Ijaems apr-2016-29 Application of STATCOM for Enhancing Steady and Dynamic Performance of Distribution System with DFIG Wind Power Generation
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The paper discusses the use of Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) to enhance the performance of distribution systems utilizing Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) wind power generation. It includes mathematical modeling of the system components and dynamic behavior analysis using MATLAB/Simulink, demonstrating that STATCOM improves system dynamics during faults. The study provides insights into the modeling and simulation necessary for optimizing wind energy conversion systems.
![International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-2, Issue-4, April- 2016]
Infogain Publication (Infogainpublication.com) ISSN : 2454-1311
www.ijaems.com Page | 215
Application of STATCOM for Enhancing Steady
and Dynamic Performance of Distribution
System with DFIG Wind Power Generation
K. Prechanon
Department of Electrical Engineering, Kasetsart University at Sriracha Campus, Chonburi, Thailand
Abstract— The paper presents the application of Static
Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) for enhancing
steady and dynamic performance of distribution system with
Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) wind power
generation. The mathematical models of STATCOM, wind
energy conversion system such as wind, wind turbine, drive
train, DFIG, and converter are systematically derived. The
dynamic behavior of the power system with STATCOM
controller is also investigated by using MATLAB/Simulink. It
was found in the simulation results that the STATCOM can
improve the dynamic behavior of the system.
Keywords— STATCOM, Wind Energy, Double Fed
Induction Generator, Power System Dynamic.
I. INTRODUCTION
Because of the global warming concerns, government
around the world is implemented to use the energy that kind
of clean and environmental-friendly energy. Renewable
energy such as ocean energy, solar energy, and wind energy
are suggested to decrease the use of fossil fuels [1-2]. Wind
power generation is continuously increased in the last few
years. Wind energy conversion system consists of wind
turbine, drive train, and generator. Wind turbine converts the
kinetic energy to the mechanical power which is coupled to
the generator [3]. The drive train includes low speed shaft,
high speed shaft and gearbox. With many kinds of generator,
variable speed application is used Permanent Magnet
Synchronous Generator (PMSG) and Double Fed Induction
Generator (DFIG). The variable speed application with
DFIG has gained to use because of more flexible to control
real and reactive power flow. It has a wide range of dynamic
speed control depending on the size of the converter.
Moreover, with the less rating of converter, it cause in
lightweight mechanism structure and cost. The largest wind
power plant in North America is used DFIG [4-5].
The modeling and simulation DFIG based on variable speed
wind energy conversion system play very important role to
study wind, wind turbine, drive train, DFIG and converter
dynamic, it can help us to investigate the dynamic behaviors,
design and improve the converter and pitch controller before
installation for maximum performance [6].
For many years, Flexible AC Transmission System has been
applied for improving steady state and dynamic of power
system. There are various kinds of FACTS devices such as
Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM), Static
Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC), Unified Power
Flow Controller (UPFC), etc [7].
This paper presents the STATCOM, wind energy
conversion, wind turbine, drive train, DFIG, and converter
model connected to grid. The presented model of variable
speed wind energy conversion system dynamic analysis is
implemented in MATLAB/SIMULINK. The study of
dynamic behaviors when a temporary three phase to ground
fault occurrence with DFIG based on wind energy
conversion system was investigated in this paper.
II. MATHEMATICAL MODEL
This Section will provide the mathematical models of
STATCOM and DFIG based on wind energy conversion
system.
STATCOM
Fig. 1: STATCOM
Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) consists of a
solid-state voltage source converter with advanced high-
power electronics switching, dc capacitor and transformer as
shown in Fig. 1. The converter is used to convert dc voltage
into ac voltage. The ac voltage can be controlled both
magnitude and angle. The STATCOM is able to absorb and
supply reactive power by regulating voltage angle same as
line voltage.
Wind Turbine and Drive Train System](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ijaems-apr-2016-29-160501095304/85/Ijaems-apr-2016-29-Application-of-STATCOM-for-Enhancing-Steady-and-Dynamic-Performance-of-Distribution-System-with-DFIG-Wind-Power-Generation-1-320.jpg)
![International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-2, Issue-4, April- 2016]
Infogain Publication (Infogainpublication.com) ISSN : 2454-1311
www.ijaems.com Page | 216
In steady state, the mechanical power which is extracted
from the wind turbine is described by following equation.
Mechanical power of wind turbine is expressed by [8]
3
2
),( v
A
cP pm
ρ
βλ= (1)
λβ
λ
βλ λ
6
/
45
2
1
5
)(),( cecc
c
cc ic
i
p +−−= −
(2) (2)
1
11
3
8
7 +
−
+
=
ββλλ
c
ci
(3) (3)
v
Rω
λ = (4) (4)
Where ββλ ,,),,( vAcp are power coefficient, sweep
area, wind speed and pitch angle, respectively.
0=β
5=β
10=β
15=β
20=β
25=β
30=β
Fig. 1: Wind turbine characteristic
Mechanical torque Tm is the ratio of mechanical power to
turbine speed as given by
ω
m
m
P
T = (5)
The power from the wind turbine can be controlled via the
power coefficient. In practical, it is controlled by adjusting a
pitch angle ( β ) to maintain a power from wind turbine.
Fig. 2 shows the characteristic of wind turbine for various
pitch angles.
A drive train system consists of shaft and gearbox. The
dynamic of the drive train system is described by [9]
tm
t
t TT
dt
d
H +=
ω
2 (6)
gte
g
g FTT
dt
d
H ω
ω
−−=2 (7) (7)
])([ tegtet KDT θωω +−−= (8) (8)
bt
t
dt
d
ωω
θ
= (9) (9)
bt
t
dt
d
ωω
θ
= (10) (10)
Where tH , gH , tω , gω , eK , F and eD are turbine inertia,
generator inertia, turbine speed, generator speed, stiffness,
DFIG damping, equivalent damping coefficient,
respectively.
Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG)
Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) is a wound rotor
induction machine which includes stator and rotor winding.
This fifth order of DFIG in d-q model is used in this paper
[10].
The d-q stator voltage ( qsds uu , ) are described by
qss
b
ds
dssds
dt
d
iRu ϕω
ω
ϕ
−+= (11)
dss
b
qs
qssqs
dt
d
iRu ϕω
ω
ϕ
−+= (12)
The d-q rotor voltage ( qrdr uu , ) are described by
qrrs
b
dr
drrdr
dt
d
iRu ϕωω
ω
ϕ
)( −−+= (13)
drrs
b
qr
qrrqr
dt
d
iRu ϕωω
ω
ϕ
)( −−+= (14)
Where dri , qsi are direct and quadrature axis stator current.
sR , rR are stator and rotor resistance. The sω , rω are
synchronous and DFIG speed.
The d-q stator flux ( qsds ϕϕ , ) include self and mutual flux
linkage are described by
drmdssds iLiL +=ϕ (15)
qrmqssqs iLiL +=ϕ (16)
The d-q rotor flux ( qrdr ϕϕ , drϕ , qrϕ ) include self and
mutual flux linkage are expressed as
dsmdrrdr iLiL +=ϕ (17)
qsmqrrqr iLiL +=ϕ (18)
Where Ls, Lr, and Lm are stator, rotor and mutual inductance,
respectively.
The electromagnetic torque Te is expressed as
( )e ds qs qs dsT i iϕ ϕ= − (19)
Converter
DFIG converter system as shown in Fig. 1 is a back-to-back
converter connected via a DC link capacitor. It consists of
Rotor Side Converter (RSC) and Grid Side Converter (GSC)
.The RSC is controlled voltage source by injecting the ac
voltage at slip frequency to the rotor. The GSC is controlled
voltage source as generates the ac voltage. It maintains the
DC link voltage to be constant value. The converter is
expressed as [11]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ijaems-apr-2016-29-160501095304/85/Ijaems-apr-2016-29-Application-of-STATCOM-for-Enhancing-Steady-and-Dynamic-Performance-of-Distribution-System-with-DFIG-Wind-Power-Generation-2-320.jpg)
![International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-2, Issue-4, April- 2016]
Infogain Publication (Infogainpublication.com) ISSN : 2454-1311
www.ijaems.com Page | 216
In steady state, the mechanical power which is extracted
from the wind turbine is described by following equation.
Mechanical power of wind turbine is expressed by [8]
3
2
),( v
A
cP pm
ρ
βλ= (1)
λβ
λ
βλ λ
6
/
45
2
1
5
)(),( cecc
c
cc ic
i
p +−−= −
(2) (2)
1
11
3
8
7 +
−
+
=
ββλλ
c
ci
(3) (3)
v
Rω
λ = (4) (4)
Where ββλ ,,),,( vAcp are power coefficient, sweep
area, wind speed and pitch angle, respectively.
0=β
5=β
10=β
15=β
20=β
25=β
30=β
Fig. 1: Wind turbine characteristic
Mechanical torque Tm is the ratio of mechanical power to
turbine speed as given by
ω
m
m
P
T = (5)
The power from the wind turbine can be controlled via the
power coefficient. In practical, it is controlled by adjusting a
pitch angle ( β ) to maintain a power from wind turbine.
Fig. 2 shows the characteristic of wind turbine for various
pitch angles.
A drive train system consists of shaft and gearbox. The
dynamic of the drive train system is described by [9]
tm
t
t TT
dt
d
H +=
ω
2 (6)
gte
g
g FTT
dt
d
H ω
ω
−−=2 (7) (7)
])([ tegtet KDT θωω +−−= (8) (8)
bt
t
dt
d
ωω
θ
= (9) (9)
bt
t
dt
d
ωω
θ
= (10) (10)
Where tH , gH , tω , gω , eK , F and eD are turbine inertia,
generator inertia, turbine speed, generator speed, stiffness,
DFIG damping, equivalent damping coefficient,
respectively.
Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG)
Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) is a wound rotor
induction machine which includes stator and rotor winding.
This fifth order of DFIG in d-q model is used in this paper
[10].
The d-q stator voltage ( qsds uu , ) are described by
qss
b
ds
dssds
dt
d
iRu ϕω
ω
ϕ
−+= (11)
dss
b
qs
qssqs
dt
d
iRu ϕω
ω
ϕ
−+= (12)
The d-q rotor voltage ( qrdr uu , ) are described by
qrrs
b
dr
drrdr
dt
d
iRu ϕωω
ω
ϕ
)( −−+= (13)
drrs
b
qr
qrrqr
dt
d
iRu ϕωω
ω
ϕ
)( −−+= (14)
Where dri , qsi are direct and quadrature axis stator current.
sR , rR are stator and rotor resistance. The sω , rω are
synchronous and DFIG speed.
The d-q stator flux ( qsds ϕϕ , ) include self and mutual flux
linkage are described by
drmdssds iLiL +=ϕ (15)
qrmqssqs iLiL +=ϕ (16)
The d-q rotor flux ( qrdr ϕϕ , drϕ , qrϕ ) include self and
mutual flux linkage are expressed as
dsmdrrdr iLiL +=ϕ (17)
qsmqrrqr iLiL +=ϕ (18)
Where Ls, Lr, and Lm are stator, rotor and mutual inductance,
respectively.
The electromagnetic torque Te is expressed as
( )e ds qs qs dsT i iϕ ϕ= − (19)
Converter
DFIG converter system as shown in Fig. 1 is a back-to-back
converter connected via a DC link capacitor. It consists of
Rotor Side Converter (RSC) and Grid Side Converter (GSC)
.The RSC is controlled voltage source by injecting the ac
voltage at slip frequency to the rotor. The GSC is controlled
voltage source as generates the ac voltage. It maintains the
DC link voltage to be constant value. The converter is
expressed as [11]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ijaems-apr-2016-29-160501095304/85/Ijaems-apr-2016-29-Application-of-STATCOM-for-Enhancing-Steady-and-Dynamic-Performance-of-Distribution-System-with-DFIG-Wind-Power-Generation-3-320.jpg)
Ijaems apr-2016-29 Application of STATCOM for Enhancing Steady and Dynamic Performance of Distribution System with DFIG Wind Power Generation
- 1. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-2, Issue-4, April- 2016] Infogain Publication (Infogainpublication.com) ISSN : 2454-1311 www.ijaems.com Page | 215 Application of STATCOM for Enhancing Steady and Dynamic Performance of Distribution System with DFIG Wind Power Generation K. Prechanon Department of Electrical Engineering, Kasetsart University at Sriracha Campus, Chonburi, Thailand Abstract— The paper presents the application of Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) for enhancing steady and dynamic performance of distribution system with Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) wind power generation. The mathematical models of STATCOM, wind energy conversion system such as wind, wind turbine, drive train, DFIG, and converter are systematically derived. The dynamic behavior of the power system with STATCOM controller is also investigated by using MATLAB/Simulink. It was found in the simulation results that the STATCOM can improve the dynamic behavior of the system. Keywords— STATCOM, Wind Energy, Double Fed Induction Generator, Power System Dynamic. I. INTRODUCTION Because of the global warming concerns, government around the world is implemented to use the energy that kind of clean and environmental-friendly energy. Renewable energy such as ocean energy, solar energy, and wind energy are suggested to decrease the use of fossil fuels [1-2]. Wind power generation is continuously increased in the last few years. Wind energy conversion system consists of wind turbine, drive train, and generator. Wind turbine converts the kinetic energy to the mechanical power which is coupled to the generator [3]. The drive train includes low speed shaft, high speed shaft and gearbox. With many kinds of generator, variable speed application is used Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) and Double Fed Induction Generator (DFIG). The variable speed application with DFIG has gained to use because of more flexible to control real and reactive power flow. It has a wide range of dynamic speed control depending on the size of the converter. Moreover, with the less rating of converter, it cause in lightweight mechanism structure and cost. The largest wind power plant in North America is used DFIG [4-5]. The modeling and simulation DFIG based on variable speed wind energy conversion system play very important role to study wind, wind turbine, drive train, DFIG and converter dynamic, it can help us to investigate the dynamic behaviors, design and improve the converter and pitch controller before installation for maximum performance [6]. For many years, Flexible AC Transmission System has been applied for improving steady state and dynamic of power system. There are various kinds of FACTS devices such as Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM), Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC), Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC), etc [7]. This paper presents the STATCOM, wind energy conversion, wind turbine, drive train, DFIG, and converter model connected to grid. The presented model of variable speed wind energy conversion system dynamic analysis is implemented in MATLAB/SIMULINK. The study of dynamic behaviors when a temporary three phase to ground fault occurrence with DFIG based on wind energy conversion system was investigated in this paper. II. MATHEMATICAL MODEL This Section will provide the mathematical models of STATCOM and DFIG based on wind energy conversion system. STATCOM Fig. 1: STATCOM Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) consists of a solid-state voltage source converter with advanced high- power electronics switching, dc capacitor and transformer as shown in Fig. 1. The converter is used to convert dc voltage into ac voltage. The ac voltage can be controlled both magnitude and angle. The STATCOM is able to absorb and supply reactive power by regulating voltage angle same as line voltage. Wind Turbine and Drive Train System
- 2. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-2, Issue-4, April- 2016] Infogain Publication (Infogainpublication.com) ISSN : 2454-1311 www.ijaems.com Page | 216 In steady state, the mechanical power which is extracted from the wind turbine is described by following equation. Mechanical power of wind turbine is expressed by [8] 3 2 ),( v A cP pm ρ βλ= (1) λβ λ βλ λ 6 / 45 2 1 5 )(),( cecc c cc ic i p +−−= − (2) (2) 1 11 3 8 7 + − + = ββλλ c ci (3) (3) v Rω λ = (4) (4) Where ββλ ,,),,( vAcp are power coefficient, sweep area, wind speed and pitch angle, respectively. 0=β 5=β 10=β 15=β 20=β 25=β 30=β Fig. 1: Wind turbine characteristic Mechanical torque Tm is the ratio of mechanical power to turbine speed as given by ω m m P T = (5) The power from the wind turbine can be controlled via the power coefficient. In practical, it is controlled by adjusting a pitch angle ( β ) to maintain a power from wind turbine. Fig. 2 shows the characteristic of wind turbine for various pitch angles. A drive train system consists of shaft and gearbox. The dynamic of the drive train system is described by [9] tm t t TT dt d H += ω 2 (6) gte g g FTT dt d H ω ω −−=2 (7) (7) ])([ tegtet KDT θωω +−−= (8) (8) bt t dt d ωω θ = (9) (9) bt t dt d ωω θ = (10) (10) Where tH , gH , tω , gω , eK , F and eD are turbine inertia, generator inertia, turbine speed, generator speed, stiffness, DFIG damping, equivalent damping coefficient, respectively. Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) is a wound rotor induction machine which includes stator and rotor winding. This fifth order of DFIG in d-q model is used in this paper [10]. The d-q stator voltage ( qsds uu , ) are described by qss b ds dssds dt d iRu ϕω ω ϕ −+= (11) dss b qs qssqs dt d iRu ϕω ω ϕ −+= (12) The d-q rotor voltage ( qrdr uu , ) are described by qrrs b dr drrdr dt d iRu ϕωω ω ϕ )( −−+= (13) drrs b qr qrrqr dt d iRu ϕωω ω ϕ )( −−+= (14) Where dri , qsi are direct and quadrature axis stator current. sR , rR are stator and rotor resistance. The sω , rω are synchronous and DFIG speed. The d-q stator flux ( qsds ϕϕ , ) include self and mutual flux linkage are described by drmdssds iLiL +=ϕ (15) qrmqssqs iLiL +=ϕ (16) The d-q rotor flux ( qrdr ϕϕ , drϕ , qrϕ ) include self and mutual flux linkage are expressed as dsmdrrdr iLiL +=ϕ (17) qsmqrrqr iLiL +=ϕ (18) Where Ls, Lr, and Lm are stator, rotor and mutual inductance, respectively. The electromagnetic torque Te is expressed as ( )e ds qs qs dsT i iϕ ϕ= − (19) Converter DFIG converter system as shown in Fig. 1 is a back-to-back converter connected via a DC link capacitor. It consists of Rotor Side Converter (RSC) and Grid Side Converter (GSC) .The RSC is controlled voltage source by injecting the ac voltage at slip frequency to the rotor. The GSC is controlled voltage source as generates the ac voltage. It maintains the DC link voltage to be constant value. The converter is expressed as [11]
- 3. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-2, Issue-4, April- 2016] Infogain Publication (Infogainpublication.com) ISSN : 2454-1311 www.ijaems.com Page | 216 In steady state, the mechanical power which is extracted from the wind turbine is described by following equation. Mechanical power of wind turbine is expressed by [8] 3 2 ),( v A cP pm ρ βλ= (1) λβ λ βλ λ 6 / 45 2 1 5 )(),( cecc c cc ic i p +−−= − (2) (2) 1 11 3 8 7 + − + = ββλλ c ci (3) (3) v Rω λ = (4) (4) Where ββλ ,,),,( vAcp are power coefficient, sweep area, wind speed and pitch angle, respectively. 0=β 5=β 10=β 15=β 20=β 25=β 30=β Fig. 1: Wind turbine characteristic Mechanical torque Tm is the ratio of mechanical power to turbine speed as given by ω m m P T = (5) The power from the wind turbine can be controlled via the power coefficient. In practical, it is controlled by adjusting a pitch angle ( β ) to maintain a power from wind turbine. Fig. 2 shows the characteristic of wind turbine for various pitch angles. A drive train system consists of shaft and gearbox. The dynamic of the drive train system is described by [9] tm t t TT dt d H += ω 2 (6) gte g g FTT dt d H ω ω −−=2 (7) (7) ])([ tegtet KDT θωω +−−= (8) (8) bt t dt d ωω θ = (9) (9) bt t dt d ωω θ = (10) (10) Where tH , gH , tω , gω , eK , F and eD are turbine inertia, generator inertia, turbine speed, generator speed, stiffness, DFIG damping, equivalent damping coefficient, respectively. Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) is a wound rotor induction machine which includes stator and rotor winding. This fifth order of DFIG in d-q model is used in this paper [10]. The d-q stator voltage ( qsds uu , ) are described by qss b ds dssds dt d iRu ϕω ω ϕ −+= (11) dss b qs qssqs dt d iRu ϕω ω ϕ −+= (12) The d-q rotor voltage ( qrdr uu , ) are described by qrrs b dr drrdr dt d iRu ϕωω ω ϕ )( −−+= (13) drrs b qr qrrqr dt d iRu ϕωω ω ϕ )( −−+= (14) Where dri , qsi are direct and quadrature axis stator current. sR , rR are stator and rotor resistance. The sω , rω are synchronous and DFIG speed. The d-q stator flux ( qsds ϕϕ , ) include self and mutual flux linkage are described by drmdssds iLiL +=ϕ (15) qrmqssqs iLiL +=ϕ (16) The d-q rotor flux ( qrdr ϕϕ , drϕ , qrϕ ) include self and mutual flux linkage are expressed as dsmdrrdr iLiL +=ϕ (17) qsmqrrqr iLiL +=ϕ (18) Where Ls, Lr, and Lm are stator, rotor and mutual inductance, respectively. The electromagnetic torque Te is expressed as ( )e ds qs qs dsT i iϕ ϕ= − (19) Converter DFIG converter system as shown in Fig. 1 is a back-to-back converter connected via a DC link capacitor. It consists of Rotor Side Converter (RSC) and Grid Side Converter (GSC) .The RSC is controlled voltage source by injecting the ac voltage at slip frequency to the rotor. The GSC is controlled voltage source as generates the ac voltage. It maintains the DC link voltage to be constant value. The converter is expressed as [11]