Introduction to Bioinformatics.
- 1. Introduction to bioinformatics Elena Sügis elena.sugis@ut.ee Bioinformatics Seminar MTAT.03.242, 2016
- 2. ?? ?
- 6. Image credit:https://siteman.wustl.edu/glossary/cdr0000046470/ 1014 cells in human body 23 000 genes 23 pairs of chromosomes 3 billion pairs
- 7. Cell size and scale http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cells/scale/
- 8. Central dogma What is DNA? What is the difference between DNA and RNA? Image credit: Genome Research Limited 100 000 different proteins 23 000 genes
- 9. Technology Image credit: Genome Research Limited Mass spectrometry Sequencing technologies v v v
- 10. Measuring levels of gene expression CELL DNA ON ONOFF RNA PROTEIN OFF G1 G2 G3 G4 Gene products carry out cellular function
- 11. v Gene expression profile Gene Expression profile Expression level G1 OFF 0 G2 ON 30 G3 ON 20 G4 OFF 0
- 12. Each cell has its own gene expression profile Gene Expression profile Expression level G1 OFF 0 G2 ON 30 G3 ON 20 G4 OFF 0 Gene Expression profile Expression level G1 OFF 0 G2 ON 30 G3 ON 20 G4 ON 20 HEALTHY CELL CANCER CELL
- 13. Single Nucleotide polymorphism • variation in a single nucleotide that occurs at a specific position in the genome, where each variation is present to some appreciable degree within a population (e.g. >1%) • underlie differences in our susceptibility to disease Image credit: Wikipedia
- 14. Experiments
- 15. Good old times Science knowledgeexperimenthypothesis analysis v v v
- 16. How we do it now lots of experiments v analysis Science knowledge hypothesis v v
- 17. Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary field that develops methods and software tools for understanding biological data
- 18. Bioinformatics is • an interdisciplinary field • that develops methods and software tools • for understanding biological data
- 19. Moore’s law Cost per genome
- 20. Why do we need bioinformaticians?
- 21. Because Excel can’t help anymore
- 22. Why do we need bioinformaticians? • Amount of generated biological data requires sophisticated data analysis and management • Programmers & statisticians lack biological knowledge • Biologists don’t program • These two don’t understand each other Slide is inspired by from “How to be a bioinformatician” by Christian Frech
- 23. Biologist talks to statistician http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hz1fyhVOjr4
- 24. What do bioinformaticians do?
- 25. What do bioinformaticians do? Word cloud from manuscript titles published in Bioinformatics from Jan 2013 to April 2014 Slide credit: “How to be a bioinformatician” by Christian Frech
- 26. Machine learning Algorithms Proteomics Black magic Sequences Modeling Bioinformatics is a broad field
- 27. What Does the Perfect Bioinformatician Look Like?
- 28. Computer Science
- 33. Data comes in different forms Slide credit: D.Fishman, Introduction to ML in bioinformatics
- 34. Data ≠ Knowledge Slide credit: D.Fishman, Introduction to ML in bioinformatics
- 35. R. Matthiesen (ed.), Bioinformatics Methods in Clinical Research, Methods in Molecular Biology 593, DOI 10.1007/978-1-60327-194-3 2, © Humana Press, a part of Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2010
- 36. Adopted from P.Vincent http://videolectures.net/deeplearning2015_vincent_machine_learning/ What is the main ingredient?
- 37. What is the main ingredient? Adopted from P.Vincent http://videolectures.net/deeplearning2015_vincent_machine_learning/
- 38. Databases Data management systems Data source
- 39. Simple data analysis pipeline Data Black Magic Result high quality data machine learning method awesome result
- 40. Simple data analysis pipeline Data Black Magic Result poor quality data machine learning method not so awesome result
- 43. 80 %
- 45. Tools & Services
- 47. Understand the disease better
- 48. Make more precise diagnosisML in Bioinformatics (part II)
- 49. Medical Imaging Cancer Images credit: D.Fishman, Introduction to ML in bioinformatics
- 50. image by Krista Fisher et al. Genetic risk assessment
- 53. Pharmacogenetics
- 55. Population genomics large-scale comparison of DNA sequences of populations
- 57. What do these books contain? The Wellcome Human Genome Library in London (Left CC: Russ London, Right Source: Wellcome Collection)
- 58. This is a single human genome ~4GB The Wellcome Human Genome Library in London (Left CC: Russ London, Right Source: Wellcome Collection)
- 59. Moore’s law Cost per genome
- 60. Big Data: Astronomical or Genomical?, Zachary et al, PlosOne Biology 2015 The Age Of Big Data
- 61. Labs that produce data Research groups that can Labs that produce data Experts who can analyze data Analyze that
- 62. Data analysis Need to develop new: • Preprocessing methods • Analysis pipelines • Methodology • Algorithmic solutions • Tools
- 63. IF YOU TORTURE THE DATA LONG ENOUGH IT WILL CONFESS TO ANYTHING Ronald Coase, Economist, Nobel Prize winner
- 65. Data storage The amount of sequencing data created is growing at a faster rate than economically available storage http://geschwindlab.neurology.ucla.edu/protocols/next-generation-sequencing
- 66. N Goldman et al. Nature 000, 1-4 (2013) doi:10.1038/nature11875 Using DNA as a digital archive media store sequenced DNA information in … DNA
- 67. N Goldman et al. Nature 000, 1-4 (2013) doi:10.1038/nature11875 Scaling properties of DNA-based storage If the cost of DNA synthesis falls by two orders of magnitude, it will become a sensible way to store data for the medium term (below 50 years)
- 68. Challenges • Need of new compression methods • Data integration methods • Lack of specialists • Need for new: – Analysis pipelines – Methodology – Algorithmic solutions – Tools
- 69. Challenges of being bioinformatician • Biology is complex, not black and white – As many exceptions as rules (e.g.: define “gene”) – No single optimal solution to a problem – Results interpretable in many ways (story telling, cherry picking) • Understanding the biological question • Field is moving incredibly fast – Lack of standards, immature/abandoned software – Much time spent on collecting/cleaning-up data, troubleshooting errors • Hundreds of software tools and databases out there – Easy to get lost – Important to understand their strengths and weaknesses
- 75. Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
- 76. Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
- 77. Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
- 78. Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
- 79. Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
- 80. Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
- 81. Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
- 82. Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
- 83. Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
- 84. Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
- 85. Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE Genes are us… and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY— EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE