Introduction to Energy Sources
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This document provides an overview of various energy sources and consumption trends. It discusses: - Classification of energy resources based on different factors like usability, availability, and origin. - India's sector-wise energy consumption in 2008, with industry accounting for 49% and transportation 22%. - Global consumption trends in 2005, with oil accounting for 38% and coal 25% of primary energy resources. - Per capita energy consumption in different countries from Canada to India ranging from 17,179 kWh to 631 kWh. - Advantages and disadvantages of both conventional and non-conventional energy sources. - Growth of India's energy sector through its 5-year plans from 1980-
Introduction to Energy Sources
- 1. 07/05/2015 1 Presents by, A.S.VAGH M.Tech, B.E. Mechanical, PGDIM E-mail Id: asvagh@india.com Introduction To “Energy Sources” Energy :: Discussion • Any physical activity in this world, whether carried out by human beings or by nature, is caused due to… • Energy is … • Atmospheric Forms of energy … • 1st Law of thermodynamics… • Example.. • Modes of energy transformation..
- 2. 07/05/2015 2 Classification of Energy Resources 1. Based on Usability of Energy 2. Based on Traditional Use 3. Based on Long-term Availability 4. Based on Commercial Application 5. Based on origin Sector Wise Energy Consumption : India Industry 49% Trnasport 22% Residential 10% Agriculture 5% Others 14% 2008 Data
- 3. 07/05/2015 3 Consumption Trend Of Primary Energy Resources of the World Coal 25% Renewable 8% Nuclear 6% Gas 23% Oil 38% 2005 Data Biomass – 4% Solar heat – 0.5% Geothermal – 0.2% Solar PV – 0.05% Hydro – 3% Wind – 0.3% Biofuel – 0.2% India - Estimated Fuel Mix by 2020 (%) 25 16 8 5 16 30 Coal Oil Gas Renewable Nuclear Traditional Source : World Energy Statistics, 2009
- 4. 07/05/2015 4 Per Capita Energy Consumption in Some Countries (kWh) 17179 13338 8076 6206 1379 631 Canada USA Japan UK China India Importance of Non-conventional Energy Sources • Because of rapid industrialization & population growth, conventional sources will not sufficient to meet growing demand. • Conventional sources are non-renewable & bound to finish up 1-day. • Conventional sources cause pollution • Large hydro resources affect wildlife, cause deforestation and pose various social problem. • Safety of nuclear plant is controversial.
- 5. 07/05/2015 5 Energy Chain • The sequence of energy transformations between primary and secondary (usable energy) is known as.. Primary energy resources Non-electric route Electric route Final energy consumption Common Forms of Energy 1. Mechanical 2. Electrical 3. Thermal 4. Chemical
- 6. 07/05/2015 6 Advantages of Conventional Energy Sources • Cost: • Cheaper than non-conventional sources. • Rs 1.90 per kWh from Gas, Rs 1.65 per kWh from Coal, Rs 3.0 per kWh from Diesel, Re 1.0 per kWh from Hydro, Rs 1.20 per kWh from Nuclear. • High energy yield ratio • Security: • Storage is easy • Convenience: • Very convenient to use as technology for there conversion & their use is universally available. Advantages of Non - Conventional Energy Sources • Available in nature free of cost • Produce no or very little pollution. • Thus it is environment freely. • Inexhaustible
- 7. 07/05/2015 7 Disadvantages of Non - Conventional Energy Sources • Dilute form • High cost of harnessing • Availability is uncertain; depends on various natural phenomenon. • Difficulty in transporting Conventional Sources : Fossil Fuel : 2006 Region Fossil fuel reserve (percent) Oil Coal Gas Sum North America 0.86 18.20 0.75 19.81 South America 1.61 1.39 0.64 3.64 Europe 0.21 4.28 0.54 5.03 Africa 1.71 3.64 1.39 6.75 Russia 1.93 16.27 5.57 23.77 Middle East 10.81 0.00 7.07 17.88 India 0.11 6.64 0.11 6.85 China 0.21 8.14 0.21 8.57 Australia & East Asia 0.21 6.42 1.07 7.71 Total 17.67 64.99 17.34 100.00
- 8. 07/05/2015 8 Conventional Sources : Hydro • Generation of electricity from • Huge capital Investment • Global installed generating capacity is about 7,78,038 MW, which accounts for about 20% of the world’s total installed electric power generation capacity & 3% of the world’s primary energy supply. Conventional Sources : Nuclear • Least cost, low emission technology • Complete fission of one kg of uranium contains the energy equivalent to 3100 tons of coal or 1700 tons of oil. • The total amount of uranium and thorium in the earth's crust, to a depth of 5 kilometers, is estimated approximately 1012 tonnes.
