Integration of artificial neural networks for multi-source energy management in a smart grid

International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS)
Vol. 12, No. 3, September 2021, pp. 1919~1927
ISSN: 2088-8694, DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v12.i3.pp1919-1927  1919
Journal homepage: http://ijpeds.iaescore.com
Integration of artificial neural networks for multi-source energy
management in a smart grid
Ezzitouni Jarmouni1
, Ahmed Mouhsen2
, Mohammed Lamhammedi3
, Hicham Ouldzira4
1,3
Hassan First University of Settat, The Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Radiation-Matter and
Instrumentation (RMI), Morocco
2,4
Hassan First University of Settat, The Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Engineering, Industrial
Management and Innovation (IMII), Morocco
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Jun 15, 2021
Revised Jul 2, 2021
Accepted Jul 12, 2021
Among the most widespread renewable energy sources is solar energy; Solar
panels offer a green, clean, and environmentally friendly source of energy. In
the presence of several advantages of the use of photovoltaic systems, the
random operation of the photovoltaic generator presents a great challenge, in
the presence of a critical load. Among the most used solutions to overcome
this problem is the combination of solar panels with generators or with the
public grid or both. In this paper, an energy management strategy is proposed
with a safety aspect by using artificial neural networks (ANNs), in order to
ensure a continuous supply of electricity to consumers with a maximum
solicitation of renewable energy.
Keywords:
Artificial neural network
Bi-directional dc/dc
Connected/disconnected mode
Diesel generator
Energy management system
Photovoltaic panel
Renewable energy
Solar battery
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Ezzitouni Jarmouni
Laboratory of Radiation-Matter and Instrumentation (RMI)
Hassan First University of Settat, The Faculty of Sciences and Technology
BP: 577, route de Casablanca. Settat, Morocco
Email: ezzitouni.jarmouni@gmail.com
1. INTRODUCTION
In the fast increase in universal access to electricity in the last decades. The demand for renewable
energy sources is increasing, day by day. In 2016, the share of renewables in total final energy consumption
increased at the fastest rate since 2012 and reached almost 17.5%. Renewables are essential in the drive
towards universal access to affordable, sustainable, reliable, and modern energy [1]. With the growing fears
of climate changes and increasing oil prices, the world is moving towards the use of green energy sources to
minimize the use of fossil energy. Solar energy is one source of power generation that independent away
from petroleum and coal dependent energy resource [2].
Among the adopted of several solutions we find, the combine of various energy sources such as
solar, wind, diesel generator, flywheels, compressed air storage, pumped hydro, superconducting magnetic
sources and vehicle-to-grid integration [3]-[5]. The incorporation of diesel generators and link to the public
grid is an efficient solution to ensure the reliability of the system and the supply of electricity, especially
when there are critical loads (24-hour demand for electricity without interruptions). The system presented in
this article consists of three energy sources (photovoltaic generator, diesel generator, and the public grid) and
a storage unit. To ensure the reliability of the system, a safety aspect is added to the operation of the diesel
generator. To guarantee the correct switching between energy sources, maximum use of renewable sources
and a continuous supply of electricity to the loads, a new management technique based on artificial neural

