateur nights and extend the
censorship of plays to advertisements and posters.
In order that the taste of school children may be educated to seek
good drama, the Educational Dramatic League and other similar
organizations have been started by women. Mrs. Emma Fry, the
organizer of the Educational Dramatic League of New York, has met
with enthusiastic response from women and teachers and her
movement is well launched.
The Drama League of America is a women’s and men’s
organization with Mrs. A. Starr Best of Evanston, Illinois, as
president. Its object is to support the drama that manifests a high

level of art and morals in order that the theater may assume its
rightful place as an educational and social force.

Human Resource Information Systems Basics Applications and Future Directions 4th Edition Kavanagh Test Bank

The Pageant
The pageant is a recent development of the drama in the open-air.
The Deerfield Historical Pageant and the Duxbury pageant were
directed by Margaret MacLaren Eager. In the great pageant of
nations, devised by the People’s Institute in the East Side of New
York in 1914, women worked with vigor. Rose Rosner, a Rumanian
girl, now connected with the People’s Institute, was one most
effective organizer, and all the settlement leaders coöperated with
enthusiasm.
The Founding of New Harmony, Indiana, a historical pageant
presented by the school children of that community in June, 1914,
was also unique in its purpose. Mr. W. V. Mangrum, the
superintendent of schools, was the manager and Mrs. Mary H.
Flanner the director. Miss Charity Dye who wrote the “Book of
Words,” in her prefatory note explains the object of the pageant:
The school children’s historical pageant is a distinct division of pageantry in
itself, demanding special considerations of time, preparation, choice of material,
and adjustments to the age and development of those taking part. It should be
borne in mind that children have no large background of experience and hence the
methods used with adults cannot be used with them. The evolution of the school
pageant has been in response to the play spirit along educative lines, and marks a
difference between the mere spectacular performance, which is gotten up in haste
and dies as soon as it is born, and the one that makes permanent impression of
what is valuable to the development of the pupil, and is presented in conformity to
the known laws of education. Under the wise management of Mr. Mangrum, the
superintendent of the schools, who began five months in advance, the New
Harmony pageant soon proved its educational value. It has made community
interest and coöperation a living reality; it has telescoped the history of the town
and the region in the minds of the children and taught them of people and events
more vividly than could have been otherwise possible; it has united the entire
school system of the place by giving every child some active part in preparing for
the great historic event of celebrating the founding of the town. The very least ones
have been cutting with the scissors the pageant scenes, outlined by the teacher, and
making silhouettes; others have been drawing the outlines; some naming the birds
of the district; others, the trees; and still others noting the procession of wild
flowers, all to show the nature of the region. Older ones are making maps of the

town and the topography of the land, or drawing posters, and the prominent
buildings of historical note. The higher grades are using the scenes in original
composition work of character study and the dramatization of events. Music has
been a feature all the way along. Boys have been heard singing “Lo! I Uncover the
Land” from the pageant, with happy loud voices. New Harmony is a rural
community with only three hundred school children; what has been done there is
possible to some degree in every community in the state. The pageant lends itself
especially to rural regions wherever there is a school or several schools to unite in a
festival for honoring those who have helped to make public education possible. The
near approach of the centenary of the statehood of Indiana in 1916 furnishes the
psychological moment that makes it both a privilege and a duty to arouse in every
school in the state, a new interest in its own environment or local history, thus
leading to a wider interest and conception of historic growth. The work of the
historical pageant in the schools of Indiana should begin next September so as to
give ample time without interfering with the regular work that must otherwise be
done. Richmond, Vincennes, Fort Wayne, LaFayette and many other Indiana cities
are especially rich in pageant material, to say nothing of the wealth in this respect
in the rural communities on every side.
Through historical pageants, the dramatic play spirit of whole
communities of people has been aroused and developed and
democratic coöperation achieved. It is only within the past five or six
years that pageants have been held in this country on any large
community scale, but within that time some remarkable
performances have been given, and in all of the pageants women
have taken a leading part, in some instances directing the whole
affair. In the future many interesting pageants are to be held like the
one in Redfield, California, which was suggested by the
Contemporary Club of that city.
The pageant given by the town of Arlington, Massachusetts,
recently was started by the Woman’s Club and a guarantee fund of
$1,000 was secured by it. Several hundred of the townspeople
participated in the presentation of the drama.
Charlotte Rumbold was the executive secretary of the St. Louis
Pageant and Masque which attracted national interest, and Mrs.
Ernest Kroeger, the active chairman, with an Executive Committee
composed of men and women. Indeed, this pageant was suggested by
Miss Rumbold, Secretary of the Public Recreation Committee, as a
fitting way to celebrate the one hundred and fiftieth anniversary of
the founding of St. Louis. Every agency of the municipal government

