PoP Week 2
- 2. Franz Josef Gall (1758-1828) • Phrenology • Discredited when a scientist, Pierre Flourens, lesioned, or ablated, animal brains • Popularized the idea of cerebral localization of function
- 3. • Forebrain – Cerebral lobes • Midbrain – Reticular formation • Hindbrain – Cerebellum
- 4. Gross anatomy of the brain
- 5. Gross anatomy of the brain
- 9. Gross anatomy of the brain
- 10. Phineas Gage & Paul Broca Phineas Gage
- 11. Phineas Gage & Paul Broca • Tan (1861) – Lost ability to speak – Intact intelligence – Left hemisphere lesion Phineas Gage
- 12. Lateralization & Contralateral L R L R
- 14. Ramon de Cajal Individual Neurons with small spaces in between
- 15. Neurons: Structure • Parts of neurons • Relationship to synapses • Insulation
- 16. Basic features of the neuron: dendrite, cell body, axon
- 17. Electrical signals are transported down an axon • Dendrites: receive information • inputs • Axon: transmits electrical signals – Myelin: insulates the nerve cell – Speeds up transmission – Terminal buttons: release transmitters • Synapse: site of chemical communication
- 18. Glial Cells
- 19. Grey (or Gray) & White Matter Gray is the spelling more commonly seen in American use. Grey is the spelling more commonly seen in British use (e.g. Earl Grey)
- 20. A closer look
- 21. Even closer
- 22. Action potentials • Neurons specialize in the transfer of information within the nervous system. – Operated electrically • Action potential – Communicate chemically • Neurotransmitter
- 23. • Ions – electrically charged molecules – Anions = negative – Cations = positive • A resting cell is more negative than its surrounding fluid (extracellular fluid). • The resting membrane potential is ~-70mV – This is a negative polarity
- 24. Ion Channels
- 25. Synapse
- 26. Electrical signals are transported down an axon
- 27. Serotonin: Example neurotransmitter • Serotonin (5-HT) is involved in mood • Anti-depressants allow for more 5-HT (e.g. SSRI: serotonin selective reuptake inhibitor)
- 28. Structural Imaging • CAT (or CT): computerized axial tomography – Beam of X-rays (radiation) at multiple angles • MRI: magnetic resonance imaging – Uses radio waves and measures cellular response in a strong magnetic field
- 29. Functional Imaging Active brain regions require more energy provided by blood glucose. • PET: positron emission tomography – Radioactive substance to visualize blood flow – OR to measure metabolic change (energy usage) • fMRI: functional magnetic resonance imaging – BOLD signal – Blood Oxygen Level Dependent – Measures metabolic activity
- 30. EEG ERP