 ISSN: 2088-8694
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 12, No. 3, September 2021 : 1919 – 1927
1920
networks (ANN) has been introduced. This work is subdivided into three main parts as follows: For this
reason, we have divided this article into four parts.
The first part concerns the presentation of the architecture of the studied system and its principal
components. The second part is concerned with management and supervision strategy to be developed and
the essential points that this strategy must respect. The third part, devoted to present different simulation
results and discussions of the results obtained in the different test conditions. And the fourth part is the
conclusion which summarises the work that has been developed.
2. PRESENTATION OF THE STUDIED SYSTEM
Due to the random operation of the photovoltaic system, which depends on the meteorological
conductions ―solar irradiation‖ [6], the presence of critical loads and a variable power demand by consumers.
The integration of others energy sources is an obligation. The Figure 1, shows the different equipments of the
system under study. The system studied consists of, a solar generator with an MPPT charge controller
―incremental conductance‖ [7]-[9], a diesel generator, a solar battery, a link to the public grid and loads (two
loads connected continuously to the grid and two others connected and disconnected in a random way). In
order to ensure the flow of electric current, from the battery to consumers (Battery discharge) and from the
power source to the batteries (Battery charge), a bidirectional Buck boost converter is added [10], [11]. And a
dc to ac converter, to ensure an alternating current to the loads. Two AC to DC converters, to convert the
alternating current of the diesel generator and the public grids to DC current.
Figure 1. The studied system architecture.
3. THE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
During system operation, the ANN management system must guarantee; i) continuous supply to
consumers in different weather conditions; ii) battery charge and discharge control, iii) battery protection
against deep discharge and overcharge, iv) test the operation of the diesel generator in order to replace the
photovoltaic generator; and v) maximize the solicitation of renewable energy sources. The algorithm of
operation started by reading different measures of power produced by the photovoltaic system (Ppv), the
power demanded by the loads (PLoad), the state of charge of the battery (SOC), the indicator of operation of
the diesel group (I) (This verification has the objective to know if the generator is running or not, after having
the start order). The chart in the Figure 2, shows different scenarios in which the system operates and the
actions to be taken in the event of validation of each scenario. The diesel generator function test is done the
usage of a MATLAB function, which will input the current generated by the diesel generator, and the
function will output one if the diesel generator is able to support the power system, or zeros if not.

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694 
Integration of artificial neural networks for multi-source energy management in … (Eziitouni Jarmouni)
1921
Figure 2. The system operating chart
3.1. The power calculation required by the loads
The connection of consumers 3 and 4 to the network is random, whereas consumers 1 and 2 are
permanently connected. The algorithm for calculating the power required by the loads is as:
P_d = PL1 + PL2; % P_d: Power demanded
If (S3 =0 & S4 = 0)
P_d = PL1 + PL2; % PL1 and PL2 power demanded by loads 1 and 2.
Elseif (S3 = 1 & S4 = 0)
P_d = PL1 + PL2 + PL3; % PL3: Power demanded by load 3.
Elseif (S3 = 0 & S4 = 1)
P_d = PL1 + PL2 + PL4; % PL4: Power demanded by load 4.
Elseif (S3 = 1 & S4 = 1)
P_d = PL1 + PL2 + PL3 + PL4;
3.2. Neural network architecture
The artificial neural networks are machine learning systems inspired by the biological neural
networks and able to perform processing as similar to the human brain [12], [13]. A linear and non-linear
algorithm models, artificial neural networks (ANNs) can build. The artificial neural network (ANN) used in
this study is a multilayer perceptron network (MLP), which consists of an input layer, four hidden layers and
an output layer. The dimension of each input or output vector is 1x10000. The choice of MLP is due to its
ease of implementation, the speed of solving non-linear problems, its construction and the fact that our
dataset contains a limited number of variables. The data used during the development of MLP are divided
into three parts; the first 70% for training, the second 15% concern the test operation and the third 15% to
validate the model [14]-[16]. The objective of this operation is to show the predictive quality of model
development.
Figure 3 shows the adopted architecture of ANN chosen. The choice of this architecture (The
number of layers, number of neurons per layer, activation functions, learning algorithm ...) is made after
several tests, in which we tried to find the model that has an error close to zero (Convergence of the model
outputs to the desired outputs) and a correlation coefficient close to one (which signified a strong correlation
between the model outputs and the desired outputs). The ANN model input vectors are: The power delivered
by the photovoltaic generators, the power demanded by the loads, the battery state of charge and the diesel
generator operating state indicator. Concerning the output vectors, there are four vectors which are; S1 and
S2 which have as functions the control of the bidirectional converter in order to manage the charge and
discharge of the battery, the S_DG is the switch of the connection with the diesel group, and the S_G is to
switch to the mode that is connected to the public electrical grid in case of deficiency of the electrical supply
at the local level.

