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Local Area Networks – The Basics
Learning Objectives
After reading this chapter you should be able to:
• State the definition of a local area network.
• List the primary function, activities, and application areas of a local area network.
• Cite the advantages and disadvantages of local area networks.
• Identify the physical and logical local area networks.
• Specify the different medium access control techniques.
• Recognize the different IEEE 802 frame formats.
• Describe the common wired local area network systems.
Chapter Outline
1. Introduction
2. Primary Function of Local Area Networks
3. Advantages and Disadvantages of Local Area Networks
4. The First Local Area Network – The Bus/Tree
5. A More Modern LAN
a. Contention-based protocols
6. Switches
a. Isolating traffic patterns and providing multiple access
b. Full-duplex switches
c. Virtual LANs
d. Link aggregation
e. Spanning tree algorithm
f. Quality of service
7. Wired Ethernet
8. Wired Ethernet Frame Format
Chapter 7
9. LANs In Action: A Small Office Solution
10. Summary
Lecture Notes
Introduction
A local area network (LAN) is a communication network that interconnects a variety of data
communicating devices within a small geographic area and broadcasts data at high data transfer
rates with very low error rates. Since the local area network first appeared in the 1970s, its use
has become widespread in commercial and academic environments. It would be very difficult to
imagine a collection of personal computers within a computing environment that does not
employ some form of local area network. This chapter begins by discussing the basic layouts or
topologies of the most commonly found local area networks, followed by the medium access
control protocols that allow a workstation to transmit data on the network. We will then examine
most of the common Ethernet products.
Functions of a Local Area Network
The majority of users expect a local area network to perform the following functions and provide
the following applications: file serving, database and application serving, print serving,
electronic mail, remote links, video transfers, process control and monitoring, and distributed
processing.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Local Area Networks
Local area networks have several advantages, including hardware and software sharing,
workstation survival during network failure, component and system evolution, heterogeneous
mix of hardware and software, and access to other LANs, WANs, and mainframe computers.
Disadvantages include complexity, maintenance costs, and the network is only as strong as the
weakest link.
The First Local Area Network – The Bus/Tree
The bus local area network was the first physical design when LANs became commercially
available in the late 1970s, and it essentially consists of a single cable, or bus, to which all
devices attach. Since then the bus has diminished significantly to the point of near extinction. It
is interesting to note that cable television signals are still delivered by a network bus. Thus,
understanding the bus/tee network is still important.
A More Modern LAN
The most popular configuration for a local area network is the star-wired bus. This form of LAN
should not be confused with an older technology called the star topology. Today’s modern star-
wired bus network acts like a bus but looks like a star. The logical design of operates as a bus
where one workstation can transmit to all other workstations. The physical design, however,
more resembles a star, with the hub or switch acting as the central point.
Contention-based Protocols
A medium access control protocol is part of the software that allows a workstation to place data
onto a local area network. Depending on the network’s topology, several types of protocols may
be applicable. The bottom line with all medium access control protocols is this: Since a local
area network is a broadcast network, it is imperative that only one workstation at a time be
allowed to transmit its data onto the network. In the case of a broadband local area network,
which can support multiple channels at the same time, it is imperative that only one workstation
at a time be allowed to transmit its data onto a channel on the network. There remains only one
basic category of medium access control protocol for local area networks: contention-based.
Switches
A switch is a combination of a hub and a bridge and can interconnect multiple workstations like
a hub but can also filter out frames providing a segmentation of the network. Switches can
provide a significant decrease in interconnection traffic and increase the throughput of the
interconnected networks while requiring no additional cabling or rearranging of the network
devices. Modern switches can provide full-duplex connections, virtual LANs, aggregated links,
support spanning tree algorithms, and provide quality of service levels.
Wired Ethernet
The various versions of wired Ethernet include the older 10 Mbps systems, 100 Mbps, Gigabit,
and 10 Gbps.
Wired Ethernet Frame Format
The IEEE 802 set of standards has split the data link layer into two sublayers: the medium access
control sublayer and the logical link control sublayer. The medium access control (MAC)
sublayer works more closely with the physical layer and contains a header, computer (physical)
addresses, error detection codes, and control information. The logical link control (LLC)
sublayer is primarily responsible for logical addressing and providing error control and flow
control information.
LANs In Action: A Small Office Solution
The first In Action example examines how a small business decides to incorporate a LAN into
their business solution. The business included 35 - 40 workstations with word processing,
spreadsheets, and database applications. In order to add internal e-mail, a central database
system, and print sharing, the company will consider the addition of a local area network.
Quick Quiz
1. What are the major functions of a LAN?
File and print serving, access to other LANs, WANs and mainframes, distributed processing, and
process control.
2. What are the various medium access control techniques?
Contention-based. Round robin systems have essentially disappeared.
3. What is the difference between a hub, a switch, and a router?
Hub broadcasts any input onto all outgoing lines; switch replaces a hub and provides filtering;
router interconnects a LAN with a WAN.
4. What are the basic functions of a network server?
Holds network operating system as well as application programs and data set; may also function
as a hub, switch, bridge or router.
Discussion Topics
1. Couldn’t IEEE have made a single frame format for all the forms of local area networks?
2. Are LANs a stable technology or are they changing just as quickly as other forms of
communication technologies?
3. Is Ethernet that good that it’s the predominant form of LAN? Will everything eventually be
Ethernet / CSMA/CD?
4. Will hubs be obsolete someday?
5. What are the advantages of creating virtual LANs?
Teaching Tips
1. Be sure to emphasize the difference between logical view and physical view. For example, a
star-wired bus logically acts like a bus but physically looks like a star. A star-wire ring logically
acts like a ring but physically looks like a star. A bus logically and physically is a bus.
2. The frame is the name of the package at the data link layer. It is the frame that is placed onto
the medium of the physical layer. The IEEE 802 frame formats describe the layout of the frame
and what the data looks like as it moves over a LAN. The frame addresses are the ones used to
address a NIC in a machine. This is not the address that is used to send a packet over the Internet
(that is the IP address).
3. Discuss the non-determinism of the CSMA/CD LAN and how collisions in hub-based LANs
create this characteristic. Discuss how switches and no collisions have changed things.
4. What kind of mix does your school or company have of hubs, routers, and switches? Use this
information as an example in class.
5. Take your students to one or more locations on campus and show them an actual, working hub
/ switch / router.
6. Make sure you emphasize how a switch filters out unnecessary packets.
Solutions to Review Questions
1. What is the definition of a local area network?
A communication network that interconnects a variety of data communicating devices within a
small geographic area and broadcasts data at high data transfer rates with very low error rates.
2. List the primary activities and application areas of a local area network.
File serving, print serving, connection to other networks and mainframes.
3. List the advantages and disadvantages of local area networks.
Adv: Share files and devices, intercommunication.
Disadv: Maintenance, complexity, costs.
4. What are the basic layouts of local area networks? List two advantages that each layout
has over the others.
Bus: Uses low noise coaxial cable, inexpensive taps.
Star-wired bus: Simple to interconnect, easy to add components, most popular.
Star-wired ring: Simple to interconnect and easy to add components (but no more so than star-
wired bus).
5. What is meant by a passive device?
A signal that enters is neither amplified nor regenerated. The signal is simply passed on.
6. What is meant by a bidirectional signal?
A signal that propagates in either direction on a medium.
7. What are the primary differences between baseband technology and broadband
technology?
Baseband is a signal digital signal while broadband is analog and may carry many signals.
8. What purpose does a hub serve?
The hub is a collection point for workstations.
9. What is the difference between a physical design and a logical design?
Physical is the wiring and components, logical is how the software passes the data.
10. What is a medium access control protocol?
The software that allows a workstation to insert its data onto the LAN.
11. What are the basic operating principles behind CSMA/CD?
CSMA/CD: Listen to medium, if no one transmitting, transmit. Continue to listen for collisions.
If someone is transmitting, wait.
12. What is meant by a “nondeterministic” protocol?
You cannot determine precisely when a workstation will get a chance to transmit (because of
potential collisions).
13. What does the term 100BaseT stand for?
One hundred mega-bits per second transmission over baseband (digital) signals, using twisted
pair wiring.
14. What is the difference between Fast Ethernet and regular Ethernet?
Fast Ethernet transmits at 100 Mbps while regular Ethernet transmits at 10 Mbps.
15. What are the latest 10-Gbps Ethernet standards?
10GBase-fiber, 10GBase-T, 10GBase-CS
16. What is the primary advantage of power over Ethernet? The primary disadvantage?
Primary advantage is not having to run a separate power line to power device; primary
disadvantage is making sure the switch has enough power to run PoE devices.
17. How does a transparent switch work?
Observes traffic on a LAN and creates a set of forwarding tables; filters traffic
18. What is the purpose of a virtual LAN?
To create a logical subgroup of multiple workstations and servers.
19. How does a switch encapsulate a message for transmission?
It really doesn’t encapsulate anything. Switch looks at NIC/MAC addresses and forwards
accordingly.
20. When referring to a hub or a switch, what is a port?
The port is the connection that is used to connect a workstation or another hub or switch to this
hub or switch.
21. What are the basic functions of a switch?
A switch examines a packet’s destination address and routes the packet to the appropriate
workstation.
22. How does a switch differ from a hub?
Switch examines addresses, hub does not. A switch has multiple ports and takes the place of a
hub.
23. What is cut-through architecture?
The device is passing the data packet on before it has even finished entering the device.
24. How is a full-duplex switch different from a switch?
Full duplex switch has one set of lines for receiving and one set of lines for transmitting, thus it
can do both operations at the same time.
25. What is meant by link aggregation?
The process of combining two or more links into one logical fat link.
Suggested Solutions to Exercises
1. What properties set a local area network apart from other forms of networks?
Small geographic distances using broadband transmissions.
2. Describe an example of a broadband bus system.
Cable modems, video surveillance systems, cable television.
3. Is a hub a passive device? Explain.
Not completely. A hub does regenerate a digital signal. And there may be some simple network
management functions performed in a hub.
4. Which of the Ethernet standards (10 Mbps, 100 Mbps, 1000 Mbps, 10 Gbps) allow for
twisted pair media? What are the corresponding IEEE standard names?
Currently all but 10 Gbps Ethernet can run over twisted pair.
5. If a network were described as 1000BaseT, list everything you know about that network.
CSMA/CD LAN, 1000 Mbps transmission, baseband or digital signaling, twisted pair wiring.
6. In the IEEE 802.3 frame forma, what is the PAD field used for? What is the minimum
packet size?
PAD field makes sure the frame is not mis-interpreted as a runt. Minimum packet size is 64
bytes.
