Introduction to IP Addressing and Regional Internet Registries
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The document provides an overview of the Internet registry system and IP addressing. It discusses the roles of the RIPE NCC, IANA, ICANN and other regional Internet registries in managing and distributing IP addresses and autonomous system numbers. It also describes the basics of IPv4 and IPv6 addressing and the ongoing transition from IPv4 to IPv6 to address the limited remaining supply of IPv4 addresses.
Introduction to IP Addressing and Regional Internet Registries
- 1. Introduction to IP Addressing and Regional Internet Registries Mirjam Kühne Community Builder, RIPE NCC mir@ripe.net
- 2. The Internet Registry System - April 2015 Content • The RIPE NCC - Who we are and what we do • The Regional Internet Registry System - How IP addresses are distributed • IP policies - Who develops IP distribution policies • IP address basics - IPv4 and IPv6 2
- 3. The RIPE NCC
- 4. The Internet Registry System - April 2015 About the RIPE NCC • Established in 1992 by the RIPE community - Initially part of the academic network association - Since 1997 a membership association under Dutch law - Not for profit, independent, neutral, open - Main offices in Amsterdam; staff in Dubai and Moscow • Funded by the membership - 11,500 members from 76 countries - Initially mostly ISPs and universities - Now also traditional industries, small Internet companies • One of five Regional Internet Registries 4
- 5. The Internet Registry System - April 2015 RIPE NCC Activities • Member services -Resource distribution (IPv4, IPv6, ASNs) -Resource certification -Trainings 5 • Public services -RIPE Database -Reverse DNS -Operating K-root server -Operator tools -Data sharing -Open meetings
- 7. The Internet Registry System - April 2015 How it all Started: The IETF • Internet Engineering Task Force • Not-for-profit, open to anybody • Builds technical Internet standards and protocols • BGP, DNS, traceroute, IP, SIP, DNSSEC, IPSEC, .. • Standards are defined in RFC documents • The IETF standardised TCP/IP • As part of that, need for registration arose • Therefore IETF standardised registration model • Defined in RFC1466 in May 1993 7
- 8. The Internet Registry System - April 2015 The IANA 8 “The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority” Jon Postel (1943-1998)
- 9. The Internet Registry System - April 2015 The IANA IPv4 Registry 9
- 10. The Internet Registry System - April 2015 10 IANA Other RIRs RIPE NCC End Users LIR/ISP End Users LIR/ISP (members) End Users LIR/ISP NIR IP Address Distribution
- 11. The Internet Registry System - April 2015 Regional Internet Registries 11
- 12. The Internet Registry System - April 2015 The Regional Internet Registries (RIRs) 12 • All five RIRs are not-for-profit associations • Funded by the membership • Responsible for allocation and assignment of Internet Number Resources in their service regions - IPv4 addresses - IPv6 addresses - Autonomous System Numbers (ASN) • Each RIR operates a whois database as a registry for these numbers
- 13. The Internet Registry System - April 2015 Public Registry Data • Information in the registries is publicly available - Which entity uses a particular resource - How you can contact them • Each of the RIRs operates a ‘whois database’ - Commonly accessible via website or whois protocol - Use whois.iana.org to find the responsible registry ! • Note: IPv4 and IPv6 are distributed in ranges - Operators can further distribute them to customers - Level of detail on these customer assignments may vary 13
- 14. The Internet Registry System - April 2015 Registration of Internet Number Resources • Ensures global uniqueness of IPs and ASNs • Provides contact details for network operators - In case you need to troubleshoot or arrange connectivity ! • Function originally performed by John Postel - Became known as the “Internet Assigned Numbers Authority” (IANA) • IANA functions are now operated by ICANN - Under a contract with NTIA (US Government) - Maintains the global pool of Internet Number Resources 14
- 15. The Internet Registry System - April 2015 Regional Address Policies • Each RIR has its own Policy Development Process • Regional community decides on regional policies for address allocation, assignment and registration • Communities are open to everyone to participate - You don’t have to live in a specific service region - You don’t have to be a member of an RIR • Decisions are made by rough consensus - No voting ! • RIRs implement policy and operate accordingly 15
- 16. The Internet Registry System - April 2015 RIPE Region Specific • Réseaux IP Européens was formed in 1989 by a small group of academics in Europe • Goal was to promote IP • Not a legal entity • Two RIPE Meetings per year with WGs • Open RIPE mailing Lists • RIPE set up RIPE NCC as a secretariat • Only later RIPE NCC became RIR 16
- 17. IPv4 & IPv6
- 18. The Internet Registry System - April 2015 (IP) Address Properties • Every entity handling packets needs to be able to read and understand the address - Fixed format - Machine readable • The address has to be unambiguous - Globally unique 18
- 19. The Internet Registry System - April 2015 Dual Function • Addresses can be used for two things: - Identify the sender and recipient - Tells where the packet needs to go • IP address - One single number for both functions • IP address changes when you change network 19
- 20. The Internet Registry System - April 2015 IPv4 Protocol Basics • IPv4 address is 32 bits long - In total 2^32 addresses (4,294,967,296) - But some needed for network structure 20
- 21. The Internet Registry System - April 2015 IPv6 Protocol Basics • Functionally the same as IPv4, just more addresses • IPv6 address is 128 bits long • 2^128 addresses available - 340282366920938463463374607431768211456 options • Incompatible with IPv4 (design decision) 21
- 22. The Internet Registry System - April 2015 Deploying IPv6: The Plan • Standard work on IPv6 finished in 1998 • IPv6 and IPv4 are not compatible - You can use both protocols at the same time on the same network without interference - You can “retrofit” IPv6 onto existing networks • Computers which have both can choose wether to use IPv4 or IPv6 - Depending on the peers capability • When both are available: use IPv6 - This will gradually phase out IPv4 22
- 23. The IP registry system - March 2015 Chickens and Eggs • IPv6 suffers from a classic bootstrapping problem ! • For applications to support IPv6 you need the network to deliver packets - Networks don’t supply IPv6 connectivity because there are not that many applications that support it • Content and Services need to adopt IPv6, but there are no users who can access using IPv6 - There are no users, because there is no content 23
- 24. The Internet Registry System - April 2015 RIRs and IPv6 • Encouraging the adoption of IPv6 for over 10 years - IPv6 resource allocation started late nineties • Capacity building at different levels - High level information for decision makers - Hands-on training for engineers - Online, in situ, brochures, webinairs, conferences • Cooperation with ISOC, IETF, ICANN, ITU-D, industry and governments 24
- 25. The Internet Registry System - April 2015 IPv6 is Taking Off • APNIC, LACNIC and RIPE NCC have exhausted their pools of IPv4 addresses (starting in 2012) - ARIN has 0.29 of a /8 left (4,5 million addresses) ! • Networks now have to deploy IPv6 to grow - Sustaining IPv4 becomes expensive 25
- 26. The Internet Registry System - April 2015 IPv6 Deployment in Europe 26 http://stats.labs.apnic.net/ipv6/
- 27. Questions? The Internet Registry System - April 2015 27 mir@ripe.net http://www.ripe.net http://www.nro.net