![Ultrasonic transducers[1] used in the time domain
transducers measure the time of flight and the velocity of
longitudinal, shear, and surface waves. Time domain
transducers measure density and thickness, detect and locate
defects, and measure elastic and mechanical properties of
materials. These transducers are also used for interface and
dimensional analysis, proximity detection, remote sensing,
and robotics.
The transmitted wave reflects back to receiver when there is a
change in propagating medium. Hence when crack, hole is
present in the material then the echo pulse is reflected back to
receiver, generating the fault detection signal. Non-contact
type ultrasonic transducers use high air impedance matching
design and output signal conditioning circuit which is easily
adopted in this system.
VI.MOTOR DRIVER:
These devices consist of two independent voltage
comparators that are designed to operate from a single power
supply over a wide range of voltages. Operation from dual
supplies also is possible as long as the difference between the
two supplies is 2 V to 36 V, and VCC is at least 1.5 V more
positive than the input common-mode voltage. Current drain
is independent of the supply voltage. The outputs can be
connected to other open-collector outputs to achieve wired-
AND relationships. The LM193 is characterized for operation
from –55°C to 125°C. The LM293 and LM293A are
characterized for operation from –25°C to 85°C. The LM393
and LM393A are characterized for operation from 0°C to
70°C. The LM2903 is characterized for operation from –
40°C to 125°C. The LM2903Q is tested from –40°C to
125°C and is manufactured to demanding automotive
requirements.
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14](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/iaetsd-realtimeimplementationofrailway-150420111050-conversion-gate02/85/Iaetsd-real-time-implementation-of-railway-4-320.jpg)
Iaetsd real time implementation of railway
- 1. REAL TIME IMPLEMENTATION OF RAILWAY TRACK FAULT DETECTING SYSTEM USING IR AND ULTRASONIC TECHNOGY GITABASHYAN R *1 , SHANMUGAM P *2 1 Final Year, B.E., Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering 2 Prefinal Year, B.E., Electrical and Electronics Engineering * National Engineering College, India 1 rgbashyan@gmail.com 2 shanmugameeenec@gmail.com Abstract- Railway network is one of the world’s largest transportation network aiming to provide continual access to all people. In the modern trend, the quality of service aims for secured travel. As the rail network face adverse weather throughout the year, the rail material tends to lose its strength. Hence continual maintenance is required to ensure the proper functioning of trains. These maintenance are done manually by technical and labour team which involves testing, analyzing and report submission. The intention of this paper is to provide cost effective and regular testing of rail tract by autonomous robot designed in embedded system. This model of manless Non-Destructive Testing robot uses Infrared sensor and Ultrasonic Sensing elements. With the implementation of this system the whole railway network will provide secured journey to the people and save all lives and properties. Keywords- IR Sensor, Ultrasonic Sensor, Hall Effect Sensor, Microcontroller, GSM, GPS. I. INTRODUCTION In India, the tracks are more than 10,000 of km. Due to frequent climatic changes, the tracks lose their stability. So, cracks are formed in the tracks .We know that tracks are expanded during summer, contract during winter and there is a possible of corrosion in rainy season. So, the cracks are further expanded to produce a large gap between the tracks. Also by the movement of the train above it. The main objective of the paper is to check the track and to detect the cracks present in the track. The people are working scientifically to overcome this problem. This paper works on testing of cracks using IR sensor and Ultrasonic Sensor, the preprogrammed Microcontroller measures the intensity of defect and send the signal to railway control room via GSM module. The robotic vehicle is equipped with GPS facility so that when high intense crack is detected the maintenance team will reach the exact location and take all further processes mainly including exact fault dimension, depth and its nature. This system provide two levels of signal, a threshold signal (dangerous level) and a typical fault signal (acceptable level). Railway monitors the process continuously and will take all necessary action. II. NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING ELEMENTS The interconnecting of the elements is the challenging one, because the output of the IR receiver is never linearly connected to the microcontroller input for its safety purpose. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON DEVELOPMENTS IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH, ICDER - 2014 INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR SKILL DEVELOPMENT www.iaetsd.in 11
- 2. So, we prefer the capacitor and resistor combination interfacing with the IR transmitter and receiver. In addition, the microcontroller control the motor. So, we use a motor controller to control the motor, we can also use optocoupler and motor circuit to control the DC motor. The optical incremental encoder is used to count the number of revolutions. One revolution is equal to one bit. In this way, we can calculate the distance moved by the robot vehicle above the track. III. BLOCK DIAGRAM By replacing the optical incremental encoder by optoelectronic instrument we get long range distance measurement and also compatible form for microcontroller. The alarm is coupled to it for alerting the railway staffs. The LCD module is interconnected to the system to display the distances and test level. Motor Driver Railway Control Room Microcontroller Receiver RS 232 Cable IR Transmitter ALARM GSM Module LCD Module Optoelectronic Displacement Instrument Motor Robot platform Ultra sonic sensor Battery and voltage regulator INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON DEVELOPMENTS IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH, ICDER - 2014 INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR SKILL DEVELOPMENT www.iaetsd.in 12
- 3. IV. BLOCK EXPLANATION AND OPERATION The inputs are IR transmitter and receiver, ultrasonic sensor, optoelectronic displacement module. The outputs are motor driver, LCD module, GSM module and DC motor. The robot is placed on the rail track. The testing process starts automatically by the control of PIC controller. The IR and Ultrasonic sensors work simultaneously. These sensors test for any crack, damage in the track. These signals are converted to digital and fed to PIC, here the controller is preprogrammed with some threshold data, when the sensors outputs are above the threshold value (dangerous crack) this information is immediately send to Railway Control Room with alarm warning and details about distance from station. The vehicle location is tracked by the GPS system attached with it. If the test value is below the threshold value then the information are send to control room. Then vehicle moves to next step. The distance from the station is measured by long range optoelectronic displacement instrument. Both test result and distance is send via GSM module to the control room. The robot vehicle proceeds to test whole track step by step using DC motor driven by PIC command. Microcontrollers- Microcontrollers are widely used in embedded systems products. Microcontroller is a programmable device. A microcontroller has a CPU in addition to a fixed amount of RAM, ROM, I/O ports and a timer embedded all on a single chip. The fixed amount of on- chip ROM, RAM and number of I/O ports in microcontrollers makes them ideal for many applications in which cost and space are critical. PIC 16F877A microcontroller- IC PIC 16F877A is an 8-bit microcontroller with 8k x 14-bit flash program memory, 368 bytes of RAM and many others extra peripherals like ADC, USART, timers, compare capture and pulse-width modulation modules, and analog comparators. It is based on the reduced instruction set computer (RISC) architecture. The microcontroller processes the sensor output to compute the fault level. The internal ADC of the microcontroller is used to convert the analog output of the sensor into its digital equivalent value. The internal ADC of the microcontroller has eight channels of analog inputs and gives 10-bit digital output. V. SENSOR A sensor is a converter that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal which can be read by an observer or by an electronic instrument. IR transmitter and receiver is a sensor using to detect the gap between the tracks. It originally used for operating the device wirelessly from a short line-of- sight distance. Commonly, remote controls are Consumer IR devices used to issue commands from a distance to televisions or other consumer electronics such as stereo systems, DVD players and dimmers. Remote controls for these devices are usually small wireless handheld objects with an array of buttons for adjusting various settings such as television channel, track number, and volume. In fact, for the majority of modern devices with this kind of control, the remote control contains all the function controls while the controlled device itself has only a handful of essential primary controls. Most of these remote controls communicate to their respective devices via infrared signals and a few via radio signals. Earlier remote controls in 1973 used ultrasonic tones. The remote control code, and thus the required remote control device, is usually specific to a product line, but there are universal remotes, which emulate the remote control made for most major brand devices. The main technology used in home remote controls is infrared (IR) light. The signal between a remote control handset and the device it controls consists of pulses of infrared light, which is invisible to the human eye. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON DEVELOPMENTS IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH, ICDER - 2014 INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR SKILL DEVELOPMENT www.iaetsd.in 13
- 4. Ultrasonic transducers[1] used in the time domain transducers measure the time of flight and the velocity of longitudinal, shear, and surface waves. Time domain transducers measure density and thickness, detect and locate defects, and measure elastic and mechanical properties of materials. These transducers are also used for interface and dimensional analysis, proximity detection, remote sensing, and robotics. The transmitted wave reflects back to receiver when there is a change in propagating medium. Hence when crack, hole is present in the material then the echo pulse is reflected back to receiver, generating the fault detection signal. Non-contact type ultrasonic transducers use high air impedance matching design and output signal conditioning circuit which is easily adopted in this system. VI.MOTOR DRIVER: These devices consist of two independent voltage comparators that are designed to operate from a single power supply over a wide range of voltages. Operation from dual supplies also is possible as long as the difference between the two supplies is 2 V to 36 V, and VCC is at least 1.5 V more positive than the input common-mode voltage. Current drain is independent of the supply voltage. The outputs can be connected to other open-collector outputs to achieve wired- AND relationships. The LM193 is characterized for operation from –55°C to 125°C. The LM293 and LM293A are characterized for operation from –25°C to 85°C. The LM393 and LM393A are characterized for operation from 0°C to 70°C. The LM2903 is characterized for operation from – 40°C to 125°C. The LM2903Q is tested from –40°C to 125°C and is manufactured to demanding automotive requirements. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON DEVELOPMENTS IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH, ICDER - 2014 INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR SKILL DEVELOPMENT www.iaetsd.in 14
- 5. VII. ADVANTAGES 1. Easy to construct 2. More useful in remote areas. 3. Easily and Automatic operation 4. More savings in economy 5. Avoid accidents 6. Frequently used VIII. FURTHER APPLICATIONS 1. Military applications 2. Landmine detection 3. Firing situation 4. Flight runway 5. Boiler Tube 6. Refinery pipe line IX. CURRENT RESEARCHES Research about the conventional methods of railway crack detection include mechanical system and eddy current based approaches, we find that they are expensive in nature which does not warrant their use in the current scenario. X. CONCLUSION The implementation of this automatic testing technology in the railways is easy and efficient in flaw detection, Hence on using this system the government can get more benefits like easy, automatic and cost effective testing of flaws in the rail track. We can handle one of the serious concern of today’s leap in the number of accidental deaths and save more lives and properties. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON DEVELOPMENTS IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH, ICDER - 2014 INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR SKILL DEVELOPMENT www.iaetsd.in 15