INTRODUCTION TO ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
- 1. INTRODUCTION: ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, IMPORTANCE OF ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Michael Angelo R. Nones BSPCP5A
- 3. Endocrine– derived from Greek words “endo”, meaning within and “crinis”, meaning to secrete. It is made up of glands that produce and secrete hormones, chemical substances produced in the body that regulate the activity of cells or organs. These hormones regulate the body’s growth, metabolism, and sexual development and function; they help maintain stable internal conditions or homeostasis. Hormones – chemical messengers created by the body. They transfer information from one set of cells to another to coordinate the functions of different parts of the body. Gland – is an organ that makes and puts out hormones that do a specific job in your body. Endocrine glands release the substances they make into your bloodstream.
- 4. 2 REGULATORY MECHANISMS: A. Feedback Regulation B. Circadian/Diurnal Rhythm
- 5. Hypothalamus Releasing Hormones (RH) Pituitary Gland Trophic or Stimulating Hormones Target Organs A. Feedback Regulation Target Organ Hormone If excess 1. Negative Feedback
- 6. Example: Hypothalamus Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH) Pituitary Gland Thyrotropin or Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Thyroid Gland T4, T3 hormones If excess Release of Thyroid Hormone
- 7. Hypothalamus Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Pituitary Gland Ovary Progesterone Gonadotropin LH FSH Estrogen Positive Regulation A. Feedback Regulation 2. Positive Feedback
- 8. B. Circadian Rhythm/ Diurnal Rhythm (Sleep- wake cycle) Hormone secretion is entrained to sleep Ex. 1. GH Secretion - peaks at the height of deep sleep 2. Cortisol - peaks 2 hours after waking up
- 9. The major glands of the endocrine system are: Hypothalamus Pituitary Thyroid Parathyroid Adrenal Thymus Pineal Reproductive Organs (Ovaries, Testes) Pancreas
- 10. HYPOTHALAMUS Location: Lower central part of brain Hormones: Vasopressin, Oxytocin, Somatostatin, GnRH, GHRH, TRH Importance: Regulation of satiety, metabolism and body temperature. Common diseases: Neurogenic diabetes insipidus Anorexia/Bulimia eating disorder Sleep disorders
- 11. PITUITARY ”Master Gland” Location: Base of the brain beneath the hypothalamus Hormones: Growth hormone, Luteinizing hormone, TSH, FSH, ACTH, Prolactin Importance: Most important because it produces hormones that control or regulate many functions of other endocrine glands. Common diseases: Acromegaly Cushing’s diseases Hyperprolactinemia
- 12. THYROID GLAND Location: Lower front part of the neck Hormones: Triiodothyronine (T3), Thyroxine (T4) Importance: Produces thyroid hormones that regulates the body’s metabolism, plays role in bone growth and development of the brain & nervous system in children. Common diseases: Graves’ Diseases Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis Goiter
- 13. PARATHYROID GLAND Location: Two pairs of small glands embedded in the surface of thyroid gland Hormones: Parathyroid Hormone (Parathormone or Parathyrin) Importance: Regulates calcium levels in the blood and bone metabolism Common diseases: Hypercalcemia Hypocalcemia Primary hyperparathyroidism
- 14. ADRENAL GLAND Location: Two adrenal glands are triangular-shaped glands located on top of each kidney Importance: Outer Part: Adrenal Cortex – produces corticosteroids, which regulate the body’s metabolism, balance of salt and water in the body, the immune system, and sexual function. (Hormones: Cortisol, Aldosterone) Inner Part: Adrenal Medulla – produces catecholamines, which help body cope with physical and emotional stress by increasing heart rate and pressure. (Hormones: Epinephrine, Norepinephrine) Common diseases: Adrenal Gland Tumors Adrenocortical Carcinoma Addison’s diseases
- 15. THYMUS Location: Upper anterior (front) part of chest behind sternum & between the lungs Hormone: Thymosin Importance: Produces hormone called Thymosin, which stimulates the development of disease-fighting T cells Common diseases: Myasthenia gravis Pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) Hypogammaglobulinemia
- 16. PINEAL GLAND Location: Middle of the Brain Hormone: Melatonin Importance: Secretes hormone called Melatonin, which helps regulate the wake-sleep cycle of the body. Common diseases: Depression Pineal Cell Tumor Alzheimer’s Disease
- 17. REPRODUCTIVE GLANDS Location : Testes, in the scrotum (Males) Ovaries, both sides of the uterus (Females) Importance: Testes produce Testosterone, responsible for male characteristics, sexual development and sperm production. Ovaries produce Estrogen and Progesterone, responsible for female characteristics and reproductive functions. Common diseases: Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) Prostate Cancer Breast Cancer
- 18. PANCREAS Location: Back of the abdomen behind the stomach Hormones: Insulin, Glucagon, Gastrin, Amylin, Secretin, Importance: Digestive and hormonal functions; the exocrine pancreas secretes digestive enzymes while the endocrine pancreas secretes hormones called insulin and glucagon. Common diseases: Pancreatic Cancer Cystic Fibrosis Pancreatitis
- 20. Thank you for listening!