7. Suppose workstation A wants to send the message HELLO to workstation B. Both
workstations are on an IEEE 802.3 local area network. Workstation A has the binary
address “1" and workstation B has the binary address “10." Show the resulting MAC
sublayer frame (in binary) that is transmitted. Don’t calculate a CRC; just make one up.
HEADER 10 1 5(data length) HELLO PAD(33 bytes) CHECKSUM
8. What is the difference between the physical representation of a star-wired ring LAN and
the logical representation?
A star-wired ring LAN physically looks like a star but acts logically like a ring. A star-wired bus
physically looks like a star but acts logically like a bus.
9. How is a hub similar to a switch? How are they different?
Not too much similar. They both physically connect into the network the same. Both forward
frames. But a switch looks at the MAC address and either forwards or drops the frame.
10. Are hubs and switches interchangeable? Explain.
Yes. But results can be quite different.
11. a. The local area network shown in Figure 7-21 has two hubs (X and Y) interconnecting
the workstations and servers. What workstations and servers will receive a copy of a
packet if the following workstations/servers transmit a message:
• Workstation 1 sends a message to workstation 3:
• Workstation 2 sends a message to Server 1:
• Server 1 sends a message to workstation 3:
All devices will receive all messages.
b. Replace hub Y with a switch. Now what workstations and servers will receive a copy of a
packet if the following workstations/servers transmit a message:
• Workstation 1 sends a message to workstation 3:
• Workstation 2 sends a message to Server 1:
• Server 1 sends a message to workstation 3:
Workstations 1, 2 and 3.
Workstations 1, 2 and the server.
Only workstation 3.
12. A transparent switch is inserted between two local area networks ABC and XYZ.
Network ABC has workstations 1, 2 and 3, and network XYZ has workstations 4, 5, and 6.
Show the contents of the two forwarding tables in the switch as the following packets are
transmitted. Both forwarding tables start off empty.
• Workstation 2 sends a packet to workstation 3.
• Workstation 2 sends a packet to workstation 5.
• Workstation 1 sends a packet to workstation 2.
• Workstation 2 sends a packet to workstation 3.
• Workstation 2 sends a packet to workstation 6.
• Workstation 6 sends a packet to workstation 3.
• Workstation 5 sends a packet to workstation 4.
• Workstation 2 sends a packet to workstation 1.
• Workstation 1 sends a packet to workstation 3.
• Workstation 1 sends a packet to workstation 5.
• Workstation 5 sends a packet to workstation 4.
• Workstation 4 sends a packet to workstation 5.
At the end:
Routing table on ABC’s port: 1, 2
Routing table on XYZ’s port: 4,5,6
13. Give an example of a situation in which a virtual LAN might be a useful tool in a
business environment. What about in an educational environment?
If you want a certain group of users to work together on a project, you might want to place them
on a virtual LAN. Likewise for school.
14. What does it mean when a switch or device is cut-through? What is the main
disadvantage of a cut-through switch? Is there a way to solve this disadvantage of a cut-
through switch without losing the advantages?
Cut-through means the beginning of the data packet is leaving the switch before the end of the
packet has entered the switch. Disadvantage is errors are propagated. Not if you want to keep it
truly cut-through.
15. Give a common business example that mimics the differences between a shared network
segment and a dedicated network segment.
Wide range of possible answers here.
16. Your company’s switch between its two networks has just died. You have a router
lying on your desk that is not currently being used. Will the router work in place of the
broken bridge? Explain.
No. Routers operate on IP addresses, while switches operate on NIC addresses.
17. A CSMA/CD network is connected to the Internet via a router. A user on the
CSMA/CD network sends an e-mail to a user on the Internet. Show how the e-mail
message is encapsulated as it leaves the CSMA/CD network, enters the router, and then
leaves the router.
Leaving the LAN:
Data
App + Data
TCP + App + Data
IP + TCP + App + Data
MAC + IP + TCP + App + Data + MAC
Entering router:
MAC + IP + TCP + App + Data + MAC
IP + TCP + App + Data
Leaving router
IP + TCP + App + Data
WAN + IP + TCP + App + Data + WAN
18. Given the following network (Figure 7-22), show how the Spanning Tree Protocol will
eliminate the cyclic path.
The protocol will probably “remove” the bottom link on the far-right switch and the bottom link
on the switch immediately to the left of the far-right switch.
Thinking Outside the Box
1. You can interconnect all cash registers into one or two centrally located switches or hubs. Cat
5e/6 twisted pair should be sufficient. If hubs/switches can’t be centrally located and cable
distance exceeds 100 meters, be careful. Might need better medium. Can also connect using
multiplexing solution from earlier chapter.
Problems 2-6: Many possible solutions here.
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Sidgwick. With Steel Portrait. Crown 8vo., cloth, 7s. 6d.
“This is a singularly brilliant, delicate and fascinating sketch—one of the
most skilful pieces of literary workmanship we have seen for a long time....
Mrs. Sidgwick is a writer of very unusual equipment, power and promise.”
British Weekly.
Amos Kilbright: His Adscititious Adventures. With other
Stories. By Frank R. Stockton. 8vo., cloth, 3s. 6d.
“Mr. Stockton is the quaintest of living humorists.”—Academy.
T
History.
he Vikings in Western Christendom,
A.D. 789-888. By C. F. Keary, Author of “Outlines of Primitive
Belief,” “The Dawn of History,” &c. With Map and Tables. Demy
8vo., cloth, 16s.
National Life and Thought; Or, Lectures on Various
Nations of the World. Delivered at South Place Institute by
Professor Thorold Rogers, J. S. Cotton Minchin, W. R. Morfill, F.
H. Groome, J. Theodore Bent, Professor A. Pülsky, Eirike Magnusson,
and other Specialists. Demy 8vo., cloth, 10s. 6d.
These Lectures attracted much attention in the Session of 1889-90, and are
now reprinted to meet the desire of a very large public. In each case the
authors have striven to put their audience in thorough sympathy with the
National Life and Thought of the Nations treated of.
Battles and Leaders of the American Civil
War. An Authoritative History, written by Distinguished
Participants on both sides. Edited by Robert U. Johnson and
Clarence C. Buel, of the Editorial Staff of “The Century
Magazine.” Four Volumes, Royal 8vo., elegantly bound, £5 5s.
Lord Wolseley, in writing a series of articles in the North American Review
on this work, says: “The Century Company has, in my judgment, done a great
service to the soldiers of all armies by the publication of these records of the
great War.”
Diary of the Parnell Commission. Revised with
Additions, from The Daily News. By John Macdonald, M.A. Large
crown 8vo, cloth, 6s.
“Mr. Macdonald has done his work well.”—Speaker.
The End of the Middle Ages: Essays and
Questions in History. By A. Mary F. Robinson (Madame
Darmesteter). Demy 8vo., cloth, 10s. 6d.
“We travel from convent to palace, find ourselves among all the goodness,
the wisdom, the wildness, the wickedness, the worst and the best of that
wonderful time. We meet with devoted saints and desperate sinners.... We
seem to have made many new acquaintances whom before we only knew by
name among the names of history.... We can heartily recommend this book to
every one who cares for the study of history, especially in its most curious and
fascinating period, the later middle age.”—Spectator.
The Federalist: A Commentary in the Form of Essays on
the United States Constitution. By Alexander Hamilton, and
others. Edited by Henry Cabot Lodge. Demy 8vo., Roxburgh
binding, 10s. 6d.
“The importance of the Essays can hardly be exaggerated.”—Glasgow Mail.
The Story of the Nations. Crown 8vo., Illustrated,
and furnished with Maps and Indexes, each 5s.
“L’interessante serie l’Histoire des Nations formera ... un cours d’histoire
universelle d’une très grande valeur.”—Journal des Debats.
“That useful series.”—The Times.
“An admirable series.”—Spectator.
“That excellent series.”—Guardian.
“The series is likely to be found indispensable in every school library.”—Paul
Mall Gazette.
“This valuable series.”—Nonconformist.
“Admirable series of historical monographs.”—Echo.
“Each volume is written by one of the most foremost English authorities on the
subject with which it deals.... It is almost impossible to over-estimate the
value of a series of carefully prepared volumes, such as are the majority of
those comprising this library.... The illustrations make one of the most
attractive features of the series.”—The Guardian.
Rome. By Arthur Gilman, M.A., Author of “A History of the
American People,” &c. Third edition.
The Jews. In Ancient, Mediæval, and Modern Times. By Prof.
J. K. Hosmer. Second edition.
Germany. By Rev. S. Baring-Gould, Author of “Curious Myths of
the Middle Ages,” &c. Second edition.
Carthage. By Prof. Alfred J. Church, Author of “Stories from the
Classics,” &c. Third edition.
Alexander’s Empire. By Prof. J. P. Mahaffy, Author of
“Social Life in Greece.” Fourth edition.
The Moors in Spain. By Stanley Lane-Poole, Author of
“Studies in a Mosque.” Third edition.
Ancient Egypt. By Canon Rawlinson, Author of “The Five
Great Monarchies of the World.” Third edition.
Hungary. By Prof. Arminius Vambéry, Author of “Travels in Central
Asia.” Second edition.
The Saracens: From the Earliest Times to the Fall of
Bagdad. By Arthur Gilman, M.A., Author of “Rome,” &c.
Ireland. By the Hon. Emily Lawless, Author of “Hurrish.” Third
edition.
Chaldea. By Z. A. Ragozin, Author of “Assyria,” &c. Second
edition.
The Goths. By Henry Bradley. Second edition.
Assyria. By Zénaïde A. Ragozin, Author of “Chaldea,” &c.
Turkey. By Stanley Lane-Poole. Second edition.
Holland. By Professor Thorold Rogers. Second edition.
Mediæval France. By Gustave Masson. Second edition.
Persia. By S. G. W. Benjamin. Second edition.
Phœnicia. By Canon Rawlinson.
Media. By Z. A. Ragozin.
The Hansa Towns. By Helen Zimmern.
Early Britain. By Prof. A. J. Church, Author of “Carthage,” &c.
Russia. By W. R. Morfill, M.A.
The Barbary Corsairs. By Stanley Lane-Poole.
The Jews under the Roman Empire. By W.
Douglas Morrison, M.A.
Scotland. By John Macintosh, LL.D.
Switzerland. By Lina Hug and R. Stead.
Mexico. By Susan Hale.
(For further information, see “Nation Series” Catalogue. Sent to
any address on application to the Publisher.)
T
Biography.
he Autobiography of Joseph Jefferson
(“Rip Van Winkle”). With many full-page Portraits and other
Illustrations. Royal 8vo., 16s.
This celebrated actor’s autobiography is one of the most amusing ever
penned. It abounds in droll stories and anecdotes of theatrical life, and is
copious in recollections of the famous people of all ranks Jefferson mixed with.
Nelson: The Public and Private Life of Horatio, Viscount Nelson.