- 9. 07/05/2015 9 Non-Conventional Sources : Solar • Major source of power. • Utilized by using thermal & photovoltaic conversion system. • Solar PV power is an expensive source of power. • At present capital cost of solar PV system is Rs 200 per W (Rs 20 crore/MW as against Rs 4 crore/MW for coal fired thermal plant) Recent News Paper Cuttings: Solar
- 10. 07/05/2015 10 Recent News Paper Cuttings: Solar “Garvi Gujarat” Chief Minister of the western Indian state of Gujarat Narendra Modi movements as he poses at the initiation of a solar farm in the village of Gunthawada, Banaskantha district, some 175kms. from Ahmedabad on October 14, 2011. Modi initiated the 30MW solar farm - said to be Asia's largest - which has been set up by Moser Baer Clean Energy.
- 11. 07/05/2015 11 Recent News Paper Cuttings: Solar Recent News Paper Cuttings: Solar
- 12. 07/05/2015 12 Non-Conventional Sources : Wind • Most economical over all renewable sources. • Installation cost : Rs 4 crore/MW • Wind power installations worldwide have crossed 94,100 (at the end of 2007), which is about 1% of world’s electric power generation capacity. • Germany is the world leader in wind power with an installed capacity of 22,247 MW. Non-Conventional Sources : Wind COPYRIGHT 2009 INDIAN WIND TURBINE MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
- 13. 07/05/2015 13 Non-Conventional Sources : Biomass • Energy resources available from animal and vegetation are called.. • The principal biomass resources are: • Trees (wood, leaves & forest industry waste) • Cultivated plants grown for energy • Urban waste (municipal & Industrial waste) • Rural waste (Agriculture & animal waste, crop residue, etc.) • Biomass material transformed by chemical & biological process to produce bio fuels such as biogas (methane), producer gas, ethanol. • Most of biogas plants are in china. Non-Conventional Sources : Geothermal • relating to the heat in the interior of the earth. • Globally use of geothermal power is growing annually at a rate of about 3% electrical & 7.5% thermal.
- 14. 07/05/2015 14 Non-Conventional Sources : Ocean Tidal • Form of hydro power that convert ocean tides into electricity or other forms of power. • Diff of high tide and low tide • Tides are more predictable than wind and solar power. • First & biggest, 240 MW power plant built in 1966 in France. Non-Conventional Sources : Ocean Wave • Refers to the energy of ocean surface waves and the capture of that energy to do useful work. • Waves are caused by transfer of energy from surface winds to the sea. • The rate of energy transfer depends upon the wind speed &the distance over which it interact with water. • The energy flux in waves is more than that available from solar, wind and other renewable sources. • World’s first 2250MW- Portugal
- 15. 07/05/2015 15 Non - Conventional Sources : Ocean Thermal Energy • Conceived by a French physicist d’arsonval in 1881 and verified by one of his student. • Small design finalized. • Still in its infant stage. Growth of Energy Sector & Its planning in India By the end of 5–year plan Demand (MW) Installed capacity (MW) Shortage (MW) 6th (1980-85) 52,000 47,000 5000 7th (1985-90) 75,000 65,000 10,000 8th (1990-92, 92-97) 1,05,000 85,000 20,000 9th (1997-2002) 1,32,000 1,10,000 22,000 10th (2002-07) 1,46,000 1,24,569 21,431 11th (2007-12) 2,05,000 Energy planning during the past few 5-year plans Growth in per capita energy consumption Year 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2001 2004 2006 2012 Per capita annual energy consumption (kWh) 16 35 84 131 238 408 592 631 1000
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