Interparticle Forces
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Solids have particles that are closely packed and held together by strong interparticle forces, giving solids their rigid structure with limited mobility. This makes solids incompressible with high melting points and heat of fusion. Metals conduct electricity and heat well due to movable electrons between atoms. Non-metals like graphite can also conduct due to unique bonding structures. Solids can be molded when malleable and drawn into wires when ductile. Solubility depends on bond strength, with molecular solids dissolving through weak intermolecular forces. Density relates to mass within a volume and is higher when particles are packed closely together.
Interparticle Forces
- 2. Solids’ particles are more attracted with one another which allow them to be in contact in fixed positions.
- 3. That makes them having less kinetic energy and limited movement of the particles.
- 4. An increase in the temperature of a solid brings about an increase in the kinetic energy of the particles and may cause them to move about.
- 5. Outside or external pressure has very little effect on the volume of a solid. Solids are therefore said to be incompressible.
- 6. The amount of heat required to completely melt a solid, once it has reached its melting point is called its heat of fusion.
- 7. SOLID – LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM Melting point of solid = Freezing point in its liquid state
- 8. VAPOR PRESSURE OF A SOLID Changing from solid to gas without passing the liquid state is called sublimation.
- 11. • a collection of atoms or molecules that are held together so that, under constant conditions, they maintain a defined shape and size • formed when the temperature of a liquid is low and the pressure is sufficiently high causing the particles to come very close to one another • are not necessarily permanent • rigid • particles hardly diffuse SOLID
- 13. Electricity is essentially a flow of electrons from one place to another, and in metallic bonds the outer electrons are relatively free to move between adjacent atoms. This electron mobility means it is easy for an electrical current to move from one end of a piece of metal to the other.
- 14. Materials that do not conduct electricity are called electrical insulators. Insulators have electrons that are engaged in a covalent or ionic bond and therefore are not able to conduct electricity, or do so only poorly.
- 15. • Metals are also good conductors of heat • Consider that temperature is a measurement of how much molecules are moving.
- 16. In a network solid, such transfer is more difficult. Such solids would be expected to have low conductivity and would be called heat insulators.
- 17. GRAPHITE • A shiny black substance that is used in pencils • It is an allotrope of carbon. • The only non-metal that conducts heat and electricity.
- 19. MALLEABILITY The ability to hammer a solid into a sheet without breaking it.
- 20. DUCTILITY Refers to whether a solid can be stretched to form a wire.
- 21. MELTING POINT
- 22. A solid’s melting point depends on the strength of the interactions between its components. For molecular solids, melting means breaking the weak intermolecular forces, not the strong covalent bonds that hold the individual molecules together.
- 23. The melting temperature depends on the strength of the specific bonds in each solid.
- 24. SOLUBILITY
- 25. SOLUBILITY Is the ability to dissolve the solid into some type of liquid. The solid which we refer as “Solute” and the liquid that do the dissolving is called “Solvent”
- 26. UNIVERSAL SOLVENT : WATER
- 27. DISSOLVING A SOLID REQUIRES BREAKING DIFFERENT TYPES OF BONDS FOR DIFFERENT TYPES OF SOLIDS Dissolving a metal requires breaking metallic bonds, and dissolving a network solid requires breaking covalent bonds. Both of these types of bonds are strong. Molecular solids, however, requires breaking only weak intermolecular forces, not the covalent bonds that actually hold the individuals together.
- 28. DENSITY
- 29. DENSITY Density is the mass of a substance per unit volume
- 30. In other words, density is how close together the molecules of a substance are or how much mass a substance has in a given space.
- 31. Now that we know about the properties of solid, we can now conclude that the interparticle forces are responsible for these properties and the behaviour of particles.