By G. Lathom Browne, Barrister-at-Law, Author of “Wellington,”
“Narratives of State Trials,” &c. With Heliogravure frontispiece
Portrait, 11 full-page Illustrations of portraits and relics of
Nelson, hitherto unpublished, and 4 Maps. Demy 8vo., cloth, gilt
tops, 18s.
Mr. Lathom Browne has had access to the documents and relics of Nelson
in the possession of Earl Nelson and Viscount Bridport (Duke of Bronté); and
by the thorough re-examination of all existing material has presented what
has long been wanting—an impartial, exhaustive, and critical Life of Nelson,
told largely from the point of view of his own letters and eye witnesses of his
naval career.
Abraham Lincoln: A History. By John G. Nicolay and John
Hay. With many full-page Illustrations, Portraits, and Maps.
Royal 8vo., complete in 10 vols., bound in cloth, price £6 the
Set.
“We claim for our work that we have devoted to it twenty years of almost
unremitting assiduity; that we have neglected no means in our power to
ascertain the truth; that we have rejected no authentic facts essential to a
candid story; that we have had no theory to establish, no personal grudge to
gratify, no unavowed objects to subserve. We have aimed to write a
sufficiently full and absolutely honest history of a great man and a great
time.”—Extract from Author’s Preface.
Sir John Hawkwood (l’Acuto). Story of a
Condottiere. Translated from the Italian of John Temple-Leader
and Giuseppe Marcotti, by Leader Scott. Illustrated. Royal 8vo.,
bound in buckram, gilt tops. Limited Edition.
“The career of such a man was well worth recording.... A valuable and
interesting book.”—Glasgow Herald.
The Life & Times of William Lloyd
Garrison. From 1840-1879. By His Children. Vols. III. and
IV., completing the work. Portraits and Illustrations. Demy 8vo.,
cloth, 30s.
“There is something to be learnt in every page, and the diversity of
subjects taken up by this strong, resolute nature, make it altogether a book of
the age.”—Daily Telegraph.
Anne Gilchrist: Her Life and Writings. Edited by Herbert
Harlakenden Gilchrist. Prefatory Notice by William Michael
Rossetti. Second edition. Twelve Illustrations. Demy 8vo., cloth,
16s.
Life and Times of Girolamo Savonarola. By
Pasquale Villari. Translated by Linda Villari. Portraits and
Illustrations. Two vols. Third Edition, with New Preface. Demy
8vo., cloth, 21s.
“We welcome the translation of this excellent work—which is all a
translation ought to be.”—Spectator.
Charles Dickens as I knew Him: The Story of
the Reading Tours in Great Britain and America (1866-1870). By
George Dolby. New and cheaper edition. Crown 8vo., 3s. 6d.
“It will be welcome to all lovers of Dickens for Dickens’ own sake.”—
Athenæum.
Ole Bull: A Memoir. By Sara C. Bull. With Ole Bull’s “Violin
Notes” and Dr. A. B. Crosby’s “Anatomy of the Violinist.”
Portraits. Second edition. Crown 8vo., cloth, 7s. 6d.
Johannes Brahms: A Biographical Sketch. By Dr. Herman
Deiters. Translated, with additions, by Rosa Newmarch. Edited,
with a Preface, by J. A. Fuller Maitland. Portrait. Small crown
8vo., cloth, 6s.
The Lives of Robert and Mary Moffat. By
their Son, John Smith Moffat. Sixth edition. Portraits, Illustrations,
and Maps. Crown 8vo., cloth, 7s. 6d.; Popular Edition, crown
8vo., 3s. 6d.
“The biographer has done his work with reverent care, and in a
straightforward unaffected style.”—Contemporary Review.
The German Emperor and Empress: The
Late Frederick III. and Victoria. The Story of their Lives. By
Dorothea Roberts. Portraits. Crown 8vo., cloth, 2s. 6d.
“A book sure to be popular in domestic circles.”—The Graphic.
Arminius Vambéry: His Life and Adventures. Written by
Himself. With Portrait and Fourteen Illustrations. Fifth and
Popular Edition. Square Imperial 16mo., cloth extra, 6s.
“The work is written in a most captivating manner.”—Novoe Vremya,
Moscow.
T
Theology and Philosophy.
he Wider Hope: Essays and Strictures on the
Doctrine and Literature of a Future. By Numerous Writers, Lay
and Clerical: Canon Farrar, the late Principal Tulloch, the late
Rev. J. Baldwin Brown, the Very Rev. E. H. Plumptre, D.D., Rev. William
Arthur, Rev. James H. Rigg, Rev. Henry Allon, D.D. With a Paper by
Thomas de Quincey, and a Bibliography of Recent Eschatology as
contained in the British Museum. Crown 8vo., cloth, 7s. 6d.
“A mass of material which will certainly prove useful to students of the
subject. Here they will find a large body of valuable opinion on a topic
perennially attractive.”—Globe.
The Treasure Book of Consolation: For all in
Sorrow or Suffering. By Benjamin Orme, M.A. Popular Edition.
Crown 8vo., cloth extra, gilt edges, 3s. 6d.
“It is a useful book for ministers, and will prove an invaluable boon for
those in whose special interest it has been compiled.”—Christian World.
The Questions of the Bible, Arranged in the Order
of the Books of Scripture, with Connective Readings and Tables.
By W. Carnelley. Demy 8vo., cloth, 7s. 6d.
“The book will be a useful one for theologians and students.”—Fireside
News.
“A book of peculiar value to all who study the Bible.”—Christian.
The House and Its Builder, with Other Discourses:
A Book for the Doubtful. By Dr. Samuel Cox. Third Edition. Small
crown 8vo., paper, 2s. 6d.; cloth, 3s.
“Expositions.” By the same Author. In Four Volumes, demy
8vo., cloth, price 7s. 6d. each
“We have said enough to show our high opinion of Dr. Cox’s volume. It is
indeed full of suggestion.... A valuable volume.”—The Spectator.
“Here, too, we have the clear exegetical insight, the lucid expository style,
the chastened but effective eloquence, the high ethical standpoint, which
secured for the earlier series a well-nigh unanimous award of
commendation.”—Academy.
“When we say that the volume possesses all the intellectual, moral, and
spiritual characteristics which have won for its author so distinguished a place
among the religious teachers of our time ... what further recommendation can
be necessary?”—Nonconformist.
The Risen Christ: The King of Men. By the late Rev. J.
Baldwin Brown, M.A. Second and Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo.,
cloth, 3s. 6d.
“We have again felt in reading these nervous, spiritual, and eloquent
sermons how great a preacher has passed away.”—Nonconformist.
Christian Facts and Forces. By the Rev. Newman
Smyth, Author of “The Reality of Faith.” New edition. Crown 8vo.,
cloth, 4s. 6d.
“An able and suggestive series of discourses.”—Nonconformist.
“These sermons abound in noble and beautiful teaching clearly and
eloquently expressed.”—Christian.
Inspiration and the Bible: An Inquiry. By Robert
Horton, M.A., formerly Fellow of New College, Oxford. Fourth
and Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo., cloth, 3s. 6d.
“The work displays much earnest thought, and a sincere belief in, and love
of the Bible.”—Morning Post.
“It will be found to be a good summary, written in no iconoclastic spirit, but
with perfect candour and fairness, of some of the more important results of
recent Biblical criticism ”—Scotsman.
Faint, yet Pursuing. By the Rev. E. J. Hardy, Author of
“How to be Happy though Married.” Sq. imp. 16mo., cloth, 6s.
Cheaper Edition, 3s. 6d.
“One of the most practical and readable volumes of sermons ever
published. They must have been eminently hearable.”—British Weekly.
The Meditations and Maxims of Koheleth.
A Practical Exposition of the Book of Ecclesiastes. By Rev. T.
Campbell Finlayson. Crown 8vo., 6s.
“A thoughtful and practical commentary on a book of Holy Scripture which
needs much spiritual wisdom for its exposition.... Sound and judicious
handling.”—Rock.
The Pharaohs of the Bondage and the
Exodus. Lectures by Charles S. Robinson, D.D., LL.D. Second
edition. Large crown 8vo., cloth, 5s.
“Both lectures are conceived in a very earnest spirit, and are developed
with much dignity and force. We have the greatest satisfaction in commending
it to the attention of Biblical students and Christian ministers.”—Literary World.
The Reality of Faith. By the Rev. Newman Smyth, D.D.,
Author of “Old Faiths in New Light.” Fourth and cheaper edition.
Crown 8vo., cloth, 4s. 6d.
“They are fresh and beautiful expositions of those deep things, those
foundation truths, which underlie Christian faith and spiritual life in their varied
manifestations.”—Christian Age.
A Layman’s Study of the English Bible.
Considered in its Literary and Secular Aspects. By Francis Bowen,
LL.D. Crown 8vo., cloth, 4s. 6d.
“Most heartily do we recommend this little volume to the careful study, not
only of those whose faith is not yet fixed and settled, but of those whose love
for it and reliance on it grows with their growing years.”—Nonconformist.
The Parousia. A Critical Inquiry into the New Testament
Doctrine of Our Lord’s Second Coming. By the Rev. J. S. Russell,
M.A. New and cheaper edition. Demy 8vo., cloth, 7s. 6d.
“Critical, in the best sense of the word. Unlike many treatises on the
subject, this is a sober and reverent investigation, and abounds in a careful
and instructive exegesis of every passage bearing upon it.”—Nonconformist.
The Gain of Life, and Other Essays. By
William Chatterton Coupland, D.Sc., M.A. Crown 8vo., cloth, 6s.
“The work is so well written as to be likely to attract readers not specially
addicted to metaphysics.”—Scotsman.
The Ethic of Freethought: A Selection of Essays and
Lectures. By Karl Pearson, M.A., formerly Fellow of King’s
College, Cambridge. Demy 8vo., cloth, 12s.
“Are characterised by much learning, much keen and forcible thinking, and
a fearlessness of denunciation and exposition.”—Scotsman.
Personal Creeds; or, How to form a Working Theory of
Life. By Newman Smyth, D.D., Author of “The Reality of Faith,” &c.
Crown 8vo., cloth, 2s. 6d.
The Nature and Method of Revelation. By
George Park Fisher, D.D., LL.D., Titus Street Professor of
Ecclesiastical History in Yale University. Crown 8vo., cloth, 4s.
6d.
Descartes and His School. By Kuno Fischer.
Translated from the Third and Revised German Edition by J. P.
Gordy, Ph.D. Edited by Noah Porter, D.D., LL.D. Demy 8vo.,
cloth, 16s.
“A valuable addition to the literature of Philosophy.”—Scotsman.
“No greater service could be done to English and American students than to
give them a trustworthy rendering of Kuno Fischer’s brilliant expositions.”—
Mind.