 ISSN: 2088-8694
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Figure 3. The ANN architecture
4. TRAINING AND RESULTS DISCUSSION
The architecture of the neural network must undergo a learning phase once it has been chosen. This
consists of calculating the optimal weights of the different links, using the training base and a collection of
algorithms [17]. The learning algorithms used in the following are part of MATLAB toolbox of neural
networks [18]. One of the indicators, that show the quality of the training operation, is the mean square error
[19]-[21]. As shown in the following Figure 4, the mean square error gets the value 7.8488x10-3
at 73 epochs,
which shows that the training operation has worked well, which means that the MLP outputs will converge to
the desired outputs perfectly in the three phases of training, testing and model validation [22]-[25]. The
Figure 5 shows the different elements used in the construction and training of neural networks, such as; the
architecture, the algorithms used during training and some results that provide information about the training
operation.
Figure 4. The mean square error of the ANN model

1923
Figure 5. The Neural network training under MATLAB
4.1. Test of the ANN management model
In this section, we will examine the ANN management model under different operating conditions
in order to validate and visualise the capacity, robustness and reliability of the system management (ANN).
During the operation of the power supply system, three critical cases can be encountered, where the system
will be put in operating conditions that require the intervention of instant management so as to protect the
equipments of the installation and to ensure an uninterrupted power supply to consumers by a maximum
using of energy produced by the solar panels.
The Case 1: In this case, we will see the robustness of the control model by assigning to the battery
states of charge a higher value than the maximum one (soc_max), with a variable power at photovoltaic
generator and consumers. In this case, the battery acts as the main generator if the photovoltaic power falls
below the required power.
As shown in Figure 6, two operating scenarios can be distinguished in four-time intervals.
Scenario 1: From 0s to 0.1s and from 0.9 to 1s: These time intervals show an increase in photovoltaic power
above the required power and a battery state of charge above soc_max. As a consequence of these conditions,
the ANN model will protect the battery from overcharge by setting both switches S1 and S2 to zero.
Scenario 2: From 0.1s to 0.3s and from 0.7s to 0.9s: In these time intervals, we have noticed an
increase in power demand than the photovoltaic power, and a battery state of charge is always higher than
soc_max. As a result of these conditions, the ANN model will force the battery to move into discharge mode
by setting the switch S1 to one and the switch S2 to zero in order to supply the charging system. Since the
battery state of charge is sufficient to replace the photovoltaic system, the diesel generator and public grid
switches remain unchanged.
The Case 2: In this case as shown in Figure 7, two scenarios will be discussed, when the power
demanded by the load is higher than the PV generator and the battery state of charge is insufficient for the
battery to replace the PV generator. As a result of these conditions the diesel generator will be used to supply
consumers. To better interpret this case, we will choose two time intervals where the results are clear:
a. Interval number 1 (Desired operation): From 0.3s to 0.7s; In this interval, we notice that Ppv > PL and
SOC < SOCmin, as a consequence of these conditions, we will have the battery charge from the

 ISSN: 2088-8694
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photovoltaic system (Battery protection from deep discharge), by setting switch S2 to one and the switch
S1 remains at 0.
b. Interval number 2 (PV system failure): From 0.1s to 0.2s; in this interval, we obsrve that Ppv < PL and
SOC < SOCmin, since the diesel generator indicator equals 1 (Idg > Iref), which means that the generator
is able to supply the system and charge the battery, by setting switch S2 to one and the switch S1 remains
at 0.
The state of switch S_G remains zero. The setting of this switch by the ANN model is done when
the diesel generator indicator equals 0, which means that there is a deficiency in the diesel group. This will be
seen in the case number 3.
Figure 6. The first case of the operating system
Figure 7. The second case of the operating system