coöperated to make it a success. “If we play together, we will work
together,” was the slogan adopted, the whole object being the
development of community spirit and not the commercial advantage
of merchants and business men generally. The 7,500 performers
were drawn from all walks of life, the idea being to instill democracy
into St. Louis affairs, even the funds being democratically raised.
Other cities were asked to send official heraldic envoys and general
civic pride was to be augmented by a conference of mayors during
the celebration. No other pageant has had the big democratic
community vision of the St. Louis enterprise or has called for such
large scale planning.

Fourth of July
The Safe and Sane Fourth of July has been greatly promoted by
women. Independence Day has been until within five years or so, and
is still in most places, a thoroughly male day. It has been a day on
which the deeds of men have been exploited without conveying the
slightest hint that women have helped to build the nation. Histories
of the American people have regularly consigned women to a line or
two and women have a real grievance there. Their protest against the
day, however, has not been due to omission in the speeches of
orators, but rather to the wanton destruction of life and property
which unregulated celebrations induce. Promiscuous use of
fireworks was the object of their organized attack.
Safe Fourths of July are rapidly becoming possible. When the work
that women have done in communities, the states and the nation is
equally recognized with that done by men, the Fourth of July will be
a saner and more patriotic day still. Thus the country’s past and its
future will be interpreted in a way that will appeal more directly to all
the people and arouse in girls as well as in boys a desire for
coöperation in citizenship.
Many women’s clubs have within recent years placed the Safe and
Sane Fourth on their list of demands and objects for which to work.
The Municipal Bureau of the University of Wisconsin has compiled a
list of all the municipal ordinances regarding explosives on the
Fourth of July and we venture to claim that in every case where one
has been secured the advocacy of women has been at least as
pronounced as that of men.
Restriction without substitution, however, is usually idle, as we
know very well at last. In advocating ordinances of a restrictive
nature, therefore, women have not been unmindful of the need of
directing pent-up feelings accustomed to noisy and dangerous
exuberance on the Fourth. Pageants, processions, municipally
managed fireworks and musical festivals are some of the ways in
which substitutions have been provided for dangerous celebrations.

Much stimulus has been given to the Safe and Sane Fourth
propaganda by those social workers whose interests extend largely to
our newcomers from the nations of the world. If to them patriotism
expresses itself merely in Independence Day bandages and noise and
drunkenness, American civilization affords little inspiration. Any
movement therefore which has as its goal an historical explanation of
the founding and growth of the nation and the development of our
ideals, and which typifies our hope of ultimate democracy, is sane as
well as safe. The participation of foreign elements, now being
assimilated into our national life, has added to the richness and
interest of Fourth of July pageants. Last year in New York forty-two
nations were represented in native costumes; Chicago also had a
great parade of her nations with floats showing the parts played by
various nations in our war for independence. The entertainment in
Jackson Park, Chicago, consisting of music, folk dances, drills,
games, tableaux and pageants was under the direction of the Chicago
women’s clubs. Baltimore had a wonderful naval pageant.
The leadership by women in this general movement was recently
described in The American City. “The part which women have taken
in creating a sentiment for a safe and sane Fourth and in providing
acceptable entertainment is very important. The pioneer work of
Mrs. Isaac L. Rice, president of the Society for the Suppression of
Unnecessary Noise, New York City, for this object, is well-known.
Her pamphlet on a ‘Safe and Sane Fourth’ (published by the Russell
Sage Foundation) gives letters from governors, mayors, fire chiefs,
commissioners of health, heads of police departments and presidents
of Colleges, endorsing the movement.
“The Committee on Independence Day Celebrations of the Art
Department of the New Jersey State Federation of Women’s Clubs
has issued a pamphlet giving suggestions for the management of an
Independence Day celebration and material for pageantry taken
from New Jersey history. The suggestions for management are
detailed and practical for other states than New Jersey and include
the formation of an Independence Day Association and the work of
sixteen different committees. The chairman of the committee last
year was Mrs. Wallace J. Pfleger.... The Department of Child Hygiene
of the Russell Sage Foundation reprints this pamphlet and publishes
an excellent set on the same general subject.”