Socrates: A Translation of the Apology, Crito, and Parts of the
Phædo of Plato. 12mo., cloth, 3s. 6d.
“The translation is clear and elegant.”—Morning Post.
A Day in Athens with Socrates: Translations
from the Protagoras and the Republic of Plato. 12mo., cloth, 3s.
6d.
“We can commend these volumes to the English reader, as giving him what
he wants—the Socratic ... philosophy at first hand, with a sufficiency of
explanatory and illustrative comment.”—Pall Mall Gazette.
Talks with Socrates about Life: Translations from
the Gorgias and the Republic of Plato. 12mo., cloth, 3s. 6d.
“A real service is rendered to the general reader who has no Greek, and to
whom the two ancient philosophers are only names, by the publication of
these three inviting little volumes.... Every young man who is forming a library
ought to add them to his collection.”—Christian Leader.
Natural Causation. An Essay in Four Parts. By C. E.
Plumptre, Author of “General Sketch of the History of Pantheism,”
&c. Demy 8vo., cloth, 7s. 6d.
“While many will find in this volume much from which they will dissent,
there is in it a great deal that is deserving of careful consideration, and a great
deal that is calculated to stimulate thought.”—Scotsman.
W
Travel.
ith the Beduins: A Narrative of Journeys to the
East of the Jordan and Dead Sea, Palmyra, &c. By Gray
Hill. Numerous Illustrations and Map. Demy 8vo., cloth gilt,
15s.
The author and his wife, in attempting to reach Petra, in 1890, fell into the
hands of Beduins and were held for a ransom, and experienced other
interesting adventures.
Our Journey to the Hebrides. By Joseph Pennell
and Elizabeth Robbins Pennell. 43 Illustrations by Joseph Pennell.
Crown 8vo., cloth, 7s. 6d.
“It will be easily understood that we could not plan a route out of our
ignorance and prejudice. It remained to choose a guide, and our choice, I
hardly know why, fell upon Dr. Johnson.”—Preface.
Studies in the South and West, with Comments
on Canada. By Charles Dudley Warner, Author of “Their
Pilgrimage.” Crown 8vo., 10s. 6d.
“The Studies give us a charming account of the old social life in the
Southern States.”—Scots Observer.
Ranch Life and the Hunting Trail. By Theodore
Roosevelt, Author of “Hunting Trips of a Ranchman.” Profusely
Illustrated. Small 4to., cloth elegant, 21s.
“It contains the highest excellence of letter-press and engraving.”—
Saturday Review.
Rides and Studies in the Canary Isles. By
Charles Edwardes. With many Illustrations and Maps. Crown 8vo.,
cloth, 10s. 6d.
“An honest piece of work done by a capable hand.”—Academy.
Guatemala: The Land of the Quetzal. By William T. Brigham.
Twenty-six full-page and Seventy-nine smaller Illustrations. Five
Maps. Demy 8vo., cloth, £1 1s.
“A book of laborious research, keen observation, and accurate information
concerning a region about which previously scarcely anything was known.”—
Leeds Mercury.
The Decline of British Prestige in the
East. By Selim Faris, Editor of the Arabic “El-Jawaïb” of
Constantinople Crown 8vo., cloth, 5s.
“A perusal of his book must do the English reader good.”—Asiatic Quarterly
Review.
Daily Life in India. By the Rev. W. J. Wilkins. Illustrated.
Crown 8vo., cloth, 5s.
“A very able book.”—Guardian.
Modern Hinduism: An Account of the Religion and Life of
the Hindus in Northern India. By Rev. W. J. Wilkins. Demy 8vo.,
cloth, 16s.
“A valuable contribution to the study of a very difficult subject.”—Madras
Mail.
Central Asian Questions: Essays on Afghanistan,
China, and Central Asia. By Demetrius C. Boulger. With Portrait
and Three Maps. Demy 8vo., cloth, 18s.
“A mine of valuable information.”—Times.
The Balkan Peninsula. By Emile de Laveleye. Translated
by Mrs. Thorpe. Edited and Revised for the English Public by the
Author. Map. Demy 8vo., cloth, 16s.
“Likely to be very useful at the present time, as it is one of the best books
on the subject.”—Saturday Review.
Tuscan Studies and Sketches. By Leader Scott,
Author of “A Nook in the Apennines,” “Messer Agnolo’s
Household,” &c. Many Full-page and smaller Illustrations. Sq.
imp. 16mo., cloth, 10s. 6d.
“The sketches are of that happy kind which appeal to the learned through
their style, and to the simple through their subjects.”—Truth.
Letters from Italy. By Emile de Laveleye. Translated by Mrs.
Thorpe. Revised by the Author. Portrait of the Author. Crown
8vo., 6s.
“A most delightful volume.”—Nonconformist.
“Every page is pleasantly and brightly written.”—Times.
A
Miscellaneous.
Vindication of the Rights of Woman:
With Strictures on Political and other Subjects. By Mary
Wollstonecraft. New Edition. With Introduction by Mrs. Henry
Fawcett. Crown 8vo., cloth, 7s. 6d.
This is a reprint of the first edition which appeared nearly one hundred
years ago. Mrs. Fawcett has added a critical introduction in which she traces
the development of the Theory of the Equality of the Sexes from that day to
now.
Emigration and Immigration: A Study in Social
Science. By Richmond M. Smith, Professor of Political Economy
and Social Science in Columbia College. Square Imp. 16mo.,
cloth, 7s. 6d.
Prof. Smith’s book is a popular examination of one of the most urgent of
present-day problems from historical, statistical, and economic points of view,
the information being full and exact, and the author’s style being a model of
terseness and clearness.
The Letters of the Duke of Wellington to
Miss J., 1834-1851. Edited with extracts from the Diary of the
latter by Christine Terhume Herrick. Crown 8vo., paper boards, 6s.
“This is a thoroughly delightful book.”—Saturday Review.
How Men Propose. The Fateful Question and Its Answer.
Love scenes from popular works of Fiction, collected by Agnes
Stevens. Square Imp. 16mo., cloth, 6s.; Presentation Edition,
cloth elegant, bevelled boards, gilt edges, in box, 7s. 6d.
Popular Edition, sm. 8vo., cloth, 3s. 6d. (Uniform with “How to
be Happy Though Married.”)
“A most entertaining book.”—Spectator.
Sylvan Folk. Sketches of Bird and Animal Life in Britain. By
John Watson, Author of “A Year in the Fields,” &c. Crown 8vo.,
cloth, 3s. 6d.
“His descriptions are so fresh that they will give genuine pleasure to
everyone who reads them. The book will be especially interesting to young
readers.”—Nature.
Industrial Rivers of the United Kingdom.
By various well-known Experts. With numerous Illustrations.
Crown 8vo., cloth, 7s. 6d.
The Five Talents of Woman. A Book for Girls and
Young Women. By the Rev. E. J. Hardy, Author of “How to be
Happy though Married,” &c. Sq. Imperial 16mo., cloth, 6s.;
Presentation Edition, bevelled boards, gilt edges, in box, 7s. 6d.
“Will be acceptable to all girls who are no longer ‘children.’”—Globe.
How to be Happy though Married. Small
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extra gilt, bev. boards, gilt edges, in box, 7s. 6d.
“The Murray of Matrimony and the Baedeker of Bliss.”—Pall Mall Gazette.
“Manners Makyth Man.” By the Author of “How to be
Happy though Married.” Popular Edition, small crown 8vo., cloth,
3s. 6d.; imp. 16mo., cloth, 6s.
Jottings from Jail. Notes and Papers on Prison Matters.
By the Rev. J. W. Horsley, M.A., Oxon., late (and last) Chaplain
of H.M. Prison, Clerkenwell. Second edition. Crown 8vo., cloth,
3s. 6d.
Literary Landmarks of London. By Laurence
Hutton. Fourth, revised, and cheaper edition. Crown 8vo.,
Illustrated cover, 2s. 6d.; cloth, 3s. 6d.
English as She is Taught. Genuine Answers to
Examination Questions in our Public Schools. With a
Commentary by Mark Twain. Demy 16mo., cloth, 1s.; paper, 6d.
Mark Twain says: “A darling literary curiosity.... This little book ought to set
forty millions of people to thinking.”
Proverbs, Maxims and Phrases of all
Ages. Classified subjectively, and arranged alphabetically. By
Robert Christy. 2 vols., half cloth, gilt tops, 21s.
A
Books for Children.
nother Brownie Book. By Palmer Cox, Author of
“The Brownies,” &c. With many quaint pictures by the Author.
Medium 4to., cloth gilt, 6s.
The first Brownie book was issued three years ago. The new book is like
the first in size and style of binding, but a new cover design, printed in colors,
has been made for it, and the contents are entirely new. It contains 150 large
pages, describing in verse more adventures of the amusing Brownies.
Alexis and His Flowers. By Beatrix F. Cresswell. With
drawings from flowers by Henrietta Cresswell. Crown 8vo., cloth
gilt, bevelled boards, gilt edges, 3s. 6d.
This volume aims at teaching children a love and knowledge of flowers and
their lore, and will be found a very charming gift-book.
Wild Nature Won by Kindness. By Mrs.
Brightwen, Vice-President of the Selborne Society. With
Illustrations by the Author, and F. Carruthers Gould. Second
Edition. Small crown 8vo., cloth, 3s. 6d.
“Mrs. Brightwen chats in the most delightful fashion.... Those who care for
a loving observation of winged life, will find much to please and amuse
them.”—Graphic.
Santa Claus on a Lark, and Other Christmas Stories.
By Washington Gladden. Illustrated. Foolscap 4to., cloth, 6s.

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  • 4. Local Area Networks – The Basics Learning Objectives After reading this chapter you should be able to: • State the definition of a local area network. • List the primary function, activities, and application areas of a local area network. • Cite the advantages and disadvantages of local area networks. • Identify the physical and logical local area networks. • Specify the different medium access control techniques. • Recognize the different IEEE 802 frame formats. • Describe the common wired local area network systems. Chapter Outline 1. Introduction 2. Primary Function of Local Area Networks 3. Advantages and Disadvantages of Local Area Networks 4. The First Local Area Network – The Bus/Tree 5. A More Modern LAN a. Contention-based protocols 6. Switches a. Isolating traffic patterns and providing multiple access b. Full-duplex switches c. Virtual LANs d. Link aggregation e. Spanning tree algorithm f. Quality of service 7. Wired Ethernet 8. Wired Ethernet Frame Format Chapter 7
  • 5. 9. LANs In Action: A Small Office Solution 10. Summary Lecture Notes Introduction A local area network (LAN) is a communication network that interconnects a variety of data communicating devices within a small geographic area and broadcasts data at high data transfer rates with very low error rates. Since the local area network first appeared in the 1970s, its use has become widespread in commercial and academic environments. It would be very difficult to imagine a collection of personal computers within a computing environment that does not employ some form of local area network. This chapter begins by discussing the basic layouts or topologies of the most commonly found local area networks, followed by the medium access control protocols that allow a workstation to transmit data on the network. We will then examine most of the common Ethernet products. Functions of a Local Area Network The majority of users expect a local area network to perform the following functions and provide the following applications: file serving, database and application serving, print serving, electronic mail, remote links, video transfers, process control and monitoring, and distributed processing. Advantages and Disadvantages of Local Area Networks Local area networks have several advantages, including hardware and software sharing, workstation survival during network failure, component and system evolution, heterogeneous mix of hardware and software, and access to other LANs, WANs, and mainframe computers. Disadvantages include complexity, maintenance costs, and the network is only as strong as the weakest link. The First Local Area Network – The Bus/Tree The bus local area network was the first physical design when LANs became commercially available in the late 1970s, and it essentially consists of a single cable, or bus, to which all devices attach. Since then the bus has diminished significantly to the point of near extinction. It
  • 6. is interesting to note that cable television signals are still delivered by a network bus. Thus, understanding the bus/tee network is still important. A More Modern LAN The most popular configuration for a local area network is the star-wired bus. This form of LAN should not be confused with an older technology called the star topology. Today’s modern star- wired bus network acts like a bus but looks like a star. The logical design of operates as a bus where one workstation can transmit to all other workstations. The physical design, however, more resembles a star, with the hub or switch acting as the central point. Contention-based Protocols A medium access control protocol is part of the software that allows a workstation to place data onto a local area network. Depending on the network’s topology, several types of protocols may be applicable. The bottom line with all medium access control protocols is this: Since a local area network is a broadcast network, it is imperative that only one workstation at a time be allowed to transmit its data onto the network. In the case of a broadband local area network, which can support multiple channels at the same time, it is imperative that only one workstation at a time be allowed to transmit its data onto a channel on the network. There remains only one basic category of medium access control protocol for local area networks: contention-based. Switches A switch is a combination of a hub and a bridge and can interconnect multiple workstations like a hub but can also filter out frames providing a segmentation of the network. Switches can provide a significant decrease in interconnection traffic and increase the throughput of the interconnected networks while requiring no additional cabling or rearranging of the network devices. Modern switches can provide full-duplex connections, virtual LANs, aggregated links, support spanning tree algorithms, and provide quality of service levels. Wired Ethernet The various versions of wired Ethernet include the older 10 Mbps systems, 100 Mbps, Gigabit, and 10 Gbps. Wired Ethernet Frame Format The IEEE 802 set of standards has split the data link layer into two sublayers: the medium access control sublayer and the logical link control sublayer. The medium access control (MAC) sublayer works more closely with the physical layer and contains a header, computer (physical) addresses, error detection codes, and control information. The logical link control (LLC) sublayer is primarily responsible for logical addressing and providing error control and flow control information.
  • 7. LANs In Action: A Small Office Solution The first In Action example examines how a small business decides to incorporate a LAN into their business solution. The business included 35 - 40 workstations with word processing, spreadsheets, and database applications. In order to add internal e-mail, a central database system, and print sharing, the company will consider the addition of a local area network. Quick Quiz 1. What are the major functions of a LAN? File and print serving, access to other LANs, WANs and mainframes, distributed processing, and process control. 2. What are the various medium access control techniques? Contention-based. Round robin systems have essentially disappeared. 3. What is the difference between a hub, a switch, and a router? Hub broadcasts any input onto all outgoing lines; switch replaces a hub and provides filtering; router interconnects a LAN with a WAN. 4. What are the basic functions of a network server? Holds network operating system as well as application programs and data set; may also function as a hub, switch, bridge or router. Discussion Topics 1. Couldn’t IEEE have made a single frame format for all the forms of local area networks? 2. Are LANs a stable technology or are they changing just as quickly as other forms of communication technologies? 3. Is Ethernet that good that it’s the predominant form of LAN? Will everything eventually be Ethernet / CSMA/CD? 4. Will hubs be obsolete someday? 5. What are the advantages of creating virtual LANs?
  • 8. Teaching Tips 1. Be sure to emphasize the difference between logical view and physical view. For example, a star-wired bus logically acts like a bus but physically looks like a star. A star-wire ring logically acts like a ring but physically looks like a star. A bus logically and physically is a bus. 2. The frame is the name of the package at the data link layer. It is the frame that is placed onto the medium of the physical layer. The IEEE 802 frame formats describe the layout of the frame and what the data looks like as it moves over a LAN. The frame addresses are the ones used to address a NIC in a machine. This is not the address that is used to send a packet over the Internet (that is the IP address). 3. Discuss the non-determinism of the CSMA/CD LAN and how collisions in hub-based LANs create this characteristic. Discuss how switches and no collisions have changed things. 4. What kind of mix does your school or company have of hubs, routers, and switches? Use this information as an example in class. 5. Take your students to one or more locations on campus and show them an actual, working hub / switch / router. 6. Make sure you emphasize how a switch filters out unnecessary packets. Solutions to Review Questions 1. What is the definition of a local area network? A communication network that interconnects a variety of data communicating devices within a small geographic area and broadcasts data at high data transfer rates with very low error rates. 2. List the primary activities and application areas of a local area network. File serving, print serving, connection to other networks and mainframes. 3. List the advantages and disadvantages of local area networks. Adv: Share files and devices, intercommunication. Disadv: Maintenance, complexity, costs. 4. What are the basic layouts of local area networks? List two advantages that each layout has over the others. Bus: Uses low noise coaxial cable, inexpensive taps. Star-wired bus: Simple to interconnect, easy to add components, most popular.
  • 9. Star-wired ring: Simple to interconnect and easy to add components (but no more so than star- wired bus). 5. What is meant by a passive device? A signal that enters is neither amplified nor regenerated. The signal is simply passed on. 6. What is meant by a bidirectional signal? A signal that propagates in either direction on a medium. 7. What are the primary differences between baseband technology and broadband technology? Baseband is a signal digital signal while broadband is analog and may carry many signals. 8. What purpose does a hub serve? The hub is a collection point for workstations. 9. What is the difference between a physical design and a logical design? Physical is the wiring and components, logical is how the software passes the data. 10. What is a medium access control protocol? The software that allows a workstation to insert its data onto the LAN. 11. What are the basic operating principles behind CSMA/CD? CSMA/CD: Listen to medium, if no one transmitting, transmit. Continue to listen for collisions. If someone is transmitting, wait. 12. What is meant by a “nondeterministic” protocol? You cannot determine precisely when a workstation will get a chance to transmit (because of potential collisions). 13. What does the term 100BaseT stand for? One hundred mega-bits per second transmission over baseband (digital) signals, using twisted pair wiring. 14. What is the difference between Fast Ethernet and regular Ethernet? Fast Ethernet transmits at 100 Mbps while regular Ethernet transmits at 10 Mbps.
  • 10. 15. What are the latest 10-Gbps Ethernet standards? 10GBase-fiber, 10GBase-T, 10GBase-CS 16. What is the primary advantage of power over Ethernet? The primary disadvantage? Primary advantage is not having to run a separate power line to power device; primary disadvantage is making sure the switch has enough power to run PoE devices. 17. How does a transparent switch work? Observes traffic on a LAN and creates a set of forwarding tables; filters traffic 18. What is the purpose of a virtual LAN? To create a logical subgroup of multiple workstations and servers. 19. How does a switch encapsulate a message for transmission? It really doesn’t encapsulate anything. Switch looks at NIC/MAC addresses and forwards accordingly. 20. When referring to a hub or a switch, what is a port? The port is the connection that is used to connect a workstation or another hub or switch to this hub or switch. 21. What are the basic functions of a switch? A switch examines a packet’s destination address and routes the packet to the appropriate workstation. 22. How does a switch differ from a hub? Switch examines addresses, hub does not. A switch has multiple ports and takes the place of a hub. 23. What is cut-through architecture? The device is passing the data packet on before it has even finished entering the device. 24. How is a full-duplex switch different from a switch? Full duplex switch has one set of lines for receiving and one set of lines for transmitting, thus it can do both operations at the same time.
  • 11. 25. What is meant by link aggregation? The process of combining two or more links into one logical fat link. Suggested Solutions to Exercises 1. What properties set a local area network apart from other forms of networks? Small geographic distances using broadband transmissions. 2. Describe an example of a broadband bus system. Cable modems, video surveillance systems, cable television. 3. Is a hub a passive device? Explain. Not completely. A hub does regenerate a digital signal. And there may be some simple network management functions performed in a hub. 4. Which of the Ethernet standards (10 Mbps, 100 Mbps, 1000 Mbps, 10 Gbps) allow for twisted pair media? What are the corresponding IEEE standard names? Currently all but 10 Gbps Ethernet can run over twisted pair. 5. If a network were described as 1000BaseT, list everything you know about that network. CSMA/CD LAN, 1000 Mbps transmission, baseband or digital signaling, twisted pair wiring. 6. In the IEEE 802.3 frame forma, what is the PAD field used for? What is the minimum packet size? PAD field makes sure the frame is not mis-interpreted as a runt. Minimum packet size is 64 bytes. 7. Suppose workstation A wants to send the message HELLO to workstation B. Both workstations are on an IEEE 802.3 local area network. Workstation A has the binary address “1" and workstation B has the binary address “10." Show the resulting MAC sublayer frame (in binary) that is transmitted. Don’t calculate a CRC; just make one up. HEADER 10 1 5(data length) HELLO PAD(33 bytes) CHECKSUM 8. What is the difference between the physical representation of a star-wired ring LAN and the logical representation?
  • 12. A star-wired ring LAN physically looks like a star but acts logically like a ring. A star-wired bus physically looks like a star but acts logically like a bus. 9. How is a hub similar to a switch? How are they different? Not too much similar. They both physically connect into the network the same. Both forward frames. But a switch looks at the MAC address and either forwards or drops the frame. 10. Are hubs and switches interchangeable? Explain. Yes. But results can be quite different. 11. a. The local area network shown in Figure 7-21 has two hubs (X and Y) interconnecting the workstations and servers. What workstations and servers will receive a copy of a packet if the following workstations/servers transmit a message: • Workstation 1 sends a message to workstation 3: • Workstation 2 sends a message to Server 1: • Server 1 sends a message to workstation 3: All devices will receive all messages. b. Replace hub Y with a switch. Now what workstations and servers will receive a copy of a packet if the following workstations/servers transmit a message: • Workstation 1 sends a message to workstation 3: • Workstation 2 sends a message to Server 1: • Server 1 sends a message to workstation 3: Workstations 1, 2 and 3. Workstations 1, 2 and the server. Only workstation 3. 12. A transparent switch is inserted between two local area networks ABC and XYZ. Network ABC has workstations 1, 2 and 3, and network XYZ has workstations 4, 5, and 6. Show the contents of the two forwarding tables in the switch as the following packets are transmitted. Both forwarding tables start off empty. • Workstation 2 sends a packet to workstation 3. • Workstation 2 sends a packet to workstation 5. • Workstation 1 sends a packet to workstation 2. • Workstation 2 sends a packet to workstation 3. • Workstation 2 sends a packet to workstation 6. • Workstation 6 sends a packet to workstation 3.
  • 13. • Workstation 5 sends a packet to workstation 4. • Workstation 2 sends a packet to workstation 1. • Workstation 1 sends a packet to workstation 3. • Workstation 1 sends a packet to workstation 5. • Workstation 5 sends a packet to workstation 4. • Workstation 4 sends a packet to workstation 5. At the end: Routing table on ABC’s port: 1, 2 Routing table on XYZ’s port: 4,5,6 13. Give an example of a situation in which a virtual LAN might be a useful tool in a business environment. What about in an educational environment? If you want a certain group of users to work together on a project, you might want to place them on a virtual LAN. Likewise for school. 14. What does it mean when a switch or device is cut-through? What is the main disadvantage of a cut-through switch? Is there a way to solve this disadvantage of a cut- through switch without losing the advantages? Cut-through means the beginning of the data packet is leaving the switch before the end of the packet has entered the switch. Disadvantage is errors are propagated. Not if you want to keep it truly cut-through. 15. Give a common business example that mimics the differences between a shared network segment and a dedicated network segment. Wide range of possible answers here. 16. Your company’s switch between its two networks has just died. You have a router lying on your desk that is not currently being used. Will the router work in place of the broken bridge? Explain. No. Routers operate on IP addresses, while switches operate on NIC addresses. 17. A CSMA/CD network is connected to the Internet via a router. A user on the CSMA/CD network sends an e-mail to a user on the Internet. Show how the e-mail message is encapsulated as it leaves the CSMA/CD network, enters the router, and then leaves the router. Leaving the LAN: Data App + Data TCP + App + Data IP + TCP + App + Data MAC + IP + TCP + App + Data + MAC
  • 14. Entering router: MAC + IP + TCP + App + Data + MAC IP + TCP + App + Data Leaving router IP + TCP + App + Data WAN + IP + TCP + App + Data + WAN 18. Given the following network (Figure 7-22), show how the Spanning Tree Protocol will eliminate the cyclic path. The protocol will probably “remove” the bottom link on the far-right switch and the bottom link on the switch immediately to the left of the far-right switch. Thinking Outside the Box 1. You can interconnect all cash registers into one or two centrally located switches or hubs. Cat 5e/6 twisted pair should be sufficient. If hubs/switches can’t be centrally located and cable distance exceeds 100 meters, be careful. Might need better medium. Can also connect using multiplexing solution from earlier chapter. Problems 2-6: Many possible solutions here.
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  • 21. Belcaro: Being Essays on Sundry Æsthetical Questions. By Vernon Lee. Crown 8vo., cloth, 5s. Juvenilia: A Second Series of Essays on Sundry Æsthetical Questions. By Vernon Lee. Two vols. Small crown 8vo., cloth, 12s. “To discuss it properly would require more space than a single number of ‘The Academy’ could afford.”—Academy. Baldwin: Dialogues on Views and Aspirations, By Vernon Lee. Demy 8vo., cloth, 12s. “The dialogues are written with ... an intellectual courage which shrinks from no logical conclusion.”—Scotsman. Ottilie: An Eighteenth Century Idyl. By Vernon Lee. Square 8vo., cloth extra, 3s. 6d. “A graceful little sketch.... Drawn with full insight into the period described.”—Spectator. Introductory Studies in Greek Art. Delivered in the British Museum by Jane E. Harrison. With Illustrations. Square imperial 16mo., 7s. 6d. “The best work of its kind in English.”—Oxford Magazine. The Fleet: Its River, Prison, and Marriages. By John Ashton, Author of “Social Life in the Reign of Queen Anne,” &c. With 70 Drawings by the Author from Original Pictures. Second and Cheaper Edition, cloth, 7s. 6d. Romances of Chivalry: Told and Illustrated in Fac- simile by John Ashton. Forty-six Illustrations. New and Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo., cloth, 7s. 6d.
  • 22. “The result (of the reproduction of the wood blocks) is as creditable to his artistic, as the text is to his literary, ability.”—Guardian. The Dawn of the Nineteenth Century in England: A Social Sketch of the Times. By John Ashton. Cheaper Edition, in one vol. Illustrated. Large crown 8vo., 10s. 6d. “The book is one continued source of pleasure and interest, and opens up a wide field for speculation and comment, and many of us will look upon it as an important contribution to contemporary history, not easily available to others than close students.”—Antiquary. Chopin, and Other Musical Essays. By Henry T. Finck, Author of “Romantic Love and Personal Beauty.” Crown 8vo., cloth, 6s. “The six essays are all written with great thoroughness, and the interest of each one is admirably sustained throughout.”—Freeman’s Journal. The Temple: Sacred Poems and Private Ejaculations. By Mr. George Herbert. New and fourth edition, with Introductory Essay by J. Henry Shorthouse. Small crown, sheep, 5s. A facsimile reprint of the Original Edition of 1633. “This charming reprint has a fresh value added to it by the Introductory Essay of the Author of ‘John Inglesant.’”—Academy. Songs, Ballads, and A Garden Play. By A. Mary F. Robinson, Author of “An Italian Garden.” With Frontispiece of Dürer’s “Melancholia.” Small crown 8vo., half bound, vellum, 5s. “The romantic ballads have grace, movement, passion and strength.”— Spectator. “Marked by sweetness of melody and truth of colour.”—Academy.
  • 23. Essays towards a Critical Method. Studies in English Literature. By John M. Robertson. Cr. 8vo., cloth, 7s. 6d. “His essays are always shrewd and readable. His criticisms on the critics are enjoyable for the irony (conscious or unconscious) that is in them; and the book will not fail to please lovers of literature and literary history, and to prove suggestive to the critical.”—Scotsman. The Lazy Minstrel. By J. Ashby-Sterry, Author of “Boudoir Ballads.” Fourth and Popular Edition. Frontispiece by E. A. Abbey. Fcap. 8vo., cloth, 2s. 6d. “One of the lightest and brightest writers of vers de société.” St. James’s Gazette. Caroline Schlegel, and Her Friends. By Mrs. Alfred Sidgwick. With Steel Portrait. Crown 8vo., cloth, 7s. 6d. “This is a singularly brilliant, delicate and fascinating sketch—one of the most skilful pieces of literary workmanship we have seen for a long time.... Mrs. Sidgwick is a writer of very unusual equipment, power and promise.” British Weekly. Amos Kilbright: His Adscititious Adventures. With other Stories. By Frank R. Stockton. 8vo., cloth, 3s. 6d. “Mr. Stockton is the quaintest of living humorists.”—Academy.
  • 24. T History. he Vikings in Western Christendom, A.D. 789-888. By C. F. Keary, Author of “Outlines of Primitive Belief,” “The Dawn of History,” &c. With Map and Tables. Demy 8vo., cloth, 16s. National Life and Thought; Or, Lectures on Various Nations of the World. Delivered at South Place Institute by Professor Thorold Rogers, J. S. Cotton Minchin, W. R. Morfill, F. H. Groome, J. Theodore Bent, Professor A. Pülsky, Eirike Magnusson, and other Specialists. Demy 8vo., cloth, 10s. 6d. These Lectures attracted much attention in the Session of 1889-90, and are now reprinted to meet the desire of a very large public. In each case the authors have striven to put their audience in thorough sympathy with the National Life and Thought of the Nations treated of. Battles and Leaders of the American Civil War. An Authoritative History, written by Distinguished Participants on both sides. Edited by Robert U. Johnson and Clarence C. Buel, of the Editorial Staff of “The Century Magazine.” Four Volumes, Royal 8vo., elegantly bound, £5 5s. Lord Wolseley, in writing a series of articles in the North American Review on this work, says: “The Century Company has, in my judgment, done a great
  • 25. service to the soldiers of all armies by the publication of these records of the great War.” Diary of the Parnell Commission. Revised with Additions, from The Daily News. By John Macdonald, M.A. Large crown 8vo, cloth, 6s. “Mr. Macdonald has done his work well.”—Speaker. The End of the Middle Ages: Essays and Questions in History. By A. Mary F. Robinson (Madame Darmesteter). Demy 8vo., cloth, 10s. 6d. “We travel from convent to palace, find ourselves among all the goodness, the wisdom, the wildness, the wickedness, the worst and the best of that wonderful time. We meet with devoted saints and desperate sinners.... We seem to have made many new acquaintances whom before we only knew by name among the names of history.... We can heartily recommend this book to every one who cares for the study of history, especially in its most curious and fascinating period, the later middle age.”—Spectator. The Federalist: A Commentary in the Form of Essays on the United States Constitution. By Alexander Hamilton, and others. Edited by Henry Cabot Lodge. Demy 8vo., Roxburgh binding, 10s. 6d. “The importance of the Essays can hardly be exaggerated.”—Glasgow Mail. The Story of the Nations. Crown 8vo., Illustrated, and furnished with Maps and Indexes, each 5s. “L’interessante serie l’Histoire des Nations formera ... un cours d’histoire universelle d’une très grande valeur.”—Journal des Debats. “That useful series.”—The Times. “An admirable series.”—Spectator. “That excellent series.”—Guardian. “The series is likely to be found indispensable in every school library.”—Paul Mall Gazette.
  • 26. “This valuable series.”—Nonconformist. “Admirable series of historical monographs.”—Echo. “Each volume is written by one of the most foremost English authorities on the subject with which it deals.... It is almost impossible to over-estimate the value of a series of carefully prepared volumes, such as are the majority of those comprising this library.... The illustrations make one of the most attractive features of the series.”—The Guardian. Rome. By Arthur Gilman, M.A., Author of “A History of the American People,” &c. Third edition. The Jews. In Ancient, Mediæval, and Modern Times. By Prof. J. K. Hosmer. Second edition. Germany. By Rev. S. Baring-Gould, Author of “Curious Myths of the Middle Ages,” &c. Second edition. Carthage. By Prof. Alfred J. Church, Author of “Stories from the Classics,” &c. Third edition. Alexander’s Empire. By Prof. J. P. Mahaffy, Author of “Social Life in Greece.” Fourth edition. The Moors in Spain. By Stanley Lane-Poole, Author of “Studies in a Mosque.” Third edition. Ancient Egypt. By Canon Rawlinson, Author of “The Five Great Monarchies of the World.” Third edition. Hungary. By Prof. Arminius Vambéry, Author of “Travels in Central Asia.” Second edition.
  • 27. The Saracens: From the Earliest Times to the Fall of Bagdad. By Arthur Gilman, M.A., Author of “Rome,” &c. Ireland. By the Hon. Emily Lawless, Author of “Hurrish.” Third edition. Chaldea. By Z. A. Ragozin, Author of “Assyria,” &c. Second edition. The Goths. By Henry Bradley. Second edition. Assyria. By Zénaïde A. Ragozin, Author of “Chaldea,” &c. Turkey. By Stanley Lane-Poole. Second edition. Holland. By Professor Thorold Rogers. Second edition. Mediæval France. By Gustave Masson. Second edition. Persia. By S. G. W. Benjamin. Second edition. Phœnicia. By Canon Rawlinson. Media. By Z. A. Ragozin. The Hansa Towns. By Helen Zimmern. Early Britain. By Prof. A. J. Church, Author of “Carthage,” &c.
  • 28. Russia. By W. R. Morfill, M.A. The Barbary Corsairs. By Stanley Lane-Poole. The Jews under the Roman Empire. By W. Douglas Morrison, M.A. Scotland. By John Macintosh, LL.D. Switzerland. By Lina Hug and R. Stead. Mexico. By Susan Hale. (For further information, see “Nation Series” Catalogue. Sent to any address on application to the Publisher.)
  • 29. T Biography. he Autobiography of Joseph Jefferson (“Rip Van Winkle”). With many full-page Portraits and other Illustrations. Royal 8vo., 16s. This celebrated actor’s autobiography is one of the most amusing ever penned. It abounds in droll stories and anecdotes of theatrical life, and is copious in recollections of the famous people of all ranks Jefferson mixed with. Nelson: The Public and Private Life of Horatio, Viscount Nelson. By G. Lathom Browne, Barrister-at-Law, Author of “Wellington,” “Narratives of State Trials,” &c. With Heliogravure frontispiece Portrait, 11 full-page Illustrations of portraits and relics of Nelson, hitherto unpublished, and 4 Maps. Demy 8vo., cloth, gilt tops, 18s. Mr. Lathom Browne has had access to the documents and relics of Nelson in the possession of Earl Nelson and Viscount Bridport (Duke of Bronté); and by the thorough re-examination of all existing material has presented what has long been wanting—an impartial, exhaustive, and critical Life of Nelson, told largely from the point of view of his own letters and eye witnesses of his naval career. Abraham Lincoln: A History. By John G. Nicolay and John Hay. With many full-page Illustrations, Portraits, and Maps. Royal 8vo., complete in 10 vols., bound in cloth, price £6 the Set.
  • 30. “We claim for our work that we have devoted to it twenty years of almost unremitting assiduity; that we have neglected no means in our power to ascertain the truth; that we have rejected no authentic facts essential to a candid story; that we have had no theory to establish, no personal grudge to gratify, no unavowed objects to subserve. We have aimed to write a sufficiently full and absolutely honest history of a great man and a great time.”—Extract from Author’s Preface. Sir John Hawkwood (l’Acuto). Story of a Condottiere. Translated from the Italian of John Temple-Leader and Giuseppe Marcotti, by Leader Scott. Illustrated. Royal 8vo., bound in buckram, gilt tops. Limited Edition. “The career of such a man was well worth recording.... A valuable and interesting book.”—Glasgow Herald. The Life & Times of William Lloyd Garrison. From 1840-1879. By His Children. Vols. III. and IV., completing the work. Portraits and Illustrations. Demy 8vo., cloth, 30s. “There is something to be learnt in every page, and the diversity of subjects taken up by this strong, resolute nature, make it altogether a book of the age.”—Daily Telegraph. Anne Gilchrist: Her Life and Writings. Edited by Herbert Harlakenden Gilchrist. Prefatory Notice by William Michael Rossetti. Second edition. Twelve Illustrations. Demy 8vo., cloth, 16s. Life and Times of Girolamo Savonarola. By Pasquale Villari. Translated by Linda Villari. Portraits and Illustrations. Two vols. Third Edition, with New Preface. Demy 8vo., cloth, 21s. “We welcome the translation of this excellent work—which is all a translation ought to be.”—Spectator.
  • 31. Charles Dickens as I knew Him: The Story of the Reading Tours in Great Britain and America (1866-1870). By George Dolby. New and cheaper edition. Crown 8vo., 3s. 6d. “It will be welcome to all lovers of Dickens for Dickens’ own sake.”— Athenæum. Ole Bull: A Memoir. By Sara C. Bull. With Ole Bull’s “Violin Notes” and Dr. A. B. Crosby’s “Anatomy of the Violinist.” Portraits. Second edition. Crown 8vo., cloth, 7s. 6d. Johannes Brahms: A Biographical Sketch. By Dr. Herman Deiters. Translated, with additions, by Rosa Newmarch. Edited, with a Preface, by J. A. Fuller Maitland. Portrait. Small crown 8vo., cloth, 6s. The Lives of Robert and Mary Moffat. By their Son, John Smith Moffat. Sixth edition. Portraits, Illustrations, and Maps. Crown 8vo., cloth, 7s. 6d.; Popular Edition, crown 8vo., 3s. 6d. “The biographer has done his work with reverent care, and in a straightforward unaffected style.”—Contemporary Review. The German Emperor and Empress: The Late Frederick III. and Victoria. The Story of their Lives. By Dorothea Roberts. Portraits. Crown 8vo., cloth, 2s. 6d. “A book sure to be popular in domestic circles.”—The Graphic. Arminius Vambéry: His Life and Adventures. Written by Himself. With Portrait and Fourteen Illustrations. Fifth and Popular Edition. Square Imperial 16mo., cloth extra, 6s.
  • 32. “The work is written in a most captivating manner.”—Novoe Vremya, Moscow.
  • 33. T Theology and Philosophy. he Wider Hope: Essays and Strictures on the Doctrine and Literature of a Future. By Numerous Writers, Lay and Clerical: Canon Farrar, the late Principal Tulloch, the late Rev. J. Baldwin Brown, the Very Rev. E. H. Plumptre, D.D., Rev. William Arthur, Rev. James H. Rigg, Rev. Henry Allon, D.D. With a Paper by Thomas de Quincey, and a Bibliography of Recent Eschatology as contained in the British Museum. Crown 8vo., cloth, 7s. 6d. “A mass of material which will certainly prove useful to students of the subject. Here they will find a large body of valuable opinion on a topic perennially attractive.”—Globe. The Treasure Book of Consolation: For all in Sorrow or Suffering. By Benjamin Orme, M.A. Popular Edition. Crown 8vo., cloth extra, gilt edges, 3s. 6d. “It is a useful book for ministers, and will prove an invaluable boon for those in whose special interest it has been compiled.”—Christian World. The Questions of the Bible, Arranged in the Order of the Books of Scripture, with Connective Readings and Tables. By W. Carnelley. Demy 8vo., cloth, 7s. 6d. “The book will be a useful one for theologians and students.”—Fireside News. “A book of peculiar value to all who study the Bible.”—Christian.
  • 34. The House and Its Builder, with Other Discourses: A Book for the Doubtful. By Dr. Samuel Cox. Third Edition. Small crown 8vo., paper, 2s. 6d.; cloth, 3s. “Expositions.” By the same Author. In Four Volumes, demy 8vo., cloth, price 7s. 6d. each “We have said enough to show our high opinion of Dr. Cox’s volume. It is indeed full of suggestion.... A valuable volume.”—The Spectator. “Here, too, we have the clear exegetical insight, the lucid expository style, the chastened but effective eloquence, the high ethical standpoint, which secured for the earlier series a well-nigh unanimous award of commendation.”—Academy. “When we say that the volume possesses all the intellectual, moral, and spiritual characteristics which have won for its author so distinguished a place among the religious teachers of our time ... what further recommendation can be necessary?”—Nonconformist. The Risen Christ: The King of Men. By the late Rev. J. Baldwin Brown, M.A. Second and Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo., cloth, 3s. 6d. “We have again felt in reading these nervous, spiritual, and eloquent sermons how great a preacher has passed away.”—Nonconformist. Christian Facts and Forces. By the Rev. Newman Smyth, Author of “The Reality of Faith.” New edition. Crown 8vo., cloth, 4s. 6d. “An able and suggestive series of discourses.”—Nonconformist. “These sermons abound in noble and beautiful teaching clearly and eloquently expressed.”—Christian. Inspiration and the Bible: An Inquiry. By Robert Horton, M.A., formerly Fellow of New College, Oxford. Fourth and Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo., cloth, 3s. 6d.
  • 35. “The work displays much earnest thought, and a sincere belief in, and love of the Bible.”—Morning Post. “It will be found to be a good summary, written in no iconoclastic spirit, but with perfect candour and fairness, of some of the more important results of recent Biblical criticism ”—Scotsman. Faint, yet Pursuing. By the Rev. E. J. Hardy, Author of “How to be Happy though Married.” Sq. imp. 16mo., cloth, 6s. Cheaper Edition, 3s. 6d. “One of the most practical and readable volumes of sermons ever published. They must have been eminently hearable.”—British Weekly. The Meditations and Maxims of Koheleth. A Practical Exposition of the Book of Ecclesiastes. By Rev. T. Campbell Finlayson. Crown 8vo., 6s. “A thoughtful and practical commentary on a book of Holy Scripture which needs much spiritual wisdom for its exposition.... Sound and judicious handling.”—Rock. The Pharaohs of the Bondage and the Exodus. Lectures by Charles S. Robinson, D.D., LL.D. Second edition. Large crown 8vo., cloth, 5s. “Both lectures are conceived in a very earnest spirit, and are developed with much dignity and force. We have the greatest satisfaction in commending it to the attention of Biblical students and Christian ministers.”—Literary World. The Reality of Faith. By the Rev. Newman Smyth, D.D., Author of “Old Faiths in New Light.” Fourth and cheaper edition. Crown 8vo., cloth, 4s. 6d. “They are fresh and beautiful expositions of those deep things, those foundation truths, which underlie Christian faith and spiritual life in their varied manifestations.”—Christian Age.
  • 36. A Layman’s Study of the English Bible. Considered in its Literary and Secular Aspects. By Francis Bowen, LL.D. Crown 8vo., cloth, 4s. 6d. “Most heartily do we recommend this little volume to the careful study, not only of those whose faith is not yet fixed and settled, but of those whose love for it and reliance on it grows with their growing years.”—Nonconformist. The Parousia. A Critical Inquiry into the New Testament Doctrine of Our Lord’s Second Coming. By the Rev. J. S. Russell, M.A. New and cheaper edition. Demy 8vo., cloth, 7s. 6d. “Critical, in the best sense of the word. Unlike many treatises on the subject, this is a sober and reverent investigation, and abounds in a careful and instructive exegesis of every passage bearing upon it.”—Nonconformist. The Gain of Life, and Other Essays. By William Chatterton Coupland, D.Sc., M.A. Crown 8vo., cloth, 6s. “The work is so well written as to be likely to attract readers not specially addicted to metaphysics.”—Scotsman. The Ethic of Freethought: A Selection of Essays and Lectures. By Karl Pearson, M.A., formerly Fellow of King’s College, Cambridge. Demy 8vo., cloth, 12s. “Are characterised by much learning, much keen and forcible thinking, and a fearlessness of denunciation and exposition.”—Scotsman. Personal Creeds; or, How to form a Working Theory of Life. By Newman Smyth, D.D., Author of “The Reality of Faith,” &c. Crown 8vo., cloth, 2s. 6d. The Nature and Method of Revelation. By George Park Fisher, D.D., LL.D., Titus Street Professor of
  • 37. Ecclesiastical History in Yale University. Crown 8vo., cloth, 4s. 6d. Descartes and His School. By Kuno Fischer. Translated from the Third and Revised German Edition by J. P. Gordy, Ph.D. Edited by Noah Porter, D.D., LL.D. Demy 8vo., cloth, 16s. “A valuable addition to the literature of Philosophy.”—Scotsman. “No greater service could be done to English and American students than to give them a trustworthy rendering of Kuno Fischer’s brilliant expositions.”— Mind. Socrates: A Translation of the Apology, Crito, and Parts of the Phædo of Plato. 12mo., cloth, 3s. 6d. “The translation is clear and elegant.”—Morning Post. A Day in Athens with Socrates: Translations from the Protagoras and the Republic of Plato. 12mo., cloth, 3s. 6d. “We can commend these volumes to the English reader, as giving him what he wants—the Socratic ... philosophy at first hand, with a sufficiency of explanatory and illustrative comment.”—Pall Mall Gazette. Talks with Socrates about Life: Translations from the Gorgias and the Republic of Plato. 12mo., cloth, 3s. 6d. “A real service is rendered to the general reader who has no Greek, and to whom the two ancient philosophers are only names, by the publication of these three inviting little volumes.... Every young man who is forming a library ought to add them to his collection.”—Christian Leader. Natural Causation. An Essay in Four Parts. By C. E. Plumptre, Author of “General Sketch of the History of Pantheism,” &c. Demy 8vo., cloth, 7s. 6d.
  • 38. “While many will find in this volume much from which they will dissent, there is in it a great deal that is deserving of careful consideration, and a great deal that is calculated to stimulate thought.”—Scotsman.
  • 39. W Travel. ith the Beduins: A Narrative of Journeys to the East of the Jordan and Dead Sea, Palmyra, &c. By Gray Hill. Numerous Illustrations and Map. Demy 8vo., cloth gilt, 15s. The author and his wife, in attempting to reach Petra, in 1890, fell into the hands of Beduins and were held for a ransom, and experienced other interesting adventures. Our Journey to the Hebrides. By Joseph Pennell and Elizabeth Robbins Pennell. 43 Illustrations by Joseph Pennell. Crown 8vo., cloth, 7s. 6d. “It will be easily understood that we could not plan a route out of our ignorance and prejudice. It remained to choose a guide, and our choice, I hardly know why, fell upon Dr. Johnson.”—Preface. Studies in the South and West, with Comments on Canada. By Charles Dudley Warner, Author of “Their Pilgrimage.” Crown 8vo., 10s. 6d. “The Studies give us a charming account of the old social life in the Southern States.”—Scots Observer. Ranch Life and the Hunting Trail. By Theodore Roosevelt, Author of “Hunting Trips of a Ranchman.” Profusely Illustrated. Small 4to., cloth elegant, 21s.
  • 40. “It contains the highest excellence of letter-press and engraving.”— Saturday Review. Rides and Studies in the Canary Isles. By Charles Edwardes. With many Illustrations and Maps. Crown 8vo., cloth, 10s. 6d. “An honest piece of work done by a capable hand.”—Academy. Guatemala: The Land of the Quetzal. By William T. Brigham. Twenty-six full-page and Seventy-nine smaller Illustrations. Five Maps. Demy 8vo., cloth, £1 1s. “A book of laborious research, keen observation, and accurate information concerning a region about which previously scarcely anything was known.”— Leeds Mercury. The Decline of British Prestige in the East. By Selim Faris, Editor of the Arabic “El-Jawaïb” of Constantinople Crown 8vo., cloth, 5s. “A perusal of his book must do the English reader good.”—Asiatic Quarterly Review. Daily Life in India. By the Rev. W. J. Wilkins. Illustrated. Crown 8vo., cloth, 5s. “A very able book.”—Guardian. Modern Hinduism: An Account of the Religion and Life of the Hindus in Northern India. By Rev. W. J. Wilkins. Demy 8vo., cloth, 16s. “A valuable contribution to the study of a very difficult subject.”—Madras Mail.
  • 41. Central Asian Questions: Essays on Afghanistan, China, and Central Asia. By Demetrius C. Boulger. With Portrait and Three Maps. Demy 8vo., cloth, 18s. “A mine of valuable information.”—Times. The Balkan Peninsula. By Emile de Laveleye. Translated by Mrs. Thorpe. Edited and Revised for the English Public by the Author. Map. Demy 8vo., cloth, 16s. “Likely to be very useful at the present time, as it is one of the best books on the subject.”—Saturday Review. Tuscan Studies and Sketches. By Leader Scott, Author of “A Nook in the Apennines,” “Messer Agnolo’s Household,” &c. Many Full-page and smaller Illustrations. Sq. imp. 16mo., cloth, 10s. 6d. “The sketches are of that happy kind which appeal to the learned through their style, and to the simple through their subjects.”—Truth. Letters from Italy. By Emile de Laveleye. Translated by Mrs. Thorpe. Revised by the Author. Portrait of the Author. Crown 8vo., 6s. “A most delightful volume.”—Nonconformist. “Every page is pleasantly and brightly written.”—Times.
  • 42. A Miscellaneous. Vindication of the Rights of Woman: With Strictures on Political and other Subjects. By Mary Wollstonecraft. New Edition. With Introduction by Mrs. Henry Fawcett. Crown 8vo., cloth, 7s. 6d. This is a reprint of the first edition which appeared nearly one hundred years ago. Mrs. Fawcett has added a critical introduction in which she traces the development of the Theory of the Equality of the Sexes from that day to now. Emigration and Immigration: A Study in Social Science. By Richmond M. Smith, Professor of Political Economy and Social Science in Columbia College. Square Imp. 16mo., cloth, 7s. 6d. Prof. Smith’s book is a popular examination of one of the most urgent of present-day problems from historical, statistical, and economic points of view, the information being full and exact, and the author’s style being a model of terseness and clearness. The Letters of the Duke of Wellington to Miss J., 1834-1851. Edited with extracts from the Diary of the latter by Christine Terhume Herrick. Crown 8vo., paper boards, 6s. “This is a thoroughly delightful book.”—Saturday Review.
  • 43. How Men Propose. The Fateful Question and Its Answer. Love scenes from popular works of Fiction, collected by Agnes Stevens. Square Imp. 16mo., cloth, 6s.; Presentation Edition, cloth elegant, bevelled boards, gilt edges, in box, 7s. 6d. Popular Edition, sm. 8vo., cloth, 3s. 6d. (Uniform with “How to be Happy Though Married.”) “A most entertaining book.”—Spectator. Sylvan Folk. Sketches of Bird and Animal Life in Britain. By John Watson, Author of “A Year in the Fields,” &c. Crown 8vo., cloth, 3s. 6d. “His descriptions are so fresh that they will give genuine pleasure to everyone who reads them. The book will be especially interesting to young readers.”—Nature. Industrial Rivers of the United Kingdom. By various well-known Experts. With numerous Illustrations. Crown 8vo., cloth, 7s. 6d. The Five Talents of Woman. A Book for Girls and Young Women. By the Rev. E. J. Hardy, Author of “How to be Happy though Married,” &c. Sq. Imperial 16mo., cloth, 6s.; Presentation Edition, bevelled boards, gilt edges, in box, 7s. 6d. “Will be acceptable to all girls who are no longer ‘children.’”—Globe. How to be Happy though Married. Small crown 8vo., cloth, 3s. 6d. Bridal Gift Edition, white vellum cloth, extra gilt, bev. boards, gilt edges, in box, 7s. 6d. “The Murray of Matrimony and the Baedeker of Bliss.”—Pall Mall Gazette. “Manners Makyth Man.” By the Author of “How to be Happy though Married.” Popular Edition, small crown 8vo., cloth,
  • 44. 3s. 6d.; imp. 16mo., cloth, 6s. Jottings from Jail. Notes and Papers on Prison Matters. By the Rev. J. W. Horsley, M.A., Oxon., late (and last) Chaplain of H.M. Prison, Clerkenwell. Second edition. Crown 8vo., cloth, 3s. 6d. Literary Landmarks of London. By Laurence Hutton. Fourth, revised, and cheaper edition. Crown 8vo., Illustrated cover, 2s. 6d.; cloth, 3s. 6d. English as She is Taught. Genuine Answers to Examination Questions in our Public Schools. With a Commentary by Mark Twain. Demy 16mo., cloth, 1s.; paper, 6d. Mark Twain says: “A darling literary curiosity.... This little book ought to set forty millions of people to thinking.” Proverbs, Maxims and Phrases of all Ages. Classified subjectively, and arranged alphabetically. By Robert Christy. 2 vols., half cloth, gilt tops, 21s.
  • 45. A Books for Children. nother Brownie Book. By Palmer Cox, Author of “The Brownies,” &c. With many quaint pictures by the Author. Medium 4to., cloth gilt, 6s. The first Brownie book was issued three years ago. The new book is like the first in size and style of binding, but a new cover design, printed in colors, has been made for it, and the contents are entirely new. It contains 150 large pages, describing in verse more adventures of the amusing Brownies. Alexis and His Flowers. By Beatrix F. Cresswell. With drawings from flowers by Henrietta Cresswell. Crown 8vo., cloth gilt, bevelled boards, gilt edges, 3s. 6d. This volume aims at teaching children a love and knowledge of flowers and their lore, and will be found a very charming gift-book. Wild Nature Won by Kindness. By Mrs. Brightwen, Vice-President of the Selborne Society. With Illustrations by the Author, and F. Carruthers Gould. Second Edition. Small crown 8vo., cloth, 3s. 6d. “Mrs. Brightwen chats in the most delightful fashion.... Those who care for a loving observation of winged life, will find much to please and amuse them.”—Graphic. Santa Claus on a Lark, and Other Christmas Stories. By Washington Gladden. Illustrated. Foolscap 4to., cloth, 6s.