Intro wk 8
- 1. Intelligence, Decision Making & Language
- 2. Language • Our spoken written or gestured words and the way we combine them to communicate meaning. Believe it or not, this communication is a form of language!!!
- 3. Grammar • A system of rules in a language that enables us to communicate and understand others.
- 5. Syntax The rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences.
- 6. Morphemes • In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning. • Can be a word or part of a word (prefix or suffix).
- 7. Semantics • The set of rules by which we derive meaning in a language. • Adding ed at the end of words means past tense.
- 8. Nature or Nurture? • Social-Learning Theory – Skinner • Differs from Social-Cognitive Theory (Bandura)
- 9. Chomsky Inborn Universal Grammar • We acquire language too quickly for it to be learned. • We have this “learning box” inside our heads that enable us to learn any human language.
- 10. Sapir-Whorf’s Linguistic Determinism & Relativism • The idea that language determines the way we think (not vice versa). – Strong or weak?
- 14. The Decision-Making Process Define the problem. Clarify your objectives. Identify alternatives. Analyze the consequences. Make a choice.
- 15. The Decision-Making Process • Is this how you make all your decisions? –Do you quantify cost and expected value? –Make the most rational choice? • Subjective Utility
- 16. • Algorithm – methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem Problem Solving • Heuristic – rule-of-thumb strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently
- 17. –rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes –may lead one to ignore other relevant information Representative Heuristic
- 18. –judging the likelihood of an event based on how readily available other instances are in memory –Fluency Availability Heuristic
- 19. The Candle-Mounting Problem • Using these materials, how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board? Obstacles to Problem Solving
- 20. Functional Fixedness – tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions The Candle-Mounting Problem
- 21. • Belief Bias – the tendency for one’s preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning – Confirmation bias • Belief Perseverance – clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited Further Obstacles to Problem Solving
- 22. • Working backward • Means-end analysis Overcoming Obstacles to Problem Solving
- 23. • Overconfidence • Framing: the way an issue is posed –how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments Overcoming Obstacles to Problem Solving
- 24. Insight
- 25. What is “Intelligence?” • General factor called “g” (Spearman) – Overall differences in intellect • Multiple intelligences/abilities
- 26. Distributions of Men and Women in IQ Tests • No average sex differences • Greater variability in neurotypical males
- 27. Heritability of Intelligence • Heritability of ~50-55% – Large role of environment • Estimated heritability in one twin study: – 90% for brain volume • 82% for grey matter • 88% for white matter
- 28. History of Intelligence Testing • Most popular IQ tests today – Stanford-Binet – WAIS – adults; WISC – children; WPPSI – preschool children • Reliability • Validity
- 29. Neuromyths: Learning Style • Learning Style is a MYTH! – Despite this, 95.4% of trainee (pre-service) teachers agreed that matching instruction to Learning Styles is effective (Newton & Salvi, 2021).