Introduction to masonry walling
- 1. Stone Walling Introduction for Stonemasons Stonemasonry Department 2012
- 2. Ashlar Walling Ashlar walling is the term given to dressed stone walls which are either completely plane or plane with chamfered edges. It is generally used only on the “seen” facades of a structure due to its high costs.
- 3. Coursed Rubble Walling Coursed rubble walling is the simplest of all rubble walls as all stones on each course have identical bed heights. The bed heights can however differ on each course.
- 4. Snecked Rubble Walling Square and Sneck rubble consists of three stones; the riser, the leveller and the sneck. This is a particularly stable form of rubble walling as the stones are interlocked horizontally and vertically.
- 5. Random Rubble Walling Random rubble walling consists of a number of stones of random length, height and width arranged in a loosely defined bonding pattern. The style of this walling varies throughout the world.
- 6. Random Rubble Built to Courses This style of walling combines coursed and random rubble as the stone is built to a specified course height every 3-5 courses. Although not as structurally strong as random rubble, it provides long horizontal beds which define course heights.
- 7. Broken Coursed Rubble Broken course rubble combines random rubble with snecked rubble where smaller stones are combined to make the height of the risers (or jumpers).
- 8. Polygonal Rubble Polygonal rubble is a complex form of random rubble where stones are individually dressed to interlock with surrounding stones, leaving uniformly sized beds and joints.
- 9. Cladding Cladding is the process of facing an existing backing wall with thin leafs of stone, supported by a fixing system. This type of walling has become increasingly popular as it is low cost and quick to install.
- 10. Gabions Gabions are essentially large mesh cages which are filled with rubble to provide the appearance of random rubble. The cages can interlock both horizontally and vertically and are commonly used as retaining walls.
- 11. Dry Stone Walling Dry stone walling consists of a number of stones bonded without the use of mortar. Each stone is carefully selected to fit surrounding stones with the wall being bonded by through stones and header stones.
- 12. Flint Walling Flint walling is commonly found in the South of England where good quality building stones were not readily available. It consists of knapped or unknapped flint separated by large irregular beds and joints.
- 13. Developed by The Stonemasonry Department City of Glasgow College 2012