1925
The Case 3: In this case as shown in Figure 8, we will create a failure in the diesel generator, which
will lead to the declaration (I < Iref) to the neural network that the diesel group is incapable of replacing the
photovoltaic generator. Therefore, the ANN control model, will force S_G to change to one for switching to
the connected mode with the public grid, in order to ensure continuous supply to the consumer and battery
charging (The public grid is the main provider in this case). As in the previous case, we will take two time
intervals to better interpret the results.
a. The first interval (Desired operation): From 0.3s to 0.7s; in this interval, we notice that Ppv > PL and
SOC < SOCmin. As the result of these conditions, we will have the battery charge from the photovoltaic
system (Battery protection from deep discharge).
b. The second interval (PV and DG systems failure): From 0.1s to 0.2s and from 0.7s to 0.9s; we can that the
Ppv < PL, SOC < SOCmin and the diesel generator indicator equals 0 (Idg < Iref). This means that the
diesel generator is not functioning. Therefore, the ANN forces the S_G to switch to one; the system
moves to the connected mode in order to support the local power system and charge the battery by setting
the switch S2 to one.
Figure 8. The third case of the operating system
5. CONCLUSION
The integration of renewable energy sources, such as solar generators and the discentralisation of
production units, will reduce the demand of fossil fuel sources and surmount of the climate change that
threatens humanity. Since renewable energy sources are known by their random operation, which is mainly
dependent on weather conditions, the integration of storage units and other secondary energy sources are
necessary to ensure an uninterrupted power supply to consumers, especially in the case of critical loads that
require a permanent current. To ensure a robust and optimal operation the addition of safety aspects to the
control system are recommended. In this paper, an artificial neural network control system has been
developed to manage the battery charging and discharging (Battery overcharge and deep discharge
protection), the diesel generator operation verification and the management of the switching between energy
sources, all these functions are done by the ANN model simultaneously. The use of neural networks has been
widely diffused in several fields including the smart grid. The paper presents one of several examples that
have shown the effectiveness and robustness of the use of ANNs in smart grids.
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Jarmouni Ezzitouni, PhD student, received his master degree in electrical engineering from
faculty of science and technology Settat, in 2019, and he is currently a qualified secondary
school mathematics teacher, at the Ministry of National Education, Morocco. His research
areas include, smart grid, renewable energy and artificial intelligence. Laboratory of
Radiation-Matter and Instrumentation (RMI), The Faculty of Sciences and Technology,
Hassan 1st University, Morocco. BP : 577, route de Casablanca. Settat, Morocco.
Ahmed Mouhsen, received his Ph.D. degree in Electronics from the University of
Bordeaux, France, in 1992, and he is currently a Professor at the Electrical Engineering
Department, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Hassan I University, Settat, Morocco.
His research interest focuses on embedded systems, wireless communications and
information technology. Laboratoire d’Ingénierie, de Management Industriel et d’Innovation
(LIMII) Faculté´ des Sciences et techniques (FST) Hassan First Université BP : 577, route de
Casablanca. Settat, Morocco.
Mohamed Lamhamdi, holds a PhD (2008) in materials and technology of electronics
components from Paul Sabatier University Toulouse France. After four years’ research
engineer Grand Gap Rectifier project at STMicroelectronics & GREMAN-University of
Tours. in November 2011 he has been an assistant professor at national school of applied
science khouribga Morocco, where he became the technical manager of the Electronics
Signals and Systems (ESS) group. in January 2018, he joined the faculty of science and
technology in Settat, Morocco, where he became member of the RMI Laboratory
(Rayonnement-Matière & Instrumentation). Current research topics include, MEMS sensors
for RF applications, materials sciences, intelligent systems and energy.
Hicham Ouldzira, he obtained his doctorate from Hassan I University in 2020. in 2020, he
joined The National School of Applied Sciences of SAFI, Laboratory of Mechanical,
Engineering, Industrial Management and Innovation, The Faculty of Sciences and
Technology, Hassan 1st University, PO Box 577, Settat, Morocco. His research interest
focuses on electrical engineering, internet of things, embedded systems.

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