Those who study this movement find that women have contributed
largely to practical programs and plans and have been indispensable
factors in developing the imaginative features and carrying them into
execution. The American Pageantry Board, recently organized in
Boston under the auspices of the Twentieth Century Club, composed
of men and women, has recognized woman’s place in this work by
choosing Lotta A. Clark as executive secretary.

Social Centers
It is not by spasmodic effort that full provision can be made for the
gratification of the common instinct for recreation under wholesome
social conditions. Social centers in abundance and embracing a
multitude of recreational features are therefore an essential in
modern cities. They have not been easy to secure, however, except by
private philanthropy. Indeed we still have to have social center
conferences and carry on a publicity campaign, to demonstrate and
argue in order to gain the general consent for the use of school
buildings and other public property as evening social centers for
neighborhoods. Nevertheless, the movement does have real vitality
now and most of the larger cities have taken definite steps to make
greater use of their schools and other plants, like libraries.
In describing its entrance into the field of activity for social
centers, the Women’s Municipal League of Boston, through its Social
Center Chairman, Mary B. Follett, says:
Because it is our endeavor to make our city a true home for the people, it is not
enough that we should merely make it a house, though it be clean and healthful to
live in; for even health, though essential, is not all-sufficient. We must also insure
that there shall be within it recreation, enjoyment and happiness for all. In our
great house—the city—a great need exists and it is to supply this that our
Committee for Social Centers was formed.
In Boston there are 56,000 young people between the ages of 14 and 18 who are
earning their living, working all day, craving amusement in the evening, and with
no home to provide it. Our committee organized, as an experiment, this winter, a
social center in the East Boston High School, by permission of the Boston School
Committee, which allowed us the use of the building in the evenings. Our aim was
to offer educational recreation, and at the same time to provide for the working
young people an environment which should help to prepare them for their future
life.
The League engaged a skilled director and his wife to organize this work. They
settled in the district three months before the social center was opened, making
friends of their neighbors, young and old, and when October came they were thus
enabled to begin work with 14 clubs already organized. These clubs have continued
with a constantly increasing membership; there were 300 young people enrolled at

the beginning, and now, after six months, there are 500 members. The clubs are
called the East Boston Opportunity Clubs and are self-governing. The membership
consists almost entirely of young wage-earners, but one club, the Games Club, is
made up of high school pupils at the request of their teachers, in order to suggest
to the girls some other occupation than stenography; they are being taught
kindergarten work for use in vacation schools or with their own future children.
The list of clubs includes two dramatic and two glee clubs, two orchestras, a
drum corps, two athletic associations, two sewing classes, a folk dancing class, and
a junior city council. The clubs for boys and girls are kept separate, but on one
occasion the Folk Dancing Club of girls gave a dance, and the members invited
their men friends. The clubs often provide the program for the fortnightly
entertainment given at the Social Center for young and old people. The Social
Center encourages thrift, for each member of a club must pay weekly dues, and in
addition many of the boys of the orchestras are saving money to buy their own
instruments. One young man surprised us by saying that he had saved money by
attending the Social Center, as otherwise he would have spent his time in the
saloons and poolrooms. The sewing clubs have held a sale, and with the proceeds
will give themselves a day’s outing.
The greatest difficulty we have encountered has been the intense racial prejudice
existing between the different nationalities; but the tact and fine judgment of our
director have overcome this, and today all members of the Social Center recognize
the broadening influence that comes from being Americans together; in fact, one
young man tells us that the Social Center is the only place since leaving school
where he has met the right kind of friends.
The East Boston Social Center has proved so successful in filling a genuine need
that the Boston School Committee has decided, not only to take over this Center
next year, but to start three others in different districts, and has engaged our
director, Mr. Hawley, to organize the work. Our Committee is now occupied in
formulating plans for a large social center movement throughout Boston, and is
enlisting the help and coöperation of each neighborhood for its own center,
because no social center can be established on a permanent basis unless the
neighborhood community realizes its own responsibility in helping to make the
plan a success.
There are not enough settlements and other social agencies to provide for more
than a small number of our young people. There are thousands of young men who
have no place to go nights. There are thousands of girls who used to stay at home
in the country but who have been brought by our changed industrial conditions to
the cities to work in shops and factories. Many of these will be in the streets nights
unless we provide some decent recreation for them. Thus on the one hand there is
this urgent need; on the other there are all those empty buildings upon which we
have spent literally millions and millions of our money. Such a waste of capital
seems bad business management on our part.

The Women’s Municipal League of Boston is one among the many
organizations that urge the planning of future school buildings with
reference to their use as social centers. Many of the old buildings are
difficult if not impossible to adapt to this use. The interest of the
Boston women in this forward movement toward educational
recreation has strongly supported the Boston School Committee
which has now in operation several evening centers for young and
old in its school buildings.
The little town needs the extension of the use of its school plant
quite as much as the great city as Mrs. Desha Breckenridge shows:
In the small town which I come from, Lexington, Kentucky, with about 40,000
inhabitants, we have built a public school in which we take much pride. It is in the
very poorest section of the town. The school board had but $10,000 to put into the
school. Some years before, the Civic League of Lexington had established a
playground in this section; then a little vacation school, with cooking, sewing and
carpenter work; and finally it convinced the School Board of the need of a public
school there.
As the years went by and the playground was continued, we began to feel that
not only a public school, but a public school of a very unusual kind was needed in
that section. There was no place for social gatherings except a saloon or a grocery
with saloon attachments. The young people were going uptown to the skating rinks
and the moving-picture shows, and a little later we were dealing with them through
the Juvenile Court. And more and more it was borne in upon us that though we
might do our best through the Juvenile Court and the Reform School to repair the
damage done, a cracked vase, no matter how well mended, could never be as good
as a whole one; and that the sensible thing to do was to keep these children out of
the Juvenile Court and the Reform School. The School Board simply had not the
money to build the sort of school we wanted, nor had it the necessary conviction
and faith that a poor part of the town needed so expensive a school. So when we
had gotten the Board to appropriate the last remaining $10,000, we started out to
add to that sum $25,000, raised by popular subscription, and went to work on the
plans for a school building which would not only allow the teaching of reading,
writing and arithmetic, but would have a kitchen, a carpenter shop, a laundry, a
gymnasium, shower baths, a swimming pool and an auditorium with a stage.
We went to the “professional philanthropists,” and after we had been turned
down by most of them we came back to our own people—with just enough help
from a few generous outsiders to give standing at home—and raised a large part of
the money by a whirlwind campaign, such as the Y. M. C. A. has tried in many
places. We could not stop at $25,000; the school and grounds have now cost about
$45,000, and we know so well the places we could use a few thousand more!

We began teaching school in the new building last September; it is full of
children and is a joy forever. The swimming pool, the crowning glory, is not yet
completed, for we had to contract for things whenever the money was in bank, and
all trimmings were postponed as late as possible. The shower baths are in full
effect. The laundry is being used not only to teach the school children how to wash
and iron, but the mothers of the neighborhood, who bring their washing in, pay so
much a wash for the use of the water and the steam drier and the beautiful ironing
boards, with gas burners at the end. The big room, with the stage at the end, which
serves for kindergarten in the morning and gymnasium in the afternoon, is a story
and a half high, and is used for theatrical performances and dances at night. It is
running full blast. We have various night clubs already started, but we could have
more—and will have more when there is a little more money to pay for supervisors,
or a little more time to drum up and keep in line volunteer helpers. But, even now,
the school has demonstrated that the evening is the best time, not only for reaching
the fathers and mothers of the school children, but the young people—girls who
work in the laundries and in the stores at $3.50 a week, and who have no place to
go for dancing and other recreation, and the young men from 20 to 35, working at
the distillery or the tobacco warehouses.
Evening is without doubt the great time to offer recreational opportunities to
working people. Most of them cannot get these except in the evening, and the
meeting at the schoolhouse is a social event; it is of all others the time when
teachers and settlement workers may make connection with the parents and those
over the school age.[25]
In almost every city, women have been behind the movement for
social centers. In Lynn, Massachusetts, for example, the Women’s
Political Science Club persuaded the school board to install electric
lights in the Breed School so that it could be used in the evenings.
One of the leading topics now in the conventions of state federations
of women’s clubs is the use of the schools as social centers; and this
movement is spreading rapidly to country districts which need it
quite as much as do urban communities.
Miss Margaret Wilson, the daughter of the President of the United
States, is one of the most ardent supporters of social centers. She has
added the weight of her influence privately in constructive work and
publicly in propagandist work at conferences and national
conventions of various kinds.
Women are also adding to the literature on the subject of social
centers for publicity value. “The School House as a Local Art Gallery”
by Mrs. M. F. Johnston, and “The Social Center Movement in

Minnesota” by Mrs. Mary L. Starkweather, Assistant Commissioner
Women’s Department, Bureau of Labor for Minnesota, are two of the
nine pamphlets issued by the Extension Division of the University of
Wisconsin on Social Centers.
The Social Center Association of America, recently formed,
includes among its vice-presidents, Miss Anne Morgan of New York,
Miss Jane Addams, Mrs. Ella Flagg Young, and Miss Mary McDowell
of Chicago.
Wisconsin, California, Indiana, Massachusetts and Ohio have
excellent legislation with regard to the use of schools as social
centers; and it was secured with the help of women in private and
organized advocacy, strengthened by experiments made by them
which demonstrated the advisability of municipal control over
educational recreation.
In Detroit two women persuaded the school authorities to grant
the use of a school for evening dances, desiring to make the school a
neighborhood center. The “Buffalo Federation of Women’s Clubs
indorses any plan to make social centers of the public schools along
lines so successful in other cities. An appropriation is asked from the
city to carry on the work.” St. Louis club women have secured the use
of several school buildings as social centers. “A social center in every
public school is the plan of the club women of Syracuse, New York.
Plans are being made to throw open the doors of the school buildings
for neighborhood meetings and entertainments on several evenings
of each week. The school officials are coöperating with the various
forces in favor of social centers.” Women of Chicago asked the
coöperation of the Board of Education in conducting a social center
in the winter of 1911–1912. It was open thirty-two evenings with
13,000 people in attendance.[26]

Experiments
Scarcely a town in Illinois and in other states can be found in
which a woman’s club is not planning some wholesome recreation
for boys and girls. Loan collections of games is a practicable method
resorted to in some cases where children have comfortable homes in
which to play and such collections are issued from the library just as
books are.
The Good Citizenship Club of Boise, Idaho, a woman’s
organization, plans for municipal entertainment, among other ways,
by arranging an address or various forms of amusement one evening
a week in the plaza in the business district. In planning these
entertainments, the women have made every men’s organization in
the city responsible for one evening’s program: church brotherhoods,
labor unions and other non-partisan and non-sectarian
organizations. This Good Government Club is also taking the
initiative in providing for a paid supervisor of the public playground
in the aforesaid plaza for morning and evening play during vacations.
Bennington, Vermont, had a community sleigh ride one winter as a
part of the town’s recreation program. Recreation activities there are
in charge of the Civic League, a group of young women, and in one
year they included a summer playground providing for tennis,
baseball, volleyball and other games, popular concerts, a community
Christmas tree, a pageant of patriots on Washington’s birthday,
story-telling, a baby contest, athletic meets, skating in safety for five
weeks, and folk dancing festivals. The town voted $500 that year and
the rest was raised privately. The municipal Christmas tree has
grown to be a recognized institution in the larger cities. Mrs. Louise
Bowen, however, takes a very thoughtful position on the question of
this form of recreation. She would prefer indoor fêtes for the people,
owing to the menace to health and young girls in the winter open-air
festivity. In support of her contentions she cites the fact that the
committee having the Chicago Christmas tree affair in charge
promised to provide 50 nurses, 25 doctors, and 500 policemen.

California, so far as we know, was the first state to create a
commission for the study of recreation. Five of the members were
appointed by the Governor; one by the President of the Senate, and
one by the Speaker of the House of Representatives. Dr. Grace
Fernald, of the Juvenile Court of Los Angeles, is a member, together
with Miss Bessie Stoddard of the Playground Commission of Los
Angeles.
The Public Recreation Commission of St. Louis has broad advisory
powers which include supervision of moving-picture shows, dance
halls, poolrooms, steamboat excursions and other “commercial
recreation,” as well as holiday celebrations and recreation in public
schools, parks and libraries. “It is planned to open public dance halls
over the public markets. The school yards are to be used as
playgrounds for children under ten years of age in the daytime under
paid women instructors. Classes will be sent to the swimming pools
every morning and afternoon under the care of teachers. The Public
Schools Athletic League will use the public playgrounds. There will
be public concerts in the schools and the libraries will have
clubrooms and evening lecture courses. The playgrounds in the parks
will be open for children in the daytime and for adults at night. It is
interesting to note the composition of each of the sub-committees of
the Commercial Recreation Committee: one picture exhibitor, one
school man, one clergyman, two women and one policeman. Is there
not here a tribute to the civic influence of womanhood as such, apart
from avocation?”[27]
“New York City now has a federation of associations interested in
recreation. The widest meaning will be given to the word recreation.
Committees will look after both indoor and outdoor amusements
from the viewpoints of health and morality. The new federation will
act as a clearing house for information gathered by societies working
for the same general object, pointing out deficiencies and suggesting
plans of work.”

Financing of Public Recreation
Women formed part of a New York group of public-spirited
citizens that, in the summer of 1914, presented to the Board of
Estimate and Apportionment, the budget-making authority of the
city, an important memorandum dealing with the great problem of
financing the urgent recreational facilities such as those we have
outlined. The Survey published the following commentary on this
memorandum:
Beginning with the statement that not more than 5 per cent. of the population is
reached daily by all the intensive or active recreations under public control, the
memorandum finds that “the mass of the people depend on commercialized
amusements, notably saloons, motion pictures, and dance halls, and on the street,
which is the demoralizing and dangerous playground of most of the children. We
urge that wholesome recreation, publicly controlled, is needed by all the people,
not by the small fraction now cared for.”
In other words, the signers of the memorandum regard public recreation as
being as much a public function as education. “It is impossible,” says the
memorandum, “for the individual to buy wholesome recreation. Wholesome
recreation, in which the social and civic elements are present, can only be provided
through community coöperation.” Public recreation is net only for the poor, but for
everyone, and without it the rich are nearly as helpless as the poor.
Free recreation made available to the mass of the people would cost the city
between $30,000,000 and $40,000,000, a sum impossible to raise by taxation.
Yet, says the memorandum, “the people of New York gladly pay $10,000,000 a
year for mediocre commercial motion-picture shows, but the city takes it for
granted that they will or should pay nothing at all for amusements more attractive,
including motion pictures, which can be offered on public properties. The 600
dance halls of the city are operated in considerable part by voluntary groups who
pay for the privilege of using the halls, but the city takes for granted that its public
properties cannot be operated, even in part, by voluntary groups, and that the
people will not or should not pay.”
The mass of the people are thus paying for poor recreation which is not merely
neutral, but often demoralizing. The memorandum goes on:
“It has been shown through complete investigation that most juvenile crime is
directly due to the attempt to play in the streets or in other forbidden places. There
is much evidence that crime among women, especially that which leads to the
social evil, is due in large part to the influences which surround